英语语法之动词时态

  动词时态

 

时态部分：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态一般有：

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1．主动形式

 

       过去         现在        将来                 过去将来      

一般       did     do       will shall do  should would do       

进行       was were doing    am is are doing     will shall be doing           

完成       had done have has done       will shall have done       should would have done用于虚拟语气

         

完成进行        had been doing   have has beendoing                   

2．被动形式

 

       过去          现在     将来       过去将来         

一般       was were given      am is are given       willshall be given  should would be given     

进行       was were being given     am is are being given                   

完成       had been given       have has been given       willshall have been given     should wouldhave been given        

完成进行                                

 

CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在过去）完成进行时。

时间状语从句当中的时态：

       一般过去时           所有的过去

用    一般现在时    表示       现在和将来

       现在完成时          现在完成和将来完成

 

    时态部分考试题型:

1 将来完成时

 

By the end of the year all but two people______.

A）have left B）will leave

C）will be leaving D）will have left

到年底，除了两个人，所有的人都已经走了。(94.1-42,D对) 

 

It's reported that by the end of this monththe output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10％.

A）will have risen B）has risen

C）will be rising D）has been rising

据报告，到本月底，这个工厂的水泥产量，将提高大约10%。(96.1-39, A对) 

 

The conference ______ a full week by thetime it ends.

A）must have lasted B）will have lasted

C）would last D）has lasted

到会议结束时，会议就将开满整整一周了。(97.1-22, B对) 

 

My train arrives in New York at eight O'clock tonight. The planeI would like to take from there ______ by then.

A）would leave B）will have left

C）has left D）had left

我的火车将在今晚八点到达纽约，我要乘坐的飞机到时已经离开了。 (99.1-47,B对)

 

2 一般过去时

 

The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.

A）has witnessed B）was witnessed

C）witnessed D）is witnessed

十九世纪的最后五十年，旅行的手段稳步地改善了。(98.6-41,C对) 

 

used to 表示“过去曾经，现已不再”: 

 

The Browns ______ here, but not any more.

A）were used to living B）had lived

C）used to live D）had been living

布朗一家曾经住在这里，现在已经不在这里住了。(94.1-59,C对)

 

3 一般将来时

 

Turn on the television or open a magazineand you ______advertisements showing happy, balanced families.

A）are often seeing B）often see

C）will often see D）have often seen

打开电视、杂志，你会看到那些显示幸福和睦家庭的广告。(95.6-47,C对) 

 

While people may refer to television forup-to-the-minute news,

it is unlikely that television ______ thenewspaper completely.

A）replaced B）have replaced

C）replace D）will replace

尽管人们于电视获取最新消息，然而电视完全取代报纸是不可能的。(95.6-48,D对)

 

4 过去完成时

 

Before the first non-stop flight made in1949, it ______ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.

A）would be B）has been

C）had been D）would have been

1949年进行了首次不着陆飞行，在此之前所有的飞机为了加油都得着陆。(96.6-25,C对)

 

Until then, his family ______ from him forsix months.

A）didn't hear B）hasn't been hearing

C）hasn't heard D）hadn't heard

到那时候为止，他的家人已经六个月没有收到他的来信了。(97.1-21, D对)

 

5 一般现在时

 

Once environmental damage ______, it takesmany years for the system to recover.

A）has done B）is to do C）does D）is done

一旦环境遭到破坏，系统的恢复要花多年时间。(97.6-50,D对)

 

If she doesn't tell him the truth now,he'll simply keep on asking her until she ______.

A）does B）has done C）will do D）would do

如果她现在不把真相告诉他，他会不断地问她，直到她说出真相。

(98.6-53, A对)

 

 

非谓语动词部分:

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I.不定式：

 

一）不定式的常考形式：

一般形式：Hedecided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被动形式: Hepreferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

          语法功能：  表示与谓语动词同步发生

完成形式：Hepretended not to have seen me.

被动形式：The bookis said to have been translated into many languages.

         语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前

  二）不定式常考的考点：

1）不定式做定语----将要发生

2）不定式做状语----目的

3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

  三)不定式的省略

   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice,look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do　表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

　I saw himwork in the garden yesterday.

　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

　I saw himworking in the garden yesterday.

　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）

感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

 2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I ‘d like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.

 3)help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do help to do

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect   allow sb to do,  cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sbto do

force sb to do. be more likely to do  love to do warn sb to do  be able to do

be  ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

 

五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to;face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resignoneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to;be close closeness to; be dedication dedicated to; be opposition opposed to; besimilarity similar to.

三、need want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。

He needs (a lot of) encouraging.

 

II. 动名词：具有动作性特征的名词

 

1)是名词     seeing is believing

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops isnecessary.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：I don'tlike you smoking.       

完成形式：I regretnot having taken your advice.

被动形式：Thisquestion is far from being settled.

二) 动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______ back thisafternoon．

 A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate;consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike;dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish;forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;  it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates;pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk;suggest; understand...

 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

it's no good; it's no little hardlyany  use; it's not hardly scarcely use;it's worthwhile; spend money time; there's no; there's no point in; there'snothing worse than; what's the use point...

 

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters. (指未来 过去未来的动作)

I remembered posting having posting theletters (我记得这个动作)

forgot与remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twentyyears. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.

try –ing 试验 Trypracticing five hours a day.

I mean to go, but my father would not allowme to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasingpower. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。

I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）

I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）

I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）

 

III 分词：

 

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式:

1)一般式:     Do you see the mantalking to the dean（主任）?      (与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

过去分词

过去分词表示被动：Fightno battle unprepared.

2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

 

        时态部分考试题型:       

 

1 不定式和动名词作动词的宾语

 

(1)注意那些只接动名词不接不定式作宾语的动词,它们是：acknowledge,advise, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, consider, avoid, confess,defer, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, fancy, forbid, favour, finish,(can't) help ,imagine , miss, mind, practise , permit , resist , risk, suggest等，例如：

 

People appreciate _____ with him because hehas a good sense of humor.

A) to work B) to have worked

C) working D) having working

因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。（98.1-37, C 对）

 

I appreciate to your home.

A）to be invited C）having invited

B）to have invited D）being invited

感谢你邀请我到你家。（91.6-51，D对）

 

The teacher doesn't permit in class.

A）smoke C）smoking

B）to smoke D）to have a smoke

教师不允许在教室里抽烟。（91.6-49，C对）

 

Mark often attempts to escape whenever hebreaks traffic regulations.

A）having been fined C）to be fined

B）to have been fined D）being fined

每当马克违反交通规则时，常常企图逃避罚款处分。(95.6-42，D对）

 

(2)另一些动词之后，可能接to不定式，也可能接动名词，但意义或用法不同。注意 remember , forget , stop , regret ,go on 等后接不定式与后接动名词时的不同意义 。试比较：

 

John regretted to the meeting last week.

A）not going C）not having been going

B）not to go D）not to be going

约翰后悔上星期没去参加会议。（91.6-64， A对）

 

We regret to inform you that we are notable to grant you the discount you ask for.

很遗憾，我方无法给你所要求的折扣，特此告知。 

 

If I had remembered ____ the window, thethief would not have got in.

A) to close B) closing

C) to have closed D)having closed

如果我记得关窗的话,那贼就不会进去了。（96.1-40，A对）

 

want, need 和 require 后接动名词相当于被动的不定式：

Your hair wants ____ . You'd better have itdone tomorrow.

A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut

你该去理发了，最好明天就去。(97.6-48,C对。want cutting相当于want to becut, 但前者比后者更常见。）

 

(3) 另一些动词则只接to不定式而不接动名词作宾语：

There's a man at the reception desk whoseems very angry and I think he means _____ trouble.

A) making B) to make

C) to have made D) having made

接待处有一男子似乎在生气，我想他要闹事了。（97.1-25, B对）

 

2 非谓语动词作定语

 

(1) 不定式作定语时,与中心词之间,在逻辑上有多种关系,其中可能是互相修饰关系。即：不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这时动词可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词： 

Everyone had an application form in hishand, but no one know which office room ____.

A) to sent it to B) to send it

C) to be sent to D) to have it sent

大家手里都拿着申请表,但没人知道该交到哪个办公室去。（94.1-44, A对。试比较: to send it to which room)

 

Could you find someone _____.

A) for me to play tennis with B) for me toplay tennis

C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with

请你找个人来和我打网球。（94.1-63,A对。试比较：to playtennis with someone)

作定语的不定式也可能解释中心词的内容：

The pressure _____ causes Americans to beenergetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional stain.

A) to compete B) competing

C) to be competed D) having competed

竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们时时处于感情紧张之中。(97.6-47, A对）

 

(2) 注意区别“名词＋to不定式”与“名词＋介词＋动名词（短语）”结构： 

He gives people the impression ____ all herlife abroad.

A) of having spent B) to have spent

C) of being spent D) to spent

他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过。(98.6-46, A对。impression 后接“ of＋动名词”结构) 

 

(3) “介词＋关系代词＋to 不定式”可以作定语用。例： 

You will want two trees about ten feet apart,from to suspend your tent.

A）there C）which B）them D）where

你将需要两棵相距约10英尺的树，挂你的帐篷。（95.6-50 , C对）（＝You will want two trees aboutten feet apart to suspend your ten from）

 

(4) 分词作定语，注意区别现在分词与过去分词作定语时的区别，分词与to不定式作定语时的区别：

Homework _____ on time will lead to bettergrades.

A) done B) be done

C. having done D. to have been done

按时完成作业会让你取得好成绩。（95.1-44, A对) 

 

As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free,tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50households ormore.

A) having B) to have C)to have had D)having had

早在1647年，俄亥俄州就作出决定，拥有50户或50户以上家庭的每一个镇，都必须建立免费的由税维持的学校。(98.1-36, A对。in every town having 50 households or more 相当于 in every town which has 50households or more)

 

3 非谓语动词作状语

 

(1) 不定式作状语常常表示目的和结果: 

______ a teacher in the university, it isnecessary to have at least a master's degree.

A) To become B) Become

C) One become D) On becoming

想在大学里当教师,至少要有硕士学位。（95.1-48, A 对) 

 

(2) 现在分词（短语）作状语表示主动，过去分词（短语）作状语表示被动，注意两者的区别：

The speaker, for her splendid speeches, waswarmly received by the audience.

A）having known C）knowing

B）being known D）known

这位演讲者以演说精采闻名，受到了听众的热烈欢迎。（91.6-58 ，D对，相当于：Thespeaker，who was knownfor her splendid speeches...）

 

____ the earth to be fat, many feared thatClumbus would fall of the edge of the earth.

A) Having believed B) believing

C) Believed D) Being believed

许多人认为地球是扁的，因此害怕哥伦布会掉下地球的边缘。（96.6-22, B对）

 

4 非谓语动词作宾语的补足语

 

“动词＋名词＋现在分词 / 过去分词 / 带to 的不定式 / 不带to 的不定式”是常考的句型,注意它们意义上的区别: 

The children went there to watch the irontower .

A）to elect B）erecting C）be elect D）being erected

孩子们到那里去看铁塔被竖起来。（90.1-55, D对）

 

In Australia the Asian make theirinfluence ____ in business large and small.

A) feeling B)feel C) felt D) to be felt

在澳大利亚,亚洲人使人们感到他们在大小企业中的影响。（94.1-67, C对)

 

The manger promised to keep me of how ourbusiness was going on。

A）to be informed C）informed

B）on informing D）informing

经理答应让我不断了解我们业务进展情况。（直译：...让我们不断被告知...)（90.1-57, C 对）

 

Don't get your schedule ____ ; stay with usin this class.

A) to change B) changing

C) changed D) change

不要改变你的计划，就和我们一起留在这个班。(96.1-42, C对）

 

When I caught him ____ me I stopped buyingthings there and started dealing with another shop.

A) cheating B) cheat

C) to cheat D) to be cheating

我发现他在欺骗我，就不再在那里买东西，而转到别的商店购买。(97.1-44, A 对）

 

They are going to have the serviceman ____an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A) install B) to install

C) to be installed D) installed

他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇。(98.1-44, A 对）

 

After a few rounds of talk, both sidesregarded the territory dispute ____.

A) being settled B)to be settled

C) had settled D) as settled

几轮谈判之后，双方都认为领土争端已经解决。(98.6-66, D对。regard sth as done 是正确的用法）

 

5 不定式、动名词、分词的被动式、完成式、进行式的用法

 

It is not unusual for workers in thatregion _____.

A) to be paid more than a month late

B) to be paid later than more a month

C) to pay later than a month more

D) to pay later more than a month

那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事。（95.1-55,A对）

 

This programme will examine the writer'sbooks in detail, ____ an introduction to her life.

A) following B) having followed

C) being followed D) to be followed

此提纲在介绍了她的生平后，将详细地检查作者的书。（94.1-70,A对）

 

Mrs. Brown is supposed for Italy last week

A）to have left B）to be leaving

C）to leave D）to have been left

布朗夫人上周就该动身去意大利了。（91.1-66, A对）

 

Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it knownthat much of his collection ____ to the nation.

A) has left B) is to leave

C) leaves D) is to be left

78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家。（96.6-24, D对 ）

 

If I correct someone, I will do it with asmuch good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ____.

A) to correct B) correcting

C) having corrected D) being corrected

如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能以幽默和自我克制的态度去做，就象是我被别人更正一样。(96.6-28, D对) 

 

The ancient Egyptians are supposed _____rockets to the moon.

A) to send B) to being sending

C) to have sent D) to have been sending

人们认为埃及人在古代就已向月球发射火箭。（96.6-37, C对。）

 

I'd rather read than watch television; theprograms seem ____all the time.

A) to go worse B) to be getting worse

C) to have got worse D) getting worse

我宁愿读书不愿看电视；电视节目似乎是越来越差了。(97.1-42,B对)

 

6 动词出现在介词后面时，大多数情况下以动名词而不以不定式的形式出现

 

    动词出现在介词后面时，大多数情况下以动名词而不以不定式的形式出现。要特别注意:admit to (承认), approach to （方法），object to(反对), contribute to(起作用) , confess to (承认),resort to (求助于), reconcile to (顺从于), revert to(重新开始）submit to (忍受), swear to (断言），take to（开始从事）be used to (习惯于），look forward to，oppose to (反对）中的to 都是介词而不是不定式符号。如：

 

After for the job,you will be required totake a language test.

A）being interviewed C）interviewing

B）interview D）having interview

在你求职面试之后，还要参加一次语言测试。(93.6-44,A对。after在这里是介词 ）

 

The match was cancelled because most of themembers a match without a standard court.

A）objected to having C）objected to have

B）were objected to have D）were objected to having

比赛取消了，因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛。(91.6-48, A 对) 

 

The traditional approach ____ with complexproblems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A) to dealing B) in dealing

C) dealing D) to deal

解决复杂问题的传统方法是把它们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。(96.6-33, A 对) 

 

I have no objection _____ the evening withthem.

A) to spend B) to spending

C) of spending D) spending

我不反对和他们一起度过这个晚上。(95.1-66,B对。object to 反对) 

 

there be 的动名词形式是there being:

An never dreams of _____ for her to be sentabroad very soon.

A) there being a chance B) there to be achance

C) there be a chance D) being a chance

安做梦都没有想到她会有机会很快被送出国。(98.6-33, A 对)

 

7 介词之后的不定式

 

介词后接不定式只见于少数场合：but 后面通常接带to的不定式：

There is no other means of masteringEnglish but to learn it step by step. 

W只有一步一步去学，才能掌握英语；除此以外，别无他法。

 

e have no alternative but to lodge a claimagainst you.

我们别无他法，只得向你方提出索赔。

 

That was so serious a matter that I had nochoice but ____ the police.

A) called in B) calling in

C) call in D) to call in

这件事很严重，我别无选择，只得叫警察。(96.1-24, D对）

 

在do nothingbut, can not but, can not help/choose but等之后，接不带to的不定式：

There was nothing we could do butwait. 

我们只好等待。

 

She could not but admit that they werejustified in this.

她不得不承认，在这件事情上，他们是有道理的。

 

except之后也接to不定式：

The windows were never opened except to airthe room for a few minutes in the morning.

除了早上给房间换换空气，会把窗户打开几分钟外，窗户总是关着的。但是，在下面句子中，except 之前为动词do,后面的不定式不带to：

 

He will do anything except lend you money.

他什么事情都会做，就是不会借钱给你。

 

She can do everything except cook.

 

她什么事情都会做，就是不会做饭。

 

 

8 动名词短语之前可以有一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语

 

_____ in an atmosphere of simple living waswhat her parents wished for.

A) The girl was educated B) The girleducated

C) The girl's being educated D) The girl tobe educated

让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育正是她父母所希望的。(99.1-45, C对)

 

I would appreciate it a secret.

A）your keeping C）that you keep

B）you to keep D）that you will keep

你能对此保守秘密，我将十分感激。（95.6-41 , A对）

 

Although punctual himself , the professorwas quite_____ used late for his lecture.

A) to have students B) for students' being

C) for students to be D) to students' being

尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。(98.1-31, D对)

 

当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格或代词宾格更自然些：

I remember to help us if we ever got intotrouble.

A）once offering C）him to offer

B）him once offering D）to offer him

我记得他曾经答应过，如果我们遇到麻烦，他会帮我们一把。（93.6-62, B对）