Theory of Basic Human Values

The Theory of Basic Human values
developed by Shalom H. Schwartz, is a theory in the field of intercultural research. The author considers the theory as an essential extension of previous approaches to comparative intercultural research theories,such as the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, and has been extensively applied in cross-cultural studies of individual values. The Theory of Basic Human Values tries to measure Universal Values that are recognised throughout all major cultures. Schwartz’s theory identifies ten such motivationally distinct values and further describes the dynamic relations amongst them. To better graphically portray these relationships, the theory arranges the ten values in a circular structure.

Motivational types of values
The Theory of Basic Human Values recognises ten universal values, which can be organised in four higher-order groups. Each of the ten universal values has a central goal that is the underlying motivator.

Openness to change
Self-Direction Independent thought and action—choosing, creating, exploring.
Stimulation Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.

Self-enhancement
Hedonism Pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself.
Achievement Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
Power Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.

Conservation
Security Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
Conformity Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
Tradition Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that one’s culture or religion provides.

Self-transcendence
Benevolence Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact (the ‘in-group’).
Universalism Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.

Other
Spirituality was considered as an additional eleventh value, however, it was found that it did not exist in all cultures.

Measurement methods
Several models have been developed to measure the basic values to ensure that the values theory is valid independent of the methodology employed. The main differentiator between the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire is that the former is explicit, while the latter is implicit.

有关研究应用：

1. Understanding Individuals’ Personal Values from Social Media Word Use
2. An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values