从LINQ开始之LINQ to Objects(上)

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LINQ概述


  LINQ,语言集成查询(Language Integrated Query),它允许使用C#或VB代码以查询数据库相同的方式来操作不同的数据源。

1.LINQ体系结构

从上图可以看出,LINQ总共包括五个部分:LINQ to Objects、LINQ to DataSets、LINQ to SQL、LINQ to Entities、LINQ to XML。

LINQ to Objects:对内存中集合的操作

LINQ to DataSets:对数据集Datatable的操作

LINQ to SQL:对SQL Server数据源的操作,微软把开发的重点从LINQ to SQL转移到了LINQ to Entities并且宣布LINQ to SQL不再提供更新

LINQ to Entities:是 Entity Framework的一部分并且取代LINQ to SQL作为在数据库上使用 LINQ的标准机制

LINQ to XML:对XML数据源的操作

2.LINQ的语法

  下面是一个简单的示例,查询一个int数组中小于5的元素,并按照从小到大的顺序排列:

        int[] arr = new int[] { 1, 4, 2, 6, 7, 9, 5, 1, 2, 4 };        var query = from r in arr                    where r < 5                    orderby r                    select r;        foreach (var item in query)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        Console.ReadLine();

  由此示例可以看出:LINQ查询表达式以from子句开头,以select子句结束。在两个子句之间,可以使用where、orderby等查询操作符。

  LINQ有两种语法:Lambda语法和Query语法,编译器会在程序编译时转换LINQ查询,以调用相应的扩展方法。

以下是LINQ表达式结构示意图:

引用自百度百科

LINQ to Objects


LINQ to Objects中的扩展方法在System.Core程序集的System.Linq命名空间中定义。

1.Enumerable类定义的标准查询操作符:

下面介绍使用这些操作符的示例:

首先,我们需要创建基本的实体类Employee:

/// <summary>/// 员工类/// </summary>public class Employee{    //员工编号    public string EmployeeId { get; private set; }    //员工姓名    public string EmployeeName { get; private set; }    //年龄    public int Age { get; private set; }    //入职日期    public DateTime EntryDate { get; private set; }    //性别    public string Sex { get; private set; }    //部门    public string Department { get; private set; }    //薪水    public int Salary { get; private set; }    //爱好    public IEnumerable<string> Hobby { get; private set; }     public Employee(string employeeId, string employeeName, int age, DateTime entryDate, Sex sex, Department department, int salary, IEnumerable<string> hobby)    {        this.EmployeeId = employeeId;        this.EmployeeName = employeeName;        this.Age = age;        this.EntryDate = entryDate;        this.Sex = sex.ToString();        this.Department = department.ToString();        this.Salary = salary;        this.Hobby = hobby;    }}//性别public enum Sex{    Male,    Female}//部门public enum Department{    HR,    IT,    PD,    FD,    QC,    MD}

然后,创建列表employees保存10名员工的基本信息:

         List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>()        {            new Employee("001","Mike",32,new DateTime(2016,2,20),Sex.Male,Department.IT,200000,new string[] { "swimming","shopping"}),            new Employee("002","Jack",38,new DateTime(2007,5,12),Sex.Male,Department.HR,409989,new string[] { "reading"}),            new Employee("003","Adolph",25,new DateTime(2017,3,23),Sex.Male,Department.IT,100000,new string[] { "play computer games","watch TV","listen to music"}),            new Employee("004","Antony",30,new DateTime(2010,11,20),Sex.Male,Department.FD,320000, new string[] { "play chess","run"}),            new Employee("005","Asa",28,new DateTime(2014,10,10),Sex.Female,Department.FD,120000,new string[] { "shopping"}),            new Employee("006","Bernie",31,new DateTime(2008,4,5),Sex.Male,Department.PD,220000,new string[] { "play basketball"}),            new Employee("007","Carl",26,new DateTime(2015,1,30),Sex.Male,Department.QC,100000,new string[] { "play chess","go fishing"}),            new Employee("008","Duncan",30,new DateTime(2009,6,9),Sex.Male,Department.MD,250000,new string[] { "play computer games"}),            new Employee("009","Aimee",24,new DateTime(2017,1,20),Sex.Female,Department.HR,80000,new string[] { "reading","run"}),            new Employee("010","Cassie",31,new DateTime(2014,3,3),Sex.Female,Department.IT,350000,new string[] { "watch TV" })        };

1)筛选操作符(Where、OfType<TResult>)

Where:根据表达式函数过滤元素

        //查询年龄大于30岁,IT或HR部门所有员工的编号及姓名        var filter = from r in employees                    where r.Age > 30 && (r.Department == Department.IT.ToString() || r.Department == Department.HR.ToString())                    select r;        foreach (var item in filter)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployId: " +item.EmployeeId + " EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployId: 001 EmployeeName: Mike        //EmployId: 002 EmployeeName: Jack        //EmployId: 010 EmployeeName: Cassie        //*******************************************************************

OfType<TResult>:类型筛选

        //筛选出指定数组中所有int类型的元素        object[] data = { "One", 2, 3, "Four", "Five", 6 };        var typeFilter = data.OfType<int>();        foreach (var item in typeFilter)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //2        //3        //6        //*******************************************************************

2)投射操作符(Select、SelectMany)

Select:根据选择器函数选择的结果值投射到新的类型元素上

SelectMany:C#编译器把复合的from子句和LINQ查询转换为SelectMany扩展方法,用于迭代序列的序列。

        //查找个人爱好中有reading的员工的姓名        var doubleFrom = from r in employees                         from h in r.Hobby                         where h == "reading"                         select r.EmployeeName;        foreach (var item in doubleFrom)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Jack        //Aimee        //*******************************************************************        //--------------------------强势分隔符--------------------------------        //使用SelectMany扩展方法返回个人爱好中有reading的员工的姓名        var selectMany = employees.            SelectMany(r => r.Hobby,            (r, h) => new { Employee = r, Hobby = h }).            Where(r => r.Hobby == "reading").            Select(r => r.Employee.EmployeeName);        foreach (var item in selectMany)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Jack        //Aimee        //*******************************************************************

3)排序操作符(OrderBy、ThenBy、OrderByDescending、ThenByDescending、Reverse)

OrderBy、OrderByDescending:升序排序、降序排序

ThenBy、ThenByDescending:如果第一次排序有元素相同,进行第二次排序(使用LINQ查询时只需把需要排序的关键字用逗号隔开)

        //按照年龄从大到小排序,如果年龄相同,则按照员工编号正向排序,输出员工的编号、姓名、年龄,        var orderBy = from o in employees                      orderby o.Age descending, o.EmployeeId                      select o;        foreach (var item in orderBy)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeId: " + item.EmployeeId + " EmployeeName:" + item.EmployeeName + " Age:" + item.Age);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeId: 002 EmployeeName: Jack Age:38        //EmployeeId: 001 EmployeeName: Mike Age:32        //EmployeeId: 006 EmployeeName: Bernie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 010 EmployeeName: Cassie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 004 EmployeeName: Antony Age:30        //EmployeeId: 008 EmployeeName: Duncan Age:30        //EmployeeId: 005 EmployeeName: Asa Age:28        //EmployeeId: 007 EmployeeName: Carl Age:26        //EmployeeId: 003 EmployeeName: Adolph Age:25        //EmployeeId: 009 EmployeeName: Aimee Age:24        //*******************************************************************        //--------------------------强势分隔符--------------------------------        //使用ThenBy扩展方法实现年龄相同,按员工编号正向排序        var thenBy = employees                     .OrderByDescending(t => t.Age)                     .ThenBy(t => t.EmployeeId)                     .Select(t => "EmployeeId: " + t.EmployeeId + " EmployeeName:" + t.EmployeeName + " Age:" + t.Age);        foreach (var item in thenBy)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeId: 002 EmployeeName: Jack Age:38        //EmployeeId: 001 EmployeeName: Mike Age:32        //EmployeeId: 006 EmployeeName: Bernie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 010 EmployeeName: Cassie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 004 EmployeeName: Antony Age:30        //EmployeeId: 008 EmployeeName: Duncan Age:30        //EmployeeId: 005 EmployeeName: Asa Age:28        //EmployeeId: 007 EmployeeName: Carl Age:26        //EmployeeId: 003 EmployeeName: Adolph Age:25        //EmployeeId: 009 EmployeeName: Aimee Age:24        //*******************************************************************

Revise:使用扩展方法反转集合中的元素顺序

        //按照年龄从大到小排序后再反转元素的顺序        var reverse = employees            .OrderByDescending(r => r.Age)            .Reverse()            .Select(r => "EmployeeId: " + r.EmployeeId + " EmployeeName:" + r.EmployeeName + " Age:" + r.Age);        foreach (var item in reverse)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeId: 009 EmployeeName: Aimee Age:24        //EmployeeId: 003 EmployeeName: Adolph Age:25        //EmployeeId: 007 EmployeeName: Carl Age:26        //EmployeeId: 005 EmployeeName: Asa Age:28        //EmployeeId: 008 EmployeeName: Duncan Age:30        //EmployeeId: 004 EmployeeName: Antony Age:30        //EmployeeId: 010 EmployeeName: Cassie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 006 EmployeeName: Bernie Age:31        //EmployeeId: 001 EmployeeName: Mike Age:32        //EmployeeId: 002 EmployeeName: Jack Age:38        //*******************************************************************

4)连接操作符(Join、GroupJoin)

为了完成这部分的示例,我们需要准备新的实体类和列表

/// <summary>/// 部门信息/// </summary>public class DepartmentInfo{    //部门编号    public string DepartmentId { get; private set; }    //部门名称    public string DepartmentName { get; private set; }    //部门总监    public string Director { get; private set; }    public DepartmentInfo(string departmentId, string departmentName, string director)    {        this.DepartmentId = departmentId;        this.DepartmentName = departmentName;        this.Director = director;    }}/// <summary>/// 杰出团队/// </summary>public class OutstandingTeam{    public int Year { get; private set; }    public string Department { get; private set; }    public OutstandingTeam(int year, string department)    {        this.Year = year;        this.Department = department;    }}

创建列表departmentInfo保存各部门的信息

        List<DepartmentInfo> deparmentInfo = new List<DepartmentInfo>()        {            new DepartmentInfo("001","HR","Oliver"),            new DepartmentInfo("002","IT","Oscar"),            new DepartmentInfo("003","PD","ELLA"),            new DepartmentInfo("004","FD","Alice"),            new DepartmentInfo("005","QC","Kai")        };

创建列表outstandingTeams保存2010年起获得杰出团队的部门

        List<OutstandingTeam> outstandingTeams = new List<OutstandingTeam>()        {            new OutstandingTeam(2010,"IT"),            new OutstandingTeam(2011,"FD"),            new OutstandingTeam(2012,"HR"),            new OutstandingTeam(2013,"IT"),            new OutstandingTeam(2014,"QC"),            new OutstandingTeam(2015,"HR"),            new OutstandingTeam(2016,"HR"),            new OutstandingTeam(2017,"MD")        };

Join:根据特定的条件合并两个数据源

        //查询员工的姓名,部门以及该部门的总监        var join = from j in employees                   join d in deparmentInfo                   on j.Department equals d.DepartmentName                   select new                   {                       j.EmployeeName,                       j.Department,                       d.Director                   };        foreach (var item in join)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Department:" + item.Department + " Director:" + item.Director);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike Department:IT Director:Oscar        //EmployeeName: Jack Department:HR Director:Oliver        //EmployeeName: Adolph Department:IT Director:Oscar        //EmployeeName: Antony Department:FD Director:Alice        //EmployeeName: Asa Department:FD Director:Alice        //EmployeeName: Bernie Department:PD Director:ELLA        //EmployeeName: Carl Department:QC Director:Kai        //EmployeeName: Aimee Department:HR Director:Oliver        //EmployeeName: Cassie Department:IT Director:Oscar        //*******************************************************************

这时候我们会发现,输出的内容里面少了员工Duncan的信息,检查后发现,原来deparmentInfo没有添加MD部门的相关信息,此时希望查询所有员工,若匹配不到该部门信息,Director返回N/A。

        //查询员工的姓名,部门以及该部门的总监,若匹配不到该部门信息,Director返回N/A        var leftjoin = from j in employees                       join d in deparmentInfo                       on j.Department equals d.DepartmentName into jd                       from d in jd.DefaultIfEmpty()                       select new                       {                           j.EmployeeName,                           j.Department,                           Director = d == null ? "N/A" : d.Director                       };        foreach (var item in leftjoin)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Department:" + item.Department + " Director:" + item.Director);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike Department:IT Director:Oscar        //EmployeeName: Jack Department:HR Director:Oliver        //EmployeeName: Adolph Department:IT Director:Oscar        //EmployeeName: Antony Department:FD Director:Alice        //EmployeeName: Asa Department:FD Director:Alice        //EmployeeName: Bernie Department:PD Director:ELLA        //EmployeeName: Carl Department:QC Director:Kai        //EmployeeName: Duncan Department:MD Director:N/A        //EmployeeName: Aimee Department:HR Director:Oliver        //EmployeeName: Cassie Department:IT Director:Oscar        //*******************************************************************

GroupJoin:基于键相等对两个序列的元素进行关联并对结果进行分组。

        //查找每个部门获得杰出团队的年份        var groupJoin = from d in deparmentInfo                        join o in outstandingTeams on d.DepartmentName equals o.Department into g                        select new                        {                            DepartmentName = d.DepartmentName,                            Years = g                         };        foreach (var item in groupJoin)        {            Console.WriteLine("Department:" + item.DepartmentName);            if (item.Years.Count() == 0)            {                Console.WriteLine("Never won the award");            }            foreach (var champions in item.Years)            {                Console.WriteLine(champions.Year);            }        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Department: HR        //2012        //2015        //2016        //Department: IT        //2010        //2013        //Department: PD        // Never won the award        // Department:FD        //2011        //Department: QC        //2014        //*******************************************************************

5)组合操作符(GroupBy、ToLookup)

GroupBy:根据关键字值对查询结果进行分组。

        //查询每个部门及人数        var groupBy = from e in employees                      group e by e.Department into g                      select new                      {                          g.Key,                          Count = g.Count()                      };        foreach (var item in groupBy)        {            Console.WriteLine("Department: " + item.Key + " Count: " + item.Count);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Department: IT Count: 3        //Department: HR Count: 2        //Department: FD Count: 2        //Department: PD Count: 1        //Department: QC Count: 1        //Department: MD Count: 1        //*******************************************************************

ToLookup:通过创建一对多的字典来组合元素

        //使用ToLookup实现爱好阅读的员工姓名        var toLookup = (from e in employees                        from h in e.Hobby                        select new                        {                            Hobby = h,                            Name = e.EmployeeName                        }).ToLookup(he => he.Hobby, he => he.Name);        if (toLookup.Contains("reading"))        {            foreach (var item in toLookup["reading"])            {                Console.WriteLine(item);            }        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Jack        //Aimee        //*******************************************************************

6)限定操作符(Any、All、Contains)

Any:是否包含满足条件的元素

        //是否有小于20岁的员工        bool any = employees.Any(r => r.Age < 20);        Console.WriteLine(any);        //******************************Output*******************************        //False        //*******************************************************************

ALL:是否所有元素都满足条件

        //是否所有员工都大于20岁        bool all = employees.All(r => r.Age > 20);        Console.WriteLine(all);        //******************************Output*******************************        //True        //*******************************************************************

Contains:检索某个元素是否在集合中

        //员工列表中是否包含david        Employee david = new Employee("011", "David", 28, new DateTime(2017, 5, 21), Sex.Male, Department.IT, 100000, new string[] { "run" });        employees.Add(david);        bool contains = employees.Contains(david);        Console.WriteLine(contains);        //******************************Output*******************************        //True        //*******************************************************************

7)分区操作符(Take、Skip、TakeWhile、SkipWhile)

Take:从集合中提取指定数量的元素

Skip:跳过集合中指定数量的元素

        //忽略薪水最高的5位,查询剩余部分薪水最高的员工姓名及薪水        var skip = (from e in employees                    orderby e.Salary descending                    select e).Skip(5).Take(1);        foreach (var item in skip)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Salary: " + item.Salary);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike Salary: 200000        //*******************************************************************

TakeWhile:提取条件为真时的元素

        //取集合中满足条件salary大于1000000之前的所有员工的姓名和薪水        var takeWhile = (from e in employees                         select e).TakeWhile(r => r.Salary > 100000);        foreach (var item in takeWhile)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Salary: " + item.Salary);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike Salary: 200000        //EmployeeName: Jack Salary: 409989        //*******************************************************************

SkipWhere:跳过集合中满足条件的元素,当条件不成立时返回剩余的所有元素

        //跳过集合中满足条件salary大于100000的元素,当条件不成立时返回剩余的所有元素        var skipWhile = (from e in employees                         select e).SkipWhile(r => r.Salary > 100000);        foreach (var item in skipWhile)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Salary: " + item.Salary);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Adolph Salary: 100000        //EmployeeName: Antony Salary: 320000        //EmployeeName: Asa Salary: 120000        //EmployeeName: Bernie Salary: 220000        //EmployeeName: Carl Salary: 100000        //EmployeeName: Duncan Salary: 250000        //EmployeeName: Aimee Salary: 80000        //EmployeeName: Cassie Salary: 350000        //*******************************************************************

8)Set操作符(Distinct、Union、Intersect、Except、Zip)

Distinct:从集合中删掉重复的元素

        //给所有员工的薪水排序,去掉重复的        var distinct = (from e in employees                        orderby e.Salary                         select e.Salary).Distinct();        foreach (var item in distinct)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //80000        //100000        //120000        //200000        //220000        //250000        //320000        //350000        //409989        //*******************************************************************

Union、Intersect、Except:并集、交集、差集

首先,我们准备两个集合:员工姓名以A开头和员工姓名以E结尾

        var startWithA = (from e in employees                          where e.EmployeeName.StartsWith("A")                          select e).ToList();        var endWithE = (from e in employees                        where e.EmployeeName.ToUpper().EndsWith("E")                        select e).ToList();

以下分别取两个集合的并集、交集、差集:

        //查询两个集合的并集        var union = startWithA.Union(endWithE);        foreach (var item in union)        {            Console.WriteLine(item.EmployeeName);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Adolph        //Antony        //Asa        //Aimee        //Mike        //Bernie        //Cassie        //*******************************************************************        //--------------------------强势分隔符--------------------------------        //查询两个集合的交集        var intersect = startWithA.Intersect(endWithE);        foreach (var item in intersect)        {            Console.WriteLine(item.EmployeeName);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Aimee        //*******************************************************************        //--------------------------强势分隔符--------------------------------        //查询两个集合的差集        var except = startWithA.Except(endWithE);        foreach (var item in except)        {            Console.WriteLine(item.EmployeeName);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Adolph        //Antony        //Asa        //*******************************************************************

Zip:把两个集合中对应的项目合并起来,在到大较小集合的末尾时停止

        //把两个集合中对应的项的姓名合并起来        var zip = startWithA.Zip(endWithE, (first, second) => first.EmployeeName + "+" + second.EmployeeName);        foreach (var item in zip)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //Adolph+Mike        //Antony+Bernie        //Asa+Aimee        //Aimee+Cassie        //*******************************************************************

9)元素操作符(First、FirstOrDefault、Last、LastOrDefault、ElementAt、ElementAtOrDefault、Single、SingleOrDefault)

First:返回第一个满足条件的元素;若不存在,则引发异常。

FirstOrDefault:返回第一个满足条件的元素;若不存在,则返回默认值。

        //查询年龄大于30岁的第一位员工的姓名        var first = (from e in employees                     orderby e.Age                     select e).First(r => r.Age > 30);        Console.WriteLine(first.EmployeeName);        //******************************Output*******************************        //Bernie        //*******************************************************************

假设需查询年龄大于50岁的第一位员工的姓名,我们将上述代码中年龄修改为50

        var first = (from e in employees                     orderby e.Age                     select e).First(r => r.Age > 50);        Console.WriteLine(first.EmployeeName);

执行后发现异常

此时使用FirstOrDefault操作符:

        //查询年龄大于50岁的第一位员工的姓名,若不存在,则返回N/A        var firstOrDefault = (from e in employees                              orderby e.Age                              select e).FirstOrDefault(r => r.Age > 50);        Console.WriteLine(firstOrDefault == null ? "N/A" : firstOrDefault.EmployeeName);        //******************************Output*******************************        //N/A        //*******************************************************************

Last:返回最后一个满足条件的元素;若不存在,则引发异常。

LastOrDefault:返回最后一个满足条件的元素;若不存在,则返回默认值。

ElementAt:返回指定索引位置的元素;若不存在,则引发异常。

ElementAtOrDefault:返回指定索引位置的元素;若不存在,则返回默认值。

Single:只返回一个满足条件的元素;若不存在或多个元素都满足条件,则引发异常。

SingleOrDefault:只返回一个满足条件的元素;若不存在或多个元素都满足条件,则返回默认值。

10)聚合操作符(Count、Sum、Min、Max、Average、Aggregate)

Count:返回集合中的项数

        //查找有一个以上爱好的员工的姓名、爱好的数量及部门        var count = from e in employees                    let numberHobby = e.Hobby.Count()                    where numberHobby > 1                    select new                    {                        e.EmployeeName,                        numberHobby,                        e.Department                    };        foreach (var item in count)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " NumberHobby: " + item.numberHobby + " Department: " + item.Department);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike NumberHobby: 2 Department: IT        //EmployeeName: Adolph NumberHobby: 3 Department: IT        //EmployeeName: Antony NumberHobby: 2 Department: FD        //EmployeeName: Carl NumberHobby: 2 Department: QC        //EmployeeName: Aimee NumberHobby: 2 Department: HR        //*******************************************************************

Sum:计算所有值的总和

Min、Max、Average:最小值、最大值、平均值

        //计算所有员工薪水的总和        var sum = (from e in employees                   select e.Salary).Sum/*Min、Max、Average*/();        Console.WriteLine(sum.ToString("N0"));        //******************************Output*******************************        //2,149,989        //*******************************************************************

Aggregate:对序列进行累加

        //初始值为50000000,依次累加所有员工的薪水        var aggregate = (from e in employees                         select e.Salary).Aggregate(5000000, (x, y) => x + y, r => r * 2);        Console.WriteLine(aggregate.ToString("N0"));        //******************************Output*******************************        //14,299,978        //*******************************************************************

说明:Aggregate扩展方法的第一个参数为初始值。第二个参数是一个表达式,用来对每个元素进行计算(第一个参数是累加变量,第二个参数是当前值)。第三个参数是一个表达式,用来对最终结果进行计算。

11)转换操作符(ToArray、AsEnumerable、ToList、ToDictionary、Cast<TResult>)

使用转换操作符会立即执行查询,将查询结果放在数组、列表、字典中。

        //将年龄大于30岁的元素放入list中再循环输出。        List<Employee> employeeList = (from e in employees                                       where e.Age > 30                                       select e).ToList();        foreach (var item in employeeList)        {            Console.WriteLine("EmployeeName: " + item.EmployeeName + " Age:" + item.Age);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //EmployeeName: Mike Age:32        //EmployeeName: Jack Age:38        //EmployeeName: Bernie Age:31        //EmployeeName: Cassie Age:31        //*******************************************************************

12)生成操作符(Empty、Range、Repeat)

生成操作符不是扩展方法,而是返回序列的静态方法。在LINQ to Objects中,这些方法可用于Enumerable类。

Empty:生成空集合

        //生成一个int类型的空序列        var empty = Enumerable.Empty<int>();                  Console.WriteLine(empty.Count());        //******************************Output*******************************        //0        //*******************************************************************

Range:生成一系列数字的集合

        //生成一个从1开始,10个元素的序列        var range = Enumerable.Range(1, 10);        foreach (var item in range)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //1        //2        //3        //4        //5        //6        //7        //8        //9        //10        //*******************************************************************

Repeat:返回始终重复一个值的集合

        //生成一个10个元素,每个元素都是5的序列        var repeat = Enumerable.Repeat(5, 10);        foreach (var item in repeat)        {            Console.WriteLine(item);        }        //******************************Output*******************************        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //5        //*******************************************************************

本篇就此结束,主要介绍了LINQ的体系结构、基本语法以及LINQ to Obejcts中标准查询操作符的使用方法。

示例代码下载:https://github.com/Answer-Geng/LINQ

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