模块5

本节大纲：

1. 模块介绍
2. time &datetime模块
3. random
4. os
5. sys
6. shutil
7. json & picle
8. shelve
9. xml处理
10. yaml处理
11. configparser
12. hashlib
13. subprocess
14. logging模块
15. re正则表达式

 

模块，用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。 

类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程，函数式编程则完成一个功能，其他代码用来调用即可，提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来，可能需要多个函数才能完成（函数又可以在不同的.py文件中），n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。

如：os 是系统相关的模块；file是文件操作相关的模块

模块分为三种：

• 自定义模块
• 内置标准模块（又称标准库）
• 开源模块

time & datetime模块

1 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 2  3  4 import time 5  6  7 # print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定,mac上测不出来 8 # print(time.altzone)  #返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算\ 9 # print(time.asctime()) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",10 # print(time.localtime()) #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式11 # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)) #返回utc时间的struc时间对象格式12 13 # print(time.asctime(time.localtime())) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",14 #print(time.ctime()) #返回Fri Aug 19 12:38:29 2016 格式, 同上15 16 17 18 # 日期字符串 转成  时间戳19 # string_2_struct = time.strptime("2016/05/22","%Y/%m/%d") #将 日期字符串 转成 struct时间对象格式20 # print(string_2_struct)21 # #22 # struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct) #将struct时间对象转成时间戳23 # print(struct_2_stamp)24 25 26 27 #将时间戳转为字符串格式28 # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将utc时间戳转换成struct_time格式29 # print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将utc struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式30 31 32 33 34 35 #时间加减36 import datetime37 38 # print(datetime.datetime.now()) #返回 2016-08-19 12:47:03.94192539 #print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) )  # 时间戳直接转成日期格式 2016-08-1940 # print(datetime.datetime.now() )41 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) #当前时间+3天42 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) #当前时间-3天43 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #当前时间+3小时44 # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) #当前时间+30分45 46 47 #48 # c_time  = datetime.datetime.now()49 # print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2)) #时间替换

 

 

DirectiveMeaningNotes%aLocale’s abbreviated weekday name. %ALocale’s full weekday name. %bLocale’s abbreviated month name. %BLocale’s full month name. %cLocale’s appropriate date and time representation. %dDay of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %HHour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %IHour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %jDay of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. %mMonth as a decimal number [01,12]. %MMinute as a decimal number [00,59]. %pLocale’s equivalent of either AM or PM.(1)%SSecond as a decimal number [00,61].(2)%UWeek number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.(3)%wWeekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. %WWeek number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.(3)%xLocale’s appropriate date representation. %XLocale’s appropriate time representation. %yYear without century as a decimal number [00,99]. %YYear with century as a decimal number. %zTime zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. %ZTime zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). %%A literal '%' character

random模块

随机数

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mport random

print random.random()

print random.randint(1,2)

print random.randrange(1,10)

生成随机验证码

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import random

checkcode = ''

for i in range(4):

    current = random.randrange(0,4)

    if current != i:

        temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))

    else:

        temp = random.randint(0,9)

    checkcode += str(temp)

print checkcode

 

OS模块　　

提供对操作系统进行调用的接口

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os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径

os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd

os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')

os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')

os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录

os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推

os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname

os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname

os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印

os.remove()  删除一个文件

os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录

os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息

os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"

os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"

os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串

os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'

os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令，直接显示

os.environ  获取系统环境变量

os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径

os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回

os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素

os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素

os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False

os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径，返回True

os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False

os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略

os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间

os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

sys模块

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sys.argv           命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径

sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)

sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息

sys.maxint         最大的Int值

sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值

sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称

sys.stdout.write('please:')

val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

shutil 模块
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""    while 1:        buf = fsrc.read(length)        if not buf:            break        fdst.write(buf)

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):    """Copy data from src to dst"""    if _samefile(src, dst):        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))    for fn in [src, dst]:        try:            st = os.stat(fn)        except OSError:            # File most likely does not exist            pass        else:            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        st = os.stat(src)        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)        os.chmod(dst, mode)

shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""    st = os.stat(src)    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        os.chmod(dst, mode)    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):        try:            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)        except OSError, why:            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):                    break            else:                raise

shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copymode(src, dst)

shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copystat(src, dst)

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))


def ignore_patterns(*patterns):    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns    that are used to exclude files"""    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):        ignored_names = []        for pattern in patterns:            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))        return set(ignored_names)    return _ignore_patternsdef copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().    The destination directory must not already exist.    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic    links are copied.    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should    not be copied.    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.    """    names = os.listdir(src)    if ignore is not None:        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)    else:        ignored_names = set()    os.makedirs(dst)    errors = []    for name in names:        if name in ignored_names:            continue        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)        try:            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)            else:                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types                copy2(srcname, dstname)        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can        # continue with other files        except Error, err:            errors.extend(err.args[0])        except EnvironmentError, why:            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))    try:        copystat(src, dst)    except OSError, why:        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows            pass        else:            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))    if errors:        raise Error, errors

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件


def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):    """Recursively delete a directory tree.    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.    """    if ignore_errors:        def onerror(*args):            pass    elif onerror is None:        def onerror(*args):            raise    try:        if os.path.islink(path):            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")    except OSError:        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns        return    names = []    try:        names = os.listdir(path)    except os.error, err:        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())    for name in names:        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)        try:            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode        except os.error:            mode = 0        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)        else:            try:                os.remove(fullname)            except os.error, err:                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())    try:        os.rmdir(path)    except os.error:        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件


def move(src, dst):    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is    similar to the Unix "mv" command.    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already    exist.    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of    the issues this implementation glosses over.    """    real_dst = dst    if os.path.isdir(dst):        if _samefile(src, dst):            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,            # perform the rename anyway.            os.rename(src, dst)            return        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))        if os.path.exists(real_dst):            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst    try:        os.rename(src, real_dst)    except OSError:        if os.path.isdir(src):            if _destinsrc(src, dst):                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)            rmtree(src)        else:            copy2(src, real_dst)            os.unlink(src)

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
owner： 用户，默认当前用户
group： 组，默认当前组
logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
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#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
 
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
 
 
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')


def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"    or "gztar".    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,    uses the current owner and group.    """    save_cwd = os.getcwd()    if root_dir is not None:        if logger is not None:            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)        if not dry_run:            os.chdir(root_dir)    if base_dir is None:        base_dir = os.curdir    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}    try:        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]    except KeyError:        raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format    func = format_info[0]    for arg, val in format_info[1]:        kwargs[arg] = val    if format != 'zip':        kwargs['owner'] = owner        kwargs['group'] = group    try:        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)    finally:        if root_dir is not None:            if logger is not None:                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)            os.chdir(save_cwd)    return filename




shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

import zipfile# 压缩z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')z.write('a.log')z.write('data.data')z.close()# 解压z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')z.extractall()z.close()


import tarfile# 压缩tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')tar.close()# 解压tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址tar.close()


class ZipFile(object):    """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.    z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)    file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.          If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.    mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".    compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).    allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when                needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would                be necessary.    """    fp = None                   # Set here since __del__ checks it    def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):        """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""        if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):            raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')        if compression == ZIP_STORED:            pass        elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:            if not zlib:                raise RuntimeError,\                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"        else:            raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"        self._allowZip64 = allowZip64        self._didModify = False        self.debug = 0  # Level of printing: 0 through 3        self.NameToInfo = {}    # Find file info given name        self.filelist = []      # List of ZipInfo instances for archive        self.compression = compression  # Method of compression        self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]        self.pwd = None        self._comment = ''        # Check if we were passed a file-like object        if isinstance(file, basestring):            self._filePassed = 0            self.filename = file            modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}            try:                self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])            except IOError:                if mode == 'a':                    mode = key = 'w'                    self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])                else:                    raise        else:            self._filePassed = 1            self.fp = file            self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)        try:            if key == 'r':                self._RealGetContents()            elif key == 'w':                # set the modified flag so central directory gets written                # even if no files are added to the archive                self._didModify = True            elif key == 'a':                try:                    # See if file is a zip file                    self._RealGetContents()                    # seek to start of directory and overwrite                    self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)                except BadZipfile:                    # file is not a zip file, just append                    self.fp.seek(0, 2)                    # set the modified flag so central directory gets written                    # even if no files are added to the archive                    self._didModify = True            else:                raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')        except:            fp = self.fp            self.fp = None            if not self._filePassed:                fp.close()            raise    def __enter__(self):        return self    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):        self.close()    def _RealGetContents(self):        """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""        fp = self.fp        try:            endrec = _EndRecData(fp)        except IOError:            raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")        if not endrec:            raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"        if self.debug > 1:            print endrec        size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE]             # bytes in central directory        offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET]         # offset of central directory        self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT]    # archive comment        # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file        concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd        if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:            # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them            concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)        if self.debug > 2:            inferred = concat + offset_cd            print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat        # self.start_dir:  Position of start of central directory        self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat        fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)        data = fp.read(size_cd)        fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)        total = 0        while total < size_cd:            centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)            if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:                raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")            centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)            if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")            if self.debug > 2:                print centdir            filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])            # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information            x = ZipInfo(filename)            x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])            x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])            x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]            (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,                x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,                x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]            x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]            # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)            x._raw_time = t            x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,                                     t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )            x._decodeExtra()            x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat            x.filename = x._decodeFilename()            self.filelist.append(x)            self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x            # update total bytes read from central directory            total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]                     + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]                     + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])            if self.debug > 2:                print "total", total    def namelist(self):        """Return a list of file names in the archive."""        l = []        for data in self.filelist:            l.append(data.filename)        return l    def infolist(self):        """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the        archive."""        return self.filelist    def printdir(self):        """Print a table of contents for the zip file."""        print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified    ", "Size")        for zinfo in self.filelist:            date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]            print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)    def testzip(self):        """Read all the files and check the CRC."""        chunk_size = 2 ** 20        for zinfo in self.filelist:            try:                # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a                # MemoryError with very large embedded files.                with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:                    while f.read(chunk_size):     # Check CRC-32                        pass            except BadZipfile:                return zinfo.filename    def getinfo(self, name):        """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""        info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)        if info is None:            raise KeyError(                'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name)        return info    def setpassword(self, pwd):        """Set default password for encrypted files."""        self.pwd = pwd    @property    def comment(self):        """The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""        return self._comment    @comment.setter    def comment(self, comment):        # check for valid comment length        if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:            import warnings            warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'                          % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)            comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]        self._comment = comment        self._didModify = True    def read(self, name, pwd=None):        """Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""        return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()    def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):        """Return file-like object for 'name'."""        if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):            raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'        if not self.fp:            raise RuntimeError, \                  "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"        # Only open a new file for instances where we were not        # given a file object in the constructor        if self._filePassed:            zef_file = self.fp            should_close = False        else:            zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')            should_close = True        try:            # Make sure we have an info object            if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):                # 'name' is already an info object                zinfo = name            else:                # Get info object for name                zinfo = self.getinfo(name)            zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)            # Skip the file header:            fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)            if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:                raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")            fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)            if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")            fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])            if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:                zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])            if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:                raise BadZipfile, \                        'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (                            zinfo.orig_filename, fname)            # check for encrypted flag & handle password            is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1            zd = None            if is_encrypted:                if not pwd:                    pwd = self.pwd                if not pwd:                    raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \                        "password required for extraction" % name                zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)                # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header                #  used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are                #  completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,                #  or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type                #  and is used to check the correctness of the password.                bytes = zef_file.read(12)                h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])                if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:                    # compare against the file type from extended local headers                    check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff                else:                    # compare against the CRC otherwise                    check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff                if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:                    raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)            return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,                    close_fileobj=should_close)        except:            if should_close:                zef_file.close()            raise    def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can           specify a different directory using `path'.        """        if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):            member = self.getinfo(member)        if path is None:            path = os.getcwd()        return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd)    def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working           directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.           `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned           by namelist().        """        if members is None:            members = self.namelist()        for zipinfo in members:            self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)    def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):        """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical           file on the path targetpath.        """        # build the destination pathname, replacing        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.        arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)        if os.path.altsep:            arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)        # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or        # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.        arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]        arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)                    if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))        if os.path.sep == '\\':            # filter illegal characters on Windows            illegal = ':<>|"?*'            if isinstance(arcname, unicode):                table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}            else:                table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))            arcname = arcname.translate(table)            # remove trailing dots            arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))            arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x)        targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)        targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath)        # Create all upper directories if necessary.        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):            os.makedirs(upperdirs)        if member.filename[-1] == '/':            if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):                os.mkdir(targetpath)            return targetpath        with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \             file(targetpath, "wb") as target:            shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)        return targetpath    def _writecheck(self, zinfo):        """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""        if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:            import warnings            warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)        if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):            raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'        if not self.fp:            raise RuntimeError, \                  "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:            raise RuntimeError, \                  "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"        if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):            raise RuntimeError, \                  "That compression method is not supported"        if not self._allowZip64:            requires_zip64 = None            if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:                requires_zip64 = "Files count"            elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:                requires_zip64 = "Filesize"            elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:                requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"            if requires_zip64:                raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +                                   " would require ZIP64 extensions")    def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):        """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name        arcname."""        if not self.fp:            raise RuntimeError(                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")        st = os.stat(filename)        isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)        mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)        date_time = mtime[0:6]        # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information        if arcname is None:            arcname = filename        arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])        while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):            arcname = arcname[1:]        if isdir:            arcname += '/'        zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)        zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L      # Unix attributes        if compress_type is None:            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression        else:            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type        zinfo.file_size = st.st_size        zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes        self._writecheck(zinfo)        self._didModify = True        if isdir:            zinfo.file_size = 0            zinfo.compress_size = 0            zinfo.CRC = 0            zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10  # MS-DOS directory flag            self.filelist.append(zinfo)            self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))            return        with open(filename, "rb") as fp:            # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later            zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0            # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size            zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \                    zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT            self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))            if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:                cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,                     zlib.DEFLATED, -15)            else:                cmpr = None            file_size = 0            while 1:                buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)                if not buf:                    break                file_size = file_size + len(buf)                CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff                if cmpr:                    buf = cmpr.compress(buf)                    compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)                self.fp.write(buf)        if cmpr:            buf = cmpr.flush()            compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)            self.fp.write(buf)            zinfo.compress_size = compress_size        else:            zinfo.compress_size = file_size        zinfo.CRC = CRC        zinfo.file_size = file_size        if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:            if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:                raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')            if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:                raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')        # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include        # correct CRC and file sizes)        position = self.fp.tell()       # Preserve current position in file        self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))        self.fp.seek(position, 0)        self.filelist.append(zinfo)        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo    def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):        """Write a file into the archive.  The contents is the string        'bytes'.  'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or        the name of the file in the archive."""        if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):            zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,                            date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])            zinfo.compress_type = self.compression            if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':                zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16   # drwxrwxr-x                zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10           # MS-DOS directory flag            else:                zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16     # ?rw-------        else:            zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname        if not self.fp:            raise RuntimeError(                  "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")        if compress_type is not None:            zinfo.compress_type = compress_type        zinfo.file_size = len(bytes)            # Uncompressed size        zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell()    # Start of header bytes        self._writecheck(zinfo)        self._didModify = True        zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff       # CRC-32 checksum        if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:            co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,                 zlib.DEFLATED, -15)            bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()            zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes)    # Compressed size        else:            zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size        zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \                zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT        if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:            raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")        self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))        self.fp.write(bytes)        if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:            # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data            fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'            self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,                  zinfo.file_size))        self.fp.flush()        self.filelist.append(zinfo)        self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo    def __del__(self):        """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""        self.close()    def close(self):        """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending        records."""        if self.fp is None:            return        try:            if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records                pos1 = self.fp.tell()                for zinfo in self.filelist:         # write central directory                    dt = zinfo.date_time                    dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]                    dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)                    extra = []                    if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \                            or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:                        extra.append(zinfo.file_size)                        extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)                        file_size = 0xffffffff                        compress_size = 0xffffffff                    else:                        file_size = zinfo.file_size                        compress_size = zinfo.compress_size                    if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:                        extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)                        header_offset = 0xffffffffL                    else:                        header_offset = zinfo.header_offset                    extra_data = zinfo.extra                    if extra:                        # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's                        extra_data = struct.pack(                                '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),                                1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data                        extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)                        create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)                    else:                        extract_version = zinfo.extract_version                        create_version = zinfo.create_version                    try:                        filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()                        centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,                        stringCentralDir, create_version,                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,                        flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,                        len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,                        header_offset)                    except DeprecationWarning:                        print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,                        stringCentralDir, create_version,                        zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,                        zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,                        zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,                        len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),                        0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,                        header_offset)                        raise                    self.fp.write(centdir)                    self.fp.write(filename)                    self.fp.write(extra_data)                    self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)                pos2 = self.fp.tell()                # Write end-of-zip-archive record                centDirCount = len(self.filelist)                centDirSize = pos2 - pos1                centDirOffset = pos1                requires_zip64 = None                if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:                    requires_zip64 = "Files count"                elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"                elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:                    requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"                if requires_zip64:                    # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records                    if not self._allowZip64:                        raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +                                           " would require ZIP64 extensions")                    zip64endrec = struct.pack(                            structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,                            44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,                            centDirSize, centDirOffset)                    self.fp.write(zip64endrec)                    zip64locrec = struct.pack(                            structEndArchive64Locator,                            stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)                    self.fp.write(zip64locrec)                    centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)                    centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)                    centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)                endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,                                    0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,                                    centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))                self.fp.write(endrec)                self.fp.write(self._comment)                self.fp.flush()        finally:            fp = self.fp            self.fp = None            if not self._filePassed:                fp.close()


class TarFile(object):    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.    """    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the                                # tar file, else the link.    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and                                # continues processing.    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,            errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'           defaults to 'r'.           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.        """        modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}        if mode not in modes:            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")        self.mode = mode        self._mode = modes[mode]        if not fileobj:            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.                self.mode = "w"                self._mode = "wb"            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)            self._extfileobj = False        else:            if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):                name = fileobj.name            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):                self._mode = fileobj.mode            self._extfileobj = True        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None        self.fileobj = fileobj        # Init attributes.        if format is not None:            self.format = format        if tarinfo is not None:            self.tarinfo = tarinfo        if dereference is not None:            self.dereference = dereference        if ignore_zeros is not None:            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros        if encoding is not None:            self.encoding = encoding        if errors is not None:            self.errors = errors        elif mode == "r":            self.errors = "utf-8"        else:            self.errors = "strict"        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:            self.pax_headers = pax_headers        else:            self.pax_headers = {}        if debug is not None:            self.debug = debug        if errorlevel is not None:            self.errorlevel = errorlevel        # Init datastructures.        self.closed = False        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()                                # current position in the archive file        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of                                # archive members already added        try:            if self.mode == "r":                self.firstmember = None                self.firstmember = self.next()            if self.mode == "a":                # Move to the end of the archive,                # before the first empty block.                while True:                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)                    try:                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)                        self.members.append(tarinfo)                    except EOFHeaderError:                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)                        break                    except HeaderError, e:                        raise ReadError(str(e))            if self.mode in "aw":                self._loaded = True                if self.pax_headers:                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())                    self.fileobj.write(buf)                    self.offset += len(buf)        except:            if not self._extfileobj:                self.fileobj.close()            self.closed = True            raise    def _getposix(self):        return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT    def _setposix(self, value):        import warnings        warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,                      2)        if value:            self.format = USTAR_FORMAT        else:            self.format = GNU_FORMAT    posix = property(_getposix, _setposix)    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping    # from OPEN_METH.    #    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.    @classmethod    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):        """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return           an appropriate TarFile class.           mode:           'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression           'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing        """        if not name and not fileobj:            raise ValueError("nothing to open")        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.            for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])                if fileobj is not None:                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()                try:                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)                except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:                    if fileobj is not None:                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)                    continue            raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")        elif ":" in mode:            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)            filemode = filemode or "r"            comptype = comptype or "tar"            # Select the *open() function according to            # given compression.            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])            else:                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)        elif "|" in mode:            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)            filemode = filemode or "r"            comptype = comptype or "tar"            if filemode not in ("r", "w"):                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)            try:                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)            except:                stream.close()                raise            t._extfileobj = False            return t        elif mode in ("a", "w"):            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")    @classmethod    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.        """        if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)    @classmethod    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.           Appending is not allowed.        """        if mode not in ("r", "w"):            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")        try:            import gzip            gzip.GzipFile        except (ImportError, AttributeError):            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")        try:            fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)        except OSError:            if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")            raise        try:            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)        except IOError:            fileobj.close()            if mode == 'r':                raise ReadError("not a gzip file")            raise        except:            fileobj.close()            raise        t._extfileobj = False        return t    @classmethod    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.           Appending is not allowed.        """        if mode not in ("r", "w"):            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")        try:            import bz2        except ImportError:            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")        if fileobj is not None:            fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)        else:            fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)        try:            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)        except (IOError, EOFError):            fileobj.close()            if mode == 'r':                raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")            raise        except:            fileobj.close()            raise        t._extfileobj = False        return t    # All *open() methods are registered here.    OPEN_METH = {        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar        "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar    }    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------    # The public methods which TarFile provides:    def close(self):        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are           appended to the archive.        """        if self.closed:            return        if self.mode in "aw":            self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))            self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)            # fill up the end with zero-blocks            # (like option -b20 for tar does)            blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)            if remainder > 0:                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))        if not self._extfileobj:            self.fileobj.close()        self.closed = True    def getmember(self, name):        """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the           most up-to-date version.        """        tarinfo = self._getmember(name)        if tarinfo is None:            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)        return tarinfo    def getmembers(self):        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The           list has the same order as the members in the archive.        """        self._check()        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of            self._load()        # all members, we first have to                                # scan the whole archive.        return self.members    def getnames(self):        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().        """        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):        """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file           object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can           modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using           addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the           file in the archive.        """        self._check("aw")        # When fileobj is given, replace name by        # fileobj's real name.        if fileobj is not None:            name = fileobj.name        # Building the name of the member in the archive.        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.        if arcname is None:            arcname = name        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with        # information specific for the file.        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()        tarinfo.tarfile = self        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform        # and if symlinks shall be resolved.        if fileobj is None:            if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:                statres = os.lstat(name)            else:                statres = os.stat(name)        else:            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())        linkname = ""        stmd = statres.st_mode        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:                # Is it a hardlink to an already                # archived file?                type = LNKTYPE                linkname = self.inodes[inode]            else:                # The inode is added only if its valid.                # For win32 it is always 0.                type = REGTYPE                if inode[0]:                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):            type = DIRTYPE        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):            type = FIFOTYPE        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):            type = SYMTYPE            linkname = os.readlink(name)        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):            type = CHRTYPE        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):            type = BLKTYPE        else:            return None        # Fill the TarInfo object with all        # information we can get.        tarinfo.name = arcname        tarinfo.mode = stmd        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid        if type == REGTYPE:            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size        else:            tarinfo.size = 0L        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime        tarinfo.type = type        tarinfo.linkname = linkname        if pwd:            try:                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]            except KeyError:                pass        if grp:            try:                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]            except KeyError:                pass        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)        return tarinfo    def list(self, verbose=True):        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like           output is produced.        """        self._check()        for tarinfo in self:            if verbose:                print filemode(tarinfo.mode),                print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,                                 tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():                    print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \                                    % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),                else:                    print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,                print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \                      % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],            print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),            if verbose:                if tarinfo.issym():                    print "->", tarinfo.linkname,                if tarinfo.islnk():                    print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,            print    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):        """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by           setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should           return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be           excluded from the archive.        """        self._check("aw")        if arcname is None:            arcname = name        # Exclude pathnames.        if exclude is not None:            import warnings            warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",                    DeprecationWarning, 2)            if exclude(name):                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)                return        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)            return        self._dbg(1, name)        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)        if tarinfo is None:            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)            return        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.        if filter is not None:            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)            if tarinfo is None:                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)                return        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.        if tarinfo.isreg():            with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:                self.addfile(tarinfo, f)        elif tarinfo.isdir():            self.addfile(tarinfo)            if recursive:                for f in os.listdir(name):                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),                            recursive, exclude, filter)        else:            self.addfile(tarinfo)    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):        """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is           given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.           You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().           On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode           'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.        """        self._check("aw")        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)        self.fileobj.write(buf)        self.offset += len(buf)        # If there's data to follow, append it.        if fileobj is not None:            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)            if remainder > 0:                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))                blocks += 1            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE        self.members.append(tarinfo)    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the           list returned by getmembers().        """        directories = []        if members is None:            members = self        for tarinfo in members:            if tarinfo.isdir():                # Extract directories with a safe mode.                directories.append(tarinfo)                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)                tarinfo.mode = 0700            self.extract(tarinfo, path)        # Reverse sort directories.        directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))        directories.reverse()        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.        for tarinfo in directories:            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)            try:                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)            except ExtractError, e:                if self.errorlevel > 1:                    raise                else:                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)    def extract(self, member, path=""):        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can           specify a different directory using `path'.        """        self._check("r")        if isinstance(member, basestring):            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)        else:            tarinfo = member        # Prepare the link target for makelink().        if tarinfo.islnk():            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)        try:            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))        except EnvironmentError, e:            if self.errorlevel > 0:                raise            else:                if e.filename is None:                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)                else:                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))        except ExtractError, e:            if self.errorlevel > 1:                raise            else:                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)    def extractfile(self, member):        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be           a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a           file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like           object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of           the above, None is returned.           The file-like object is read-only and provides the following           methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()        """        self._check("r")        if isinstance(member, basestring):            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)        else:            tarinfo = member        if tarinfo.isreg():            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:            # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a            # regular file.            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable                # stream of tar blocks.                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")            else:                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))        else:            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.            return None    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical           file called targetpath.        """        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name        # and build the destination pathname, replacing        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)        # Create all upper directories.        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with            # default permissions.            os.makedirs(upperdirs)        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))        else:            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)        if tarinfo.isreg():            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)        elif tarinfo.isdir():            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)        elif tarinfo.isfifo():            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)        else:            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)        self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)        if not tarinfo.issym():            self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)            self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a    # subclass to implement other functionality.    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a directory called targetpath.        """        try:            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set            # later in _extract_member().            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)        except EnvironmentError, e:            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:                raise    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a file called targetpath.        """        source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)        try:            with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:                copyfileobj(source, target)        finally:            source.close()    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type           at targetpath.        """        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a fifo called targetpath.        """        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):            os.mkfifo(targetpath)        else:            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.        """        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")        mode = tarinfo.mode        if tarinfo.isblk():            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK        else:            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file          instead of a link.        """        if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.            if tarinfo.issym():                if os.path.lexists(targetpath):                    os.unlink(targetpath)                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)            else:                # See extract().                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):                    if os.path.lexists(targetpath):                        os.unlink(targetpath)                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)                else:                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)        else:            try:                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)            except KeyError:                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.        """        if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:            # We have to be root to do so.            try:                g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]            except KeyError:                g = tarinfo.gid            try:                u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]            except KeyError:                u = tarinfo.uid            try:                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)                else:                    if sys.platform != "os2emx":                        os.chown(targetpath, u, g)            except EnvironmentError, e:                raise ExtractError("could not change owner")    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.        """        if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):            try:                os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)            except EnvironmentError, e:                raise ExtractError("could not change mode")    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.        """        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):            return        try:            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))        except EnvironmentError, e:            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------    def next(self):        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more           available.        """        self._check("ra")        if self.firstmember is not None:            m = self.firstmember            self.firstmember = None            return m        # Read the next block.        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)        tarinfo = None        while True:            try:                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)            except EOFHeaderError, e:                if self.ignore_zeros:                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE                    continue            except InvalidHeaderError, e:                if self.ignore_zeros:                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE                    continue                elif self.offset == 0:                    raise ReadError(str(e))            except EmptyHeaderError:                if self.offset == 0:                    raise ReadError("empty file")            except TruncatedHeaderError, e:                if self.offset == 0:                    raise ReadError(str(e))            except SubsequentHeaderError, e:                raise ReadError(str(e))            break        if tarinfo is not None:            self.members.append(tarinfo)        else:            self._loaded = True        return tarinfo    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------    # Little helper methods:    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.        """        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.        members = self.getmembers()        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.        if tarinfo is not None:            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]        if normalize:            name = os.path.normpath(name)        for member in reversed(members):            if normalize:                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)            else:                member_name = member.name            if name == member_name:                return member    def _load(self):        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable           members.        """        while True:            tarinfo = self.next()            if tarinfo is None:                break        self._loaded = True    def _check(self, mode=None):        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode           corresponds to TarFile's mode.        """        if self.closed:            raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:            raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the           archive.        """        if tarinfo.issym():            # Always search the entire archive.            linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))            limit = None        else:            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is            # just a reference to an already archived file.            linkname = tarinfo.linkname            limit = tarinfo        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)        if member is None:            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)        return member    def __iter__(self):        """Provide an iterator object.        """        if self._loaded:            return iter(self.members)        else:            return TarIter(self)    def _dbg(self, level, msg):        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.        """        if level <= self.debug:            print >> sys.stderr, msg    def __enter__(self):        self._check()        return self    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):        if type is None:            self.close()        else:            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.            if not self._extfileobj:                self.fileobj.close()            self.closed = True# class TarFile

json & pickle 模块
用于序列化的两个模块
json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
shelve 模块
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式

import shelve
import datetime
d = shelve.open('shelve_test')  # 打开一个文件
print(d.get("name"))
print(d.get("info"))
print(d.get("date"))


# info =  {'age':22,"job":'it'}
#
# name = ["alex", "rain", "test"]
# d["name"] = name  # 持久化列表
# d["info"] = info  # 持久dict
# d['date'] = datetime.datetime.now()
# d.close()

xml处理模块
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2008</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
        <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
    </country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
        <year>2011</year>
        <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
    </country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2011</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
        <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
    </country>
</data>
 
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml 　　
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
print(root.tag)
 
#遍历xml文档
for child in root:
    print(child.tag, child.attrib)
    for i in child:
        print(i.tag,i.text)
 
#只遍历year 节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    print(node.tag,node.text)
修改和删除xml文档内容
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
 
#修改
for node in root.iter('year'):
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)
    node.set("updated","yes")
 
tree.write("xmltest.xml")
 
 
#删除node
for country in root.findall('country'):
   rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
   if rank > 50:
     root.remove(country)
 
tree.write('output.xml')
自己创建xml文档
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
 
new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})
age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})
sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")
sex.text = '33'
name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})
age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")
age.text = '19'
 
et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)
 
ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式

PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation 
ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser
生成模块：
import configparser #ConfigParser


config = configparser.ConfigParser()


config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                     'Compression': 'yes',
                     'CompressionLevel': '9'}


config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'


config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
config['topsecret.server.com']
config['topsecret.server.com']['Host Port'] = '50022'  # mutates the parser
config['topsecret.server.com']['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here


config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'


with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
    config.write(configfile)

读取:
import configparser


conf = configparser.ConfigParser()
conf.read("example.ini")


print(conf.defaults())
print(conf['bitbucket.org']['user'])
#print(conf.sections())
sec = conf.remove_section('bitbucket.org')
conf.write(open('example.ini', "w"))

configparser增删改查语法
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[section1]
k1 = v1
k2:v2
  
[section2]
k1 = v1
 
import ConfigParser
  
config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
config.read('i.cfg')
  
# ########## 读 ##########
#secs = config.sections()
#print secs
#options = config.options('group2')
#print options
  
#item_list = config.items('group2')
#print item_list
  
#val = config.get('group1','key')
#val = config.getint('group1','key')
  
# ########## 改写 ##########
#sec = config.remove_section('group1')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
  
#sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')
#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
  
  
#config.set('group2','k1',11111)
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
  
#config.remove_option('group2','age')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))

hashlib模块　　
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
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import hashlib
 
m = hashlib.md5()
m.update(b"Hello")
m.update(b"It's me")
print(m.digest())
m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...")
 
print(m.digest()) #2进制格式hash
print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash
'''
def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """
    pass
 
def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """
    pass
 
'''
import hashlib
 
# ######## md5 ########
 
hash = hashlib.md5()
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha1 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha1()
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha256 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha256()
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())
 
 
# ######## sha384 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha384()
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())
 
# ######## sha512 ########
 
hash = hashlib.sha512()
hash.update('admin')
print(hash.hexdigest())
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
散列消息鉴别码，简称HMAC，是一种基于消息鉴别码MAC（Message Authentication Code）的鉴别机制。使用HMAC时,消息通讯的双方，通过验证消息中加入的鉴别密钥K来鉴别消息的真伪；
一般用于网络通信中消息加密，前提是双方先要约定好key,就像接头暗号一样，然后消息发送把用key把消息加密，接收方用key ＋ 消息明文再加密，拿加密后的值 跟 发送者的相对比是否相等，这样就能验证消息的真实性，及发送者的合法性了。
 
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import hmac
h = hmac.new(b'天王盖地虎', b'宝塔镇河妖')
print h.hexdigest()

Subprocess模块 
The subprocess module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several older modules and functions:
os.systemos.spawn*
The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.
The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to retain compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section.
subprocess.run(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None, check=False)
Run the command described by args. Wait for command to complete, then return a CompletedProcess instance.
The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in Frequently Used Arguments (hence the use of keyword-only notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is largely the same as that of the Popen constructor - apart from timeout, input and check, all the arguments to this function are passed through to that interface.
This does not capture stdout or stderr by default. To do so, pass PIPE for the stdout and/or stderr arguments.
The timeout argument is passed to Popen.communicate(). If the timeout expires, the child process will be killed and waited for. The TimeoutExpired exception will be re-raised after the child process has terminated.
The input argument is passed to Popen.communicate() and thus to the subprocess’s stdin. If used it must be a byte sequence, or a string if universal_newlines=True. When used, the internal Popen object is automatically created withstdin=PIPE, and the stdin argument may not be used as well.
If check is True, and the process exits with a non-zero exit code, a CalledProcessError exception will be raised. Attributes of that exception hold the arguments, the exit code, and stdout and stderr if they were captured.
常用subprocess方法示例
#执行命令，返回命令执行状态 ， 0 or 非0
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])
#执行命令，如果命令结果为0，就正常返回，否则抛异常
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0
#接收字符串格式命令，返回元组形式，第1个元素是执行状态，第2个是命令结果 
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')
#接收字符串格式命令，并返回结果
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'
#执行命令，并返回结果，注意是返回结果，不是打印，下例结果返回给res
>>> res=subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l'])
>>> res
b'total 0\ndrwxr-xr-x 12 alex staff 408 Nov 2 11:05 OldBoyCRM\n'
#上面那些方法，底层都是封装的subprocess.Popen
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
wait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.

terminate() 杀掉所启动进程
communicate() 等待任务结束
stdin 标准输入

stdout 标准输出

stderr 标准错误
pid
The process ID of the child process.
#例子
>>> p = subprocess.Popen("df -h|grep disk",stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True)
>>> p.stdout.read()
b'/dev/disk1 465Gi 64Gi 400Gi 14% 16901472 104938142 14% /\n'
 
 
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>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])  # doesn't capture output
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)
 
>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1
 
>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n')
 
调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法，在大多数情况下能满足需求，但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话，你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下：
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p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(p.stdout.read())
可用参数：
args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
shell：同上
cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
终端输入的命令分为两种：
输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
需要交互的命令示例
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import subprocess
 
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
 
out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)
print out_error_list
subprocess实现sudo 自动输入密码
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import subprocess
 
def mypass():
    mypass = '123' #or get the password from anywhere
    return mypass
 
echo = subprocess.Popen(['echo',mypass()],
                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                        )
 
sudo = subprocess.Popen(['sudo','-S','iptables','-L'],
                        stdin=echo.stdout,
                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                        )
 
end_of_pipe = sudo.stdout
 
print "Password ok \n Iptables Chains %s" % end_of_pipe.read()
　　
　　
logging模块　　
很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。
最简单用法
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import logging
 
logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")
logging.critical("server is down")
 
#输出
WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times
CRITICAL:root:server is down
看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思
LevelWhen it’s usedDEBUGDetailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems.INFOConfirmation that things are working as expected.WARNINGAn indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected.ERRORDue to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function.CRITICALA serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running.
　　
如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单
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import logging
 
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
logging.info('So should this')
logging.warning('And this, too')
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
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logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!
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import logging
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')
logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
 
#输出
12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.
日志格式
%(name)s
Logger的名字
%(levelno)s
数字形式的日志级别
%(levelname)s
文本形式的日志级别
%(pathname)s
调用日志输出函数的模块的完整路径名，可能没有
%(filename)s
调用日志输出函数的模块的文件名
%(module)s
调用日志输出函数的模块名
%(funcName)s
调用日志输出函数的函数名
%(lineno)d
调用日志输出函数的语句所在的代码行
%(created)f
当前时间，用UNIX标准的表示时间的浮 点数表示
%(relativeCreated)d
输出日志信息时的，自Logger创建以 来的毫秒数
%(asctime)s
字符串形式的当前时间。默认格式是 “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896”。逗号后面的是毫秒
%(thread)d
线程ID。可能没有
%(threadName)s
线程名。可能没有
%(process)d
进程ID。可能没有
%(message)s
用户输出的消息
 
　　
如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了

Python 使用logging模块记录日志涉及四个主要类，使用官方文档中的概括最为合适：
logger提供了应用程序可以直接使用的接口；
handler将(logger创建的)日志记录发送到合适的目的输出；
filter提供了细度设备来决定输出哪条日志记录；
formatter决定日志记录的最终输出格式。
logger
每个程序在输出信息之前都要获得一个Logger。Logger通常对应了程序的模块名，比如聊天工具的图形界面模块可以这样获得它的Logger：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.gui”)
而核心模块可以这样：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.kernel”)
Logger.setLevel(lel):指定最低的日志级别，低于lel的级别将被忽略。debug是最低的内置级别，critical为最高
Logger.addFilter(filt)、Logger.removeFilter(filt):添加或删除指定的filter
Logger.addHandler(hdlr)、Logger.removeHandler(hdlr)：增加或删除指定的handler
Logger.debug()、Logger.info()、Logger.warning()、Logger.error()、Logger.critical()：可以设置的日志级别
 
handler
handler对象负责发送相关的信息到指定目的地。Python的日志系统有多种Handler可以使用。有些Handler可以把信息输出到控制台，有些Logger可以把信息输出到文件，还有些 Handler可以把信息发送到网络上。如果觉得不够用，还可以编写自己的Handler。可以通过addHandler()方法添加多个多handler
Handler.setLevel(lel):指定被处理的信息级别，低于lel级别的信息将被忽略
Handler.setFormatter()：给这个handler选择一个格式
Handler.addFilter(filt)、Handler.removeFilter(filt)：新增或删除一个filter对象

每个Logger可以附加多个Handler。接下来我们就来介绍一些常用的Handler：
1) logging.StreamHandler
使用这个Handler可以向类似与sys.stdout或者sys.stderr的任何文件对象(file object)输出信息。它的构造函数是：
StreamHandler([strm])
其中strm参数是一个文件对象。默认是sys.stderr

2) logging.FileHandler
和StreamHandler类似，用于向一个文件输出日志信息。不过FileHandler会帮你打开这个文件。它的构造函数是：
FileHandler(filename[,mode])
filename是文件名，必须指定一个文件名。
mode是文件的打开方式。参见Python内置函数open()的用法。默认是’a'，即添加到文件末尾。
3) logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
这个Handler类似于上面的FileHandler，但是它可以管理文件大小。当文件达到一定大小之后，它会自动将当前日志文件改名，然后创建 一个新的同名日志文件继续输出。比如日志文件是chat.log。当chat.log达到指定的大小之后，RotatingFileHandler自动把 文件改名为chat.log.1。不过，如果chat.log.1已经存在，会先把chat.log.1重命名为chat.log.2。。。最后重新创建 chat.log，继续输出日志信息。它的构造函数是：
RotatingFileHandler( filename[, mode[, maxBytes[, backupCount]]])
其中filename和mode两个参数和FileHandler一样。
maxBytes用于指定日志文件的最大文件大小。如果maxBytes为0，意味着日志文件可以无限大，这时上面描述的重命名过程就不会发生。
backupCount用于指定保留的备份文件的个数。比如，如果指定为2，当上面描述的重命名过程发生时，原有的chat.log.2并不会被更名，而是被删除。

4) logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler
这个Handler和RotatingFileHandler类似，不过，它没有通过判断文件大小来决定何时重新创建日志文件，而是间隔一定时间就 自动创建新的日志文件。重命名的过程与RotatingFileHandler类似，不过新的文件不是附加数字，而是当前时间。它的构造函数是：
TimedRotatingFileHandler( filename [,when [,interval [,backupCount]]])
其中filename参数和backupCount参数和RotatingFileHandler具有相同的意义。
interval是时间间隔。
when参数是一个字符串。表示时间间隔的单位，不区分大小写。它有以下取值：
S 秒
M 分
H 小时
D 天
W 每星期（interval==0时代表星期一）
midnight 每天凌晨
 
 
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import logging
 
#create logger
logger = logging.getLogger('TEST-LOG')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
 
# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
# create file handler and set level to warning
fh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")
fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
# create formatter
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
 
# add formatter to ch and fh
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
 
# add ch and fh to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.addHandler(fh)
 
# 'application' code
logger.debug('debug message')
logger.info('info message')
logger.warn('warn message')
logger.error('error message')
logger.critical('critical message')
　　
 
文件自动截断例子

import loggingfrom logging import handlerslogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)log_file = "timelog.log"#fh = handlers.RotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,maxBytes=10,backupCount=3)fh = handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,when="S",interval=5,backupCount=3)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(module)s:%(lineno)d %(message)s')fh.setFormatter(formatter)logger.addHandler(fh)logger.warning("test1")logger.warning("test12")logger.warning("test13")logger.warning("test14")

 
 
re模块　　 
常用正则表达式符号
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'.'     默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行
'^'     匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
'$'     匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以
'*'     匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']
'+'     匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']
'?'     匹配前一个字符1次或0次
'{m}'   匹配前一个字符m次
'{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
'|'     匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC'
'(...)' 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c
 
 
'\A'    只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
'\Z'    匹配字符结尾，同$
'\d'    匹配数字0-9
'\D'    匹配非数字
'\w'    匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
'\W'    匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
's'     匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t'
 
'(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}
　　
最常用的匹配语法
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re.match 从头开始匹配
re.search 匹配包含
re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
re.splitall 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符
re.sub      匹配字符并替换
反斜杠的困扰
与大多数编程语言相同，正则表达式里使用"\"作为转义字符，这就可能造成反斜杠困扰。假如你需要匹配文本中的字符"\"，那么使用编程语言表示的正则表达式里将需要4个反斜杠"\\\\"：前两个和后两个分别用于在编程语言里转义成反斜杠，转换成两个反斜杠后再在正则表达式里转义成一个反斜杠。Python里的原生字符串很好地解决了这个问题，这个例子中的正则表达式可以使用r"\\"表示。同样，匹配一个数字的"\\d"可以写成r"\d"。有了原生字符串，你再也不用担心是不是漏写了反斜杠，写出来的表达式也更直观。
 
仅需轻轻知道的几个匹配模式
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re.I(re.IGNORECASE): 忽略大小写（括号内是完整写法，下同）
M(MULTILINE): 多行模式，改变'^'和'$'的行为（参见上图）
S(DOTALL): 点任意匹配模式，改变'.'的行为

 
 
  
  
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