英语学习--chap16 从属从句简化通则

一：从句简化
   复合句包含两个以上的从句，期间往往有重复的元素，因而有进一步精简的空间，若想要剔除重复或空洞的元素，让复句，合句更加精简，又不失清楚，这就是简化从句。合句的简化方式是删除对等从句中相对应的位置（主语与主语，动词与动词等等）。非限定从句简化：名词性从句，形容词性从句，副词性从句。
二：从句简化原则
  省略要讨论的问题很多，不过省略主语与be动词，只留补语，可以视为所有从属从句简化的共同原则。
1. 为何省略主语
  如果从句的主语是空洞的字眼(one, everybody, people等)或者是从句主语重复，从修辞的角度来说是可以省略的。
Ex1: It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral.
that引导的是名词性从句，while引导副词从句，连个one都是可以省略的。得到
  It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral.
Ex2: Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is a wooden building, needs a fire alarm.
whether引导副词从句，which引导定语从句，it和which都是重复空洞的字眼省略，Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a fire alarm.比原来的句子漂亮很多。
2. 为何省略be动词
  根据S + V + C的句型来说，be动词没有表达必不可少的意思，可以省略掉。如果没有be的想办法弄出来be,然后省略，连词看情况省略。
3. 没有be动词的情况
  1. 有助动词，变成不定式
     You must go at once.--> You are to go at once.
     The train will leave in 10 minutes.--> The train is to leave in 10 minutes.
    回到省略的问题上来：He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship.--> He studied hard so that he was (able) to get a scholarship.--> He studied hard to get a scholarship.
  2. 没有助动词，变成Ving的形式，想办法凑出be
     John remembers that he saw the lady before.--> John remembers that he was seeing the lady before.--> John remembers that seeing the lady before.