MySQL - 用户及权限管理

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 可以用 CREATE USER 或 GRANT 创建用户,后者还同时分配相关权限。而 REVOKE 则用于删除用户权限,DROP USER 删除账户。
$ mysql -u root -ppassword:mysql> create database test; # 创建数据库Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show databases; # 查看数据库是否创建成功+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql              || test               |+--------------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> grant all on test.* to user1@'%' identified by '123456' with grant option; # 创建特权管理用户Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select user,host from mysql.user; # 查看用户创建是否成功+------------------+-----------+| user             | host      |+------------------+-----------+| user1            | %         || root             | 127.0.0.1 || debian-sys-maint | localhost || root             | localhost || root             | server    |+------------------+-----------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show grants for user1; # 查看用户权限+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for user1@%                                                                               |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user1'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB...2CA2AD9'                        || GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `test`.* TO 'user1'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION                                |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

GRANT 语法:
GRANT privileges (columns)    ON what    TO user IDENTIFIED BY "password"    WITH GRANT OPTION

权限列表:
  • ALTER: 修改表和索引。
  • CREATE: 创建数据库和表。
  • DELETE: 删除表中已有的记录。
  • DROP: 抛弃(删除)数据库和表。
  • INDEX: 创建或抛弃索引。
  • INSERT: 向表中插入新行。
  • REFERENCE: 未用。
  • SELECT: 检索表中的记录。
  • UPDATE: 修改现存表记录。
  • FILE: 读或写服务器上的文件。
  • PROCESS: 查看服务器中执行的线程信息或杀死线程。
  • RELOAD: 重载授权表或清空日志、主机缓存或表缓存。
  • SHUTDOWN: 关闭服务器。
  • ALL: 所有权限,ALL PRIVILEGES同义词。
  • USAGE: 特殊的 "无权限" 权限。
用户账户包括 "username" 和 "host" 两部分,后者表示该用户被允许从何地接入。user1@'%' 表示任何地址,默认可以省略。还可以是 "user1@192.168.1.%"、"user1@%.abc.com" 等。数据库格式为 db@table,可以是 "test.*" 或 "*.*",前者表示 test 数据库的所有表,后者表示所有数据库的所有表。

子句 "WITH GRANT OPTION" 表示该用户可以为其他用户分配权限。

我们用 root 再创建几个用户,然后由 test 数据库的管理员 user1 为他们分配权限。
mysql> create user user2 identified by '123456', user3 identified by 'abcd';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select user, host from mysql.user;+------------------+-----------+| user             | host      |+------------------+-----------+| user1            | %         || user2            | %         || user3            | %         || root             | 127.0.0.1 || debian-sys-maint | localhost || root             | localhost || root             | server    |+------------------+-----------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

好了,我们退出改用 user1 登录并针对 test 数据库进行操作。
mysql> quit # 退出Bye$ mysql -u user1 -p123456 test # 使用新用户登录mysql> select database(); # 确认当前工作数据库+------------+| database() |+------------+| test       |+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select current_user(); # 确认当前工作账户+----------------+| current_user() |+----------------+| user1@%        |+----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

继续,创建一个数据表。
mysql> create table table1 # 创建表    -> (    ->    name varchar(50),    ->    age integer    -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> show tables; # 查看表是否创建成功+----------------+| Tables_in_test |+----------------+| table1         |+----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> describe table1; # 查看表结构+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       || age   | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into table1 values('Tom', 20); # 插入记录Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from table1; # 查询记录+------+------+| name | age  |+------+------+| Tom  |   20 |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

接下来我们为 user2, user3 分配权限。
mysql> grant select on test.* to user2; # 为 user2 分配 SELECT 权限。Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> grant select on test.* to user3; # 为 user3 分配 SELECT 权限。Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> grant insert, update on test.* to user2; # 再为 user2 增加 INSERT, UPDATE 权限。Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

好了,我们退出,切换成 user2 操作看看。
$ mysql -u user2 -p123456mysql> use test; # 切换工作数据库Reading table information for completion of table and column namesYou can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -ADatabase changedmysql> select database(); # 验证当前工作数据库+------------+| database() |+------------+| test       |+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select user(); # 验证当前账户+-----------------+| user()          |+-----------------+| user2@localhost |+-----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show grants for user2; # 查看当前用户权限,显然后来添加的 INSERT, UPDATE 被添加了。+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for user2@%                                                                               |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB837....2C9'                        || GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON `test`.* TO 'user2'@'%'                                          |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

进行操作测试。
mysql> insert into table1 values("Jack", 21); # INSERT 操作成功Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> update table1 set age=22 where name='Jack'; # UPDATE 操作成功Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from table1; # SELECT 操作成功+------+------+| name | age  |+------+------+| Tom  |   20 || Jack |   22 |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> delete from table1 where age=22; # DELETE 操作无权限ERROR 1142 (42000): DELETE command denied to user 'user2'@'localhost' for table 'table1'

我们切换回 user1 管理账户,移除 user2 的 UPDATE 权限看看。
$ mysql -u user1 -p123456 testmysql> revoke update on test.* from user2; # 移除 UPDATE 权限Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再次切换回 user2。
$ mysql -u user2 -p123456 testmysql> show grants for user2; # UPDATE 权限被移除+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for user2@%                                                                               |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6B...2AD9'                            || GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON `test`.* TO 'user2'@'%'                                                  |+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> update table1 set age=23 where name='Jack'; # 不在拥有 UPDATE 权限ERROR 1142 (42000): UPDATE command denied to user 'user2'@'localhost' for table 'table1'

好了,到此我们基本完成了创建用户和分配权限的操作。接下来,我们回到 root 进行修改用户密码和删除用户操作。
$ mysql -u root -p123456mysql> set password for user3=password('abcabc'); # 修改用户 user3 密码Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql>flush privileges; # 刷新权限表(通常只在直接修改相关管理数据表后需要该操作)Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> revoke all on *.* from user2; # 移除 user2 在所有数据库上的权限 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> drop user user2; # 删除 user2 账户Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select user,host from mysql.user; # 验证删除结果+------------------+-----------+| user             | host      |+------------------+-----------+| user1            | %         || user3            | %         || root             | 127.0.0.1 || debian-sys-maint | localhost || root             | localhost || root             | server    |+------------------+-----------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

用户 user2 无法再次使用。
$ mysql -u user2 -p123456 testERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user2'@'localhost' (using password: YES)

试试 user3。
$ mysql -u user3 -pabc test # 连接失败!哦,对了,我们修改了密码。ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user3'@'localhost' (using password: YES)$ mysql -u user3 -pabcabc test # 新密码成功mysql> select * from table1; # SELECT 操作成功+------+------+| name | age  |+------+------+| Tom  |   20 || Jack |   22 |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

要修改自己的密码直接执行 "set password = password('new_password');" 即可。

------- 摘要 --------------------------------------

创建用户:
GRANT insert, update ON testdb.* TO user1@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION;CREATE USER user2 IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

分配权限:
GRANT select ON testdb.* TO user2;

查看权限:
SHOW GRANTS FOR user1;

修改密码:
SET PASSWORD FOR user1 = PASSWORD('newpwd');SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('newpwd');

移除权限:
REVOKE all ON *.* FROM user1; 

删除用户:
DROP USER user1;

数据库列表:
SHOW DATABASES;

数据表列表:
SHOW TABLES;

当前数据库:
SELECT DATABASE();

当前用户:
SELECT USER();

数据表结构:
DESCRIBE table1;

刷新权限:
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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