canvas.html#toc9
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Canvas API
来自《JavaScript 标准参考教程（alpha）》，by 阮一峰
目录
概述
Canvas API（画布）用于在网页实时生成图像，并且可以操作图像内容，基本上它是一个可以用JavaScript操作的位图（bitmap）。
使用前，首先需要新建一个<canvas>网页元素。
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="400" height="200"> 您的浏览器不支持canvas！</canvas>上面代码中，如果浏览器不支持这个API，则就会显示<canvas>标签中间的文字——“您的浏览器不支持canvas！”。
每个canvas节点都有一个对应的context对象（上下文对象），Canvas API定义在这个context对象上面，所以需要获取这个对象，方法是使用getContext方法。
var canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');if (canvas.getContext) { var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');}上面代码中，getContext方法指定参数2d，表示该canvas节点用于生成2D图案（即平面图案）。如果参数是webgl，就表示用于生成3D图像（即立体图案），这部分实际上单独叫做WebGL API（本书不涉及）。
绘图方法
canvas画布提供了一个用来作图的平面空间，该空间的每个点都有自己的坐标，x表示横坐标，y表示竖坐标。原点(0, 0)位于图像左上角，x轴的正向是原点向右，y轴的正向是原点向下。
（1）绘制路径
beginPath方法表示开始绘制路径，moveTo(x, y)方法设置线段的起点，lineTo(x, y)方法设置线段的终点，stroke方法用来给透明的线段着色。
ctx.beginPath(); // 开始路径绘制ctx.moveTo(20, 20); // 设置路径起点，坐标为(20,20)ctx.lineTo(200, 20); // 绘制一条到(200,20)的直线ctx.lineWidth = 1.0; // 设置线宽ctx.lineCap = "butt"; //设置端点样式:butt(默认),round,squarectx.lineJoin = "miter"; //设置连接样式:miter(默认),bevel,roundctx.strokeStyle = '#CC0000'; // 设置线的颜色ctx.stroke(); // 进行线的着色，这时整条线才变得可见moveto和lineto方法可以多次使用。最后，还可以使用closePath方法，自动绘制一条当前点到起点的直线，形成一个封闭图形，省却使用一次lineto方法。
（2）绘制矩形
fillRect(x, y, width, height)方法用来绘制矩形，它的四个参数分别为矩形左上角顶点的x坐标、y坐标，以及矩形的宽和高。fillStyle属性用来设置矩形的填充色。
ctx.fillStyle = 'yellow';
ctx.fillRect(50, 50, 200, 100); strokeRect方法与fillRect类似，用来绘制空心矩形。
ctx.strokeRect(10,10,200,100); clearRect方法用来清除某个矩形区域的内容。
ctx.clearRect(100,50,50,50); （3）绘制文本
fillText(string, x, y) 用来绘制文本，它的三个参数分别为文本内容、起点的x坐标、y坐标。使用之前，需用font设置字体、大小、样式（写法类似与CSS的font属性）。与此类似的还有strokeText方法，用来添加空心字。
// 设置字体
ctx.font = "Bold 20px Arial";
// 设置对齐方式
ctx.textAlign = "left";
// 设置填充颜色
ctx.fillStyle = "#008600";
// 设置字体内容，以及在画布上的位置
ctx.fillText("Hello!", 10, 50);
// 绘制空心字
ctx.strokeText("Hello!", 10, 100); fillText方法不支持文本断行，即所有文本出现在一行内。所以，如果要生成多行文本，只有调用多次fillText方法。
（4）绘制圆形和扇形
arc方法用来绘制扇形。
ctx.arc(x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle, anticlockwise);arc方法的x和y参数是圆心坐标，radius是半径，startAngle和endAngle则是扇形的起始角度和终止角度（以弧度表示），anticlockwise表示做图时应该逆时针画（true）还是顺时针画（false）。
下面是如何绘制实心的圆形。
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(60, 60, 50, 0, Math.PI*2, true);
ctx.fillStyle = "#000000";
ctx.fill();绘制空心圆形的例子。
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(60, 60, 50, 0, Math.PI*2, true);
ctx.lineWidth = 1.0;
ctx.strokeStyle = "#000";
ctx.stroke();（5）设置渐变色
createLinearGradient方法用来设置渐变色。
var myGradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 0, 160); myGradient.addColorStop(0, “#BABABA”);
myGradient.addColorStop(1, “#636363”);
createLinearGradient方法的参数是(x1, y1, x2, y2)，其中x1和y1是起点坐标，x2和y2是终点坐标。通过不同的坐标值，可以生成从上至下、从左到右的渐变等等。
使用方法如下：
ctx.fillStyle = myGradient;
ctx.fillRect(10,10,200,100);（6）设置阴影
一系列与阴影相关的方法，可以用来设置阴影。
ctx.shadowOffsetX = 10; // 设置水平位移
ctx.shadowOffsetY = 10; // 设置垂直位移
ctx.shadowBlur = 5; // 设置模糊度
ctx.shadowColor = “rgba(0,0,0,0.5)”; // 设置阴影颜色ctx.fillStyle = “#CC0000”;
ctx.fillRect(10,10,200,100);
图像变换
平移、旋转、缩放
ctx.translate( x, y )//位移：把图像原点位移到(x， y)的位置ctx.rotate( deg )//旋转：旋转 deg 度数ctx.scale( sx, sy )//缩放：在横向进行 sx 倍的缩放，在纵向进行 sy 倍的缩放缩放出现的问题1.如果有lineWith，宽度也会缩放2.如果起始点不是0 0，起始点也会缩放
变换矩阵
ctx.transform(a, b, c, d, e, f);/*a:水平缩放(默认值1)b:水平倾斜(默认值0)c:垂直倾斜(默认值0)d:垂直缩放(默认值1)e:水平位移(默认值0)f:垂直位移(默认值0)*/context.transform()可以叠加使用，如果需要重新初始化矩阵变换的值，可以用:context.setTransform(a, b, c, d, e, f)它会使得之前设置的context.transform()失效，恢复为单位矩阵然后再transform
图像处理方法
drawImage方法
Canvas API 允许将图像文件插入画布，做法是读取图片后，使用drawImage方法在画布内进行重绘。
var img = new Image();img.src = 'image.png';ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0); // 设置对应的图像对象，以及它在画布上的位置上面代码将一个PNG图像载入画布。drawImage()方法接受三个参数，第一个参数是图像文件的DOM元素（即<img>节点），第二个和第三个参数是图像左上角在画布中的坐标，上例中的(0, 0)就表示将图像左上角放置在画布的左上角。
由于图像的载入需要时间，drawImage方法只能在图像完全载入后才能调用，因此上面的代码需要改写。
var image = new Image();image.onload = function() { var canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = image.width; canvas.height = image.height; canvas.getContext('2d').drawImage(image, 0, 0); // 插入页面底部 document.body.appendChild(image); return canvas;}image.src = 'image.png';getImageData方法，putImageData方法
getImageData方法可以用来读取Canvas的内容，返回一个对象，包含了每个像素的信息。
var imageData = context.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);imageData对象有一个data属性，它的值是一个一维数组。该数组的值，依次是每个像素的红、绿、蓝、alpha通道值，因此该数组的长度等于 图像的像素宽度 x 图像的像素高度 x 4，每个值的范围是0–255。这个数组不仅可读，而且可写，因此通过操作这个数组的值，就可以达到操作图像的目的。修改这个数组以后，使用putImageData方法将数组内容重新绘制在Canvas上。
context.putImageData(imageData, 0, 0);toDataURL方法
对图像数据做出修改以后，可以使用toDataURL方法，将Canvas数据重新转化成一般的图像文件形式。
function convertCanvasToImage(canvas) { var image = new Image(); image.src = canvas.toDataURL('image/png'); return image;}上面的代码将Canvas数据，转化成PNG data URI。
save方法，restore方法
save方法用于保存上下文环境，restore方法用于恢复到上一次保存的上下文环境。
ctx.save();ctx.shadowOffsetX = 10;ctx.shadowOffsetY = 10;ctx.shadowBlur = 5;ctx.shadowColor = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.5)';ctx.fillStyle = '#CC0000';ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,100);ctx.restore();ctx.fillStyle = '#000000';ctx.fillRect(180,10,150,100);上面代码先用save方法，保存了当前设置，然后绘制了一个有阴影的矩形。接着，使用restore方法，恢复了保存前的设置，绘制了一个没有阴影的矩形。
动画
利用JavaScript，可以在canvas元素上很容易地产生动画效果。
var posX = 20, posY = 100;setInterval(function() { context.fillStyle = "black"; context.fillRect(0,0,canvas.width, canvas.height); posX += 1; posY += 0.25; context.beginPath(); context.fillStyle = "white"; context.arc(posX, posY, 10, 0, Math.PI*2, true); context.closePath(); context.fill();}, 30);上面代码会产生一个小圆点，每隔30毫秒就向右下方移动的效果。setInterval函数的一开始，之所以要将画布重新渲染黑色底色，是为了抹去上一步的小圆点。
通过设置圆心坐标，可以产生各种运动轨迹。
先上升后下降。
var vx = 10, vy = -10, gravity = 1;setInterval(function() { posX += vx; posY += vy; vy += gravity; // ...});上面代码中，x坐标始终增大，表示持续向右运动。y坐标先变小，然后在重力作用下，不断增大，表示先上升后下降。
小球不断反弹后，逐步趋于静止。
var vx = 10, vy = -10, gravity = 1;setInterval(function() { posX += vx; posY += vy; if (posY > canvas.height * 0.75) { vy *= -0.6; vx *= 0.75; posY = canvas.height * 0.75; } vy += gravity; // ...});上面代码表示，一旦小球的y坐标处于屏幕下方75%的位置，向x轴移动的速度变为原来的75%，而向y轴反弹上一次反弹高度的40%。
像素处理
通过getImageData方法和putImageData方法，可以处理每个像素，进而操作图像内容。
假定filter是一个处理像素的函数，那么整个对Canvas的处理流程，可以用下面的代码表示。
if (canvas.width > 0 && canvas.height > 0) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">imageData</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getImageData</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">canvas</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">width</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">canvas</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">height</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="nx">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">imageData</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="nx">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">putImageData</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">imageData</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>}
以下是几种常见的处理方法。
灰度效果
灰度图（grayscale）就是取红、绿、蓝三个像素值的算术平均值，这实际上将图像转成了黑白形式。假定d[i]是像素数组中一个象素的红色值，则d[i+1]为绿色值，d[i+2]为蓝色值，d[i+3]就是alpha通道值。转成灰度的算法，就是将红、绿、蓝三个值相加后除以3，再将结果写回数组。
grayscale = function (pixels) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">r</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">;</span>};
复古效果
复古效果（sepia）则是将红、绿、蓝三个像素，分别取这三个值的某种加权平均值，使得图像有一种古旧的效果。
sepia = function (pixels) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.393</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.769</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.189</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// red</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.349</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.686</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.168</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// green</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.272</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.534</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">0.131</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// blue</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">;</span>};
红色蒙版效果
红色蒙版指的是，让图像呈现一种偏红的效果。算法是将红色通道设为红、绿、蓝三个值的平均值，而将绿色通道和蓝色通道都设为0。
red = function (pixels) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">r</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 红色通道取平均值</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 绿色通道和蓝色通道都设为0</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">;</span>};
亮度效果
亮度效果（brightness）是指让图像变得更亮或更暗。算法将红色通道、绿色通道、蓝色通道，同时加上一个正值或负值。
brightness = function (pixels, delta) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="nx">delta</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// red</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="nx">delta</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// green</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="nx">delta</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// blue </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">;</span>};
反转效果
反转效果（invert）是指图片呈现一种色彩颠倒的效果。算法为红、绿、蓝通道都取各自的相反值（255-原值）。
invert = function (pixels) {<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="nx">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">pixels</span><span class="p">;</span>};
参考链接
- David Walsh, JavaScript Canvas Image Conversion
- Matt West, Getting Started With The Canvas API
- John Robinson, How You Can Do Cool Image Effects Using HTML5 Canvas
- Ivaylo Gerchev, HTML5 Canvas Tutorial: An Introduction
- Donovan Hutchinson, Particles in canvas
留言
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