python中quests模块的简单应用

requests

　　python标准库中提供了:urllib,urllib2,httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的API太次了。

　　它是为另一个时代，另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

　　requests是使用Apache2 Licensed许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1.GET请求

　　

#1.无参数实例import requestsret = requests.get("https://github.com/timeline.json")print(ret.url)print(ret.text)

#2.有参数实例import requestspayload = {"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"}ret = requests.get("http"//httpbin.org/get",params=payload)print(ret.url)print(ret.text)

2.POST请求

# 1.基本POST实例import requestspayload = {"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"}ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=payload)print(ret.text)

 

# 2.发送请求头和数据实例import requestsimport jsonurl = "https://api.github.com/some/endpoint"payload = {"some":"data"}headers = {“content-type”:"application/json"}ret = requests.post(url,data=json.dumps(payload),headers=headers)print(ret.text)print(ret.cookies)

3.其他请求

requests.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)requests.post(url,data=None,json=None,**kwargs)requests.put(url,data=None,**kwargs)requests.head(url,**kwargs)requests.delete(url,**kwargs)requests.patch(url,data=None,**kwargs)requests.options(url,**kwargs)#以上方法均在此方法的基础上构建requests.request(method,url,**kwargs)

4.更多参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers        to add for the file.    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.    :type timeout: float or tuple    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.    :type allow_redirects: bool    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object    :rtype: requests.Response    Usage::      >>> import requests      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')      <Response [200]>    """参数列表

 

def param_method_url():    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')    passdef param_param():    # - 可以是字典    # - 可以是字符串    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）    # requests.request(method='get',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})    # requests.request(method='get',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")    # requests.request(method='get',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))    # 错误    # requests.request(method='get',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))    passdef param_data():    # 可以是字典    # 可以是字符串    # 可以是字节    # 可以是文件对象    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"    # )    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}    # )    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}    # )    passdef param_json():    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}    requests.request(method='POST',                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})def param_headers():    # 发送请求头到服务器端    requests.request(method='POST',                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}                     )def param_cookies():    # 发送Cookie到服务器端    requests.request(method='POST',                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},                     )    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar    from http.cookiejar import Cookie    obj = CookieJar()    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)                   )    requests.request(method='POST',                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},                     cookies=obj)def param_files():    # 发送文件    # file_dict = {    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')    # }    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # files=file_dict)    # 发送文件，定制文件名    # file_dict = {    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))    # }    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # files=file_dict)    # 发送文件，定制文件名    # file_dict = {    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")    # }    # requests.request(method='POST',    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    # files=file_dict)    # 发送文件，定制文件名    # file_dict = {    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})    # }    # requests.request(method='POST',    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',    #                  files=file_dict)    passdef param_auth():    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))    print(ret.text)    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'    # print(ret.text)    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))    # print(ret)    #def param_timeout():    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)    # print(ret)    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))    # print(ret)    passdef param_allow_redirects():    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)    print(ret.text)def param_proxies():    # proxies = {    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",    # }    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)    # print(ret.headers)    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth    #    # proxyDict = {    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'    # }    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')    #    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)    # print(r.text)    passdef param_stream():    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)    print(ret.content)    ret.close()    # from contextlib import closing    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:    # # 在此处理响应。    # for i in r.iter_content():    # print(i)def requests_session():    import requests    session = requests.Session()    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权    i2 = session.post(        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",        data={            'phone': "8615131255089",            'password': "xxxxxx",            'oneMonth': ""        }    )    i3 = session.post(        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",    )    print(i3.text)