emplace_back() 和 push_back 的区别

在引入右值引用，转移构造函数，转移复制运算符之前，通常使用push_back()向容器中加入一个右值元素（临时对象）的时候，首先会调用构造函数构造这个临时对象，然后需要调用拷贝构造函数将这个临时对象放入容器中。原来的临时变量释放。这样造成的问题是临时变量申请的资源就浪费。
引入了右值引用，转移构造函数（请看这里）后，push_back()右值时就会调用构造函数和转移构造函数。
在这上面有进一步优化的空间就是使用emplace_back

emplace_back

函数原型：

template <class... Args>  void emplace_back (Args&&... args);

在容器尾部添加一个元素，这个元素原地构造，不需要触发拷贝构造和转移构造。而且调用形式更加简洁，直接根据参数初始化临时对象的成员。
给出一个示例，这个示例很有用。

#include <vector>  #include <string>  #include <iostream>  struct President  {      std::string name;      std::string country;      int year;      President(std::string p_name, std::string p_country, int p_year)          : name(std::move(p_name)), country(std::move(p_country)), year(p_year)      {          std::cout << "I am being constructed.\n";      }    President(const President& other)        : name(std::move(other.name)), country(std::move(other.country)), year(other.year)    {        std::cout << "I am being copy constructed.\n";    }    President(President&& other)          : name(std::move(other.name)), country(std::move(other.country)), year(other.year)      {          std::cout << "I am being moved.\n";      }      President& operator=(const President& other);  };  int main()  {      std::vector<President> elections;      std::cout << "emplace_back:\n";      elections.emplace_back("Nelson Mandela", "South Africa", 1994); //没有类的创建      std::vector<President> reElections;      std::cout << "\npush_back:\n";      reElections.push_back(President("Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "the USA", 1936));      std::cout << "\nContents:\n";      for (President const& president: elections) {         std::cout << president.name << " was elected president of "              << president.country << " in " << president.year << ".\n";      }      for (President const& president: reElections) {          std::cout << president.name << " was re-elected president of "              << president.country << " in " << president.year << ".\n";      }}

输出

emplace_back:I am being constructed.push_back:I am being constructed.I am being moved.Contents:Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa in 1994.