LINUX下安装软件方法命令方法

来源:互联网 发布:初学编程怎么学 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/03/29 08:07

以后内容转自单击我

1.通常Linux应用软件的安装包有三种:

1) tar包,如software-1.2.3-1.tar.gz。它是使用UNIX系统的打包工具tar打包的。

2) rpm包,如software-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm。它是Redhat Linux提供的一种包封装格式。安装rpm包的命令是"rpm -参数,包管理工具 yum 。"

3) deb包,如software-1.2.3-1.deb。它是Debain Linux提供的一种包封装格式。安装deb包的命令是"dpkg -参数",包管理工具 apt-get。

2.包命名规则:

大多数Linux应用软件包的命名也有一定的规律,它遵循:名称-版本-修正版-类型

例如:

  1) software-1.2.3-1.tar.gz 意味着:

    软件名称:software

    版本号:1.2.3

    修正版本:1

     类型:tar.gz,说明是一个tar包。

2)  sfotware-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm

    软件名称:software

    版本号:1.2.3

    修正版本:1

    可用平台:i386,适用于Intel 80x86平台。

    类型:rpm,说明是一个rpm包。

    注:由于rpm格式的通常是已编译的程序,所以需指明平台。

 

3.包里的内容:

一个Linux应用程序的软件包中可以包含两种不同的内容:

1) 一种就是可执行文件,也就是解开包后就可以直接运行的。在Windows中所 有的软件包都是这种类型。安装完这个程序后,你就可以使用,但你看不到源程序。而且下载时要注意这个软件是否是你所使用的平台,否则将无法正常安装。

2)  另一种则是源程序,也就解开包后,你还需要使用编译器将其编译成为可执行文件。这在Windows系统中是几乎没有的,因为Windows的思想是不开放源程序的。

通常,用tar打包的,都是源程序;而用rpm、dpkg打包的则常是可执行程序。一般一个软件总会提供多种打包格式的安装程序的。你可以根据自己的情况来选择。

4.tar包:

整个安装过程可以分为以下几步:

1) 取得应用软件:通过下载、购买光盘的方法获得;

2) 解压缩文件:一般tar包,都会再做一次压缩,如gzip、bz2等,所以你需要先解压。如果是最常见的gz格式,则可以执行:“tar –xvzf软件包名”,就可以一步完成解压与解包工作。如果不是,则先用解压软件,再执行“tar –xvf 解压后的tar包”进行解包;

 阅读附带的INSTALL文件、README文件;

3) 执行“./configure”命令为编译做好准备;

4) 执行“make”命令进行软件编译;

5) 执行“makeinstall”完成安装;

6) 执行“makeclean”删除安装时产生的临时文件。

7) 运行应用程序:一般来说,Linux的应用软件的可执行文件会存放在/usr/local/bin目录下!不过这并不是“放四海皆准”的真理,最可靠的还是看这个软件的 INSTALL和README文件,一般都会有说明。

8) 卸载:通常软件的开发者很少考虑到如何卸载自己的软件,而tar又仅是完成打包的工作,所以并没有提供良好的卸载方法。有两个软件能够解决这个问题,那就是Kinstall和Kife,它们是tar包安装、卸载的黄金搭档

 

5.rpm包:

1)  操作系统:RedHat(Red Hat/Fedora)

2) 常见的安装包格式 rpm包,安装rpm包的命令是“rpm -参数”

3) 包管理工具 yum

4) 支持tar包

5.1rpm命令

  安装: rpm –ivh 软件包名.rpm( -I 安装软件,-t测试安装,不是真的安装,-p显示安装进度,-f忽略任何错误,-U升级安装,-v检测套件是否正确安装)

  卸载: rpm –e 软件名(注意使用的是软件名,而不是软件包名)

  查询:查询当前系统安装的软件包: rpm –qa ‘*软件包名*’

rpm

description

rpm -Uvh packages(s).rpm

install/upgrade package file(s)

rpm -e package

emove package

rpm -qa '*spell*'

show all packages whose names contain the word spell and already installed in system

rpm -q package

show version of package installed

rpm -q -i package

show all package metadata

rpm -q -i -p package.rpm

show all package file's metadata

rpm -q -f /path/file

what package does file belong

rpm -q -l package

list where files were installed

rpm -q -l -p package.rpm

list where files would be installed

rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -id

extract package files to current directory

rpm -q --requires package

list files/packages that package needs

rpm -q --whatrequires package

list packages that need package (see also whatrequires)

 

5.2yum命令

  yum

Description

yum update [package list]

upgrade specified packages (or all installed packages if none specified)

yum install <package list>

install latest version of package(s), Yum refreshes each time it's used

yum remove <package list>

remove specified packages from system

yum list [package list]

list available packages from repositories

 

6.deb包:

1) 操作系统:Debian系列(Ubuntu)

2) 常见的安装包格式 deb包,安装deb包的命令是“dpkg -参数”

3) 包管理工具apt-get

4) 支持tar包

6.1dpkg命令

 安装: dpkg –i  软件包名.deb

 卸载: dpkg –e 软件名

查询:查询当前系统安装的软件包: dpkg –l ‘*软件包名*’

  

dpkg

description

dpkg -Gi package(s).deb

install/upgrade package file(s)

dpkg -r package        

emove package

dpkg -l '*spell*'        

show all packages whose names contain the word spell and already installed in system

dpkg -l package        

show version of package installed

dpkg -s package        

show all package metadata

dpkg -I package.deb    

show all package file's metadata

dpkg -S /path/file     

what package does file belong

dpkg -L package        

list where files were installed

dpkg -c package.deb    

list where files would be installed

dpkg -x package.deb    

extract package files to current directory

dpkg -s package | grep ^Depends:

list files/packages that package needs

dpkg --purge --dry-run package

list packages that need package (see also whatrequires)

 

6.2apt-get命令

Apt-get命令只能用于在repositories中的包,不能用于处理自己下载的deb包,要想处理自己下载的deb包,只能用dpkg命令。

apt-get

Description

apt-get dist-upgrade

upgrade specified packages (or all installed packages if none specified)

apt-get install <package list>

install latest version of package(s)

apt-get remove <package list>

remove specified packages from system

apt-cache list [package list]

list available packages from repositories

7.rpm包和deb包安装命令对比:

Task

Red Hat/Fedora

Ubuntu

Adding Removing and Upgrading Packages

Refresh list of available packages

Yum refreshes each time it's used

apt-get update

Install a package from a repository

yum install package_name

apt-get install package_name

Install a package file

yum install package.rpm或者rpm -i package.rpm

dpkg --install package.deb

Remove a package

rpm -e package_name

apt-get remove package_name

Check for package upgrades

yum check-update

apt-get -s upgrade或者apt-get -s dist-upgrade

Upgrade packages

yum update或者rpm -Uvh [args]

apt-get dist-upgrade

Upgrade the entire system

yum upgrade

apt-get dist-upgrade

Package Information

Get information about an available package

yum search package_name

apt-cache search package_name

Show available packages

yum list available

apt-cache dumpavail

List all installed packages

yum list installed或者rpm -qa

dpkg --list

Get information about a package

yum info package_name

apt-cache show package_name

Get information about an installed package

rpm -qi package_name

dpkg --status package_name

List files in an installed package

rpm -ql package_name

dpkg --listfiles package_name

List documentation files in an installed package

rpm -qd package_name

-

List configuration files in an installed package

rpm -qc package_name

-

Show the packages a given package depends on

rpm -qR package_name

apt-cache depends

Show other packages that depend on a given package (reverse dependency)

rpm -q -whatrequires [args]

apt-cache rdepends

Package File Information

Get information about a package file

rpm -qpi package.rpm

dpkg --info package.deb

List files in a package file

rpm -qpl package.rpm

dpkg --contents package.deb

List documentation files in a package file

rpm -qpd package.rpm

-

List configuration files in a package file

rpm -qpc package.rpm

-

Extract files in a package

rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -vid

dpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to

Find package that installed a file

rpm -qf filename

dpkg --search filename

Find package that provides a particular file

yum provides filename

apt-file search filename

Misc. Packaging System Tools

Show stats about the package cache

-

apt-cache stats

Verify all installed packages

rpm -Va

debsums

Remove packages from the local cache directory

yum clean packages

apt-get clean

Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory

-

apt-get autoclean

Remove header files from the local cache directory(forcing a new download of same on next use)

yum clean headers

apt-file purge

General Packaging System Information

Package file extension

*.rpm

*.deb

Repository location configuration

/etc/yum.conf

/etc/apt/sources.list


0 0