ORACLE9i_性能调优基础六(Optimizing Sort Operations)

Objective

1.List the operations that use temporary space

2.Create and monitor temporary tablespaces

3.Identify actions that use the temporary tablespace

4.Describe and differentiate disk sorts and memory sorts

5.Identify the SQL operations that require sorts

6.List ways to reduce total sorts and disk sorts

7.Determine the number of memory sorts performed

8.Set parameters to optimize sorts

SQL Memory Usage

Memory-intensive SQL operators:

   a.Sort-based( sort, group-by, rollup,window, and so on)

   b.Hash-join

   c.Bitmap operators(merge and inversion)

2.Concept of work area: Memory allocated by a memory-intensive operator to process its input data

3.Performance impact of memory:

    a.Optimal: Input data fits into the work area(cache)

    b.One-pass:Perform one extra pass over input data

    c.Multi-pass:Perform several extra passes over input data

Auto Sort Area Management

1.Parameter for automatic sort area management:

   a.PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET(Ranges from 10 MB to 4000GB)

   b.WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY

   c.AUTO|MANUAL

2.Replaces all *_area_size parameters

Setting Initially

The value of the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter(for example 100000KB,2500MB, or 50GB)should be set based on the total amount of memory available for the Oracle instance.This value can then be tuned and dynamically modified at instance level

1.Leave 20% of the available memory to other applications

2.Leave 80% of memory to the Oracle instance

3.For OLTP

   PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET=(totao_mem*80%)*20%

4.For DSS:

  PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET=(totao_mem*80%)*50%

PGA Management Resources

v$pgastat Statistics

over_allocation_count: PGA空间不够  突破PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET限制的次数

total bytes processed: 一共处理了多少字节

extra bytes read/written: 如果工作区空间太小，就需要把数据而外的读写入到磁盘上的次数

cache hit percentage: 累计值，如果是100% 所有的读写操作都是在 内存完成的

SQL> select * from v$pgastat;                                                                                                NAME                                          VALUE UNIT---------------------------------------- ---------- -----over allocation count                             0bytes processed                            70356992 bytesextra bytes read/written                          0 bytescache hit percentage                            100 percentrecompute count (total)                        2672

v$pga_target_advice

SQL> select round(pga_target_for_estimate/1024/1024) as target_mb,estd_pga_cache_hit_percentage as hit_ratio,estd_overalloc_count from v$pga_target_advice order by target_mb; TARGET_MB  HIT_RATIO ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT---------- ---------- --------------------        11         96                    2        23         96                    2        45         96                    2        68        100                    0        90        100                    0       108        100                    0       126        100                    0       144        100                    0       162        100                    0       180        100                    0       270        100                    0 TARGET_MB  HIT_RATIO ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT---------- ---------- --------------------       360        100                    0       540        100                    0       720        100                    0

避免排序，排序很占性能

Sorting and Temp Space

排序过程中数据内存不够 ，会利用 temporary tablespace来排序

临时表空间管理 不会更新数据字典，只在一个segment上

只有一个setment,只有在第一次sort的时候 才分配磁盘

Operations Requiring Sorts

Some of the operations that may require sorts are:

1.index creation

2.Parallel insert operations involving index maintenance

3.ORDER BY or Group by clauses

4.DISTINCT values selction

5.UNION, INTERSECT,or MINUS operators

6.SORT-merge joins

7.ANALYZE command execution

SQL> select name,value from v$sysstat  where name like '%sort%';                                                             NAME                                          VALUE---------------------------------------- ----------sorts (memory)                                19162sorts (disk)                                      0sorts (rows)                                 177907

Avoiding Sort

1.use NOSORT to create indexes

2.Use union all instead of union

3.Use index access for table joins

4.Create indexes on columns referenced in the ORDER BY clause

5.select the columns for analysis

6.Use ESTIMATE rather thanCOMPUTE for large objects

Diagnostic Tools

磁盘排序 /内存排序<5% ，如果大于则应该增大PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET  或 SORT_AREA_SIZE