JPA高级映射

1. JPA架构
   
2. JPA标准API
   
3. JPA实体关系
   
4. JPA高级映射
   
5. JPA JPQL/持久化查询语言
   
6. JPA实体管理器
   
7. JPA安装配置
   
8. JPA ORM组件

JPA是一种发布使用Java规范的库。因此，它支持所有的面向对象的概念实体，持久性。到现在为止，我们已经完成了对象关系映射的基本知识。本章将完成对象和关系单位之间的高级映射。

继承策略

继承是任何面向对象语言的核心理念，因此我们可以用实体之间的继承关系和策略。JPA支持三种类型的继承策略：SINGLE_TABLE，JOINED_TABLE和TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS。

让我们考虑一个例子。下图显示了三个等级，即Staff, TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff和他们之间的关系。

在上面的图中，员工是一个实体，而TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff是工作人员的子实体。在这里，我们将使用上面的例子来演示继承的全部三个策略。

单一表策略

单表策略采取所有类的字段(包括超级亚类)，并将它们映射成称为SINGLE_TABLE策略一个表。这里的鉴别值起着区分在一个表中三个实体的值的关键作用。

让我们考虑上面的例子。TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff是Staff的子类。按照继承的概念，一个子类继承其超类中的属性。因此sid和sname属于TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff 字段。创建JPA项目。在这个项目中的所有模块，如下所示：

创建实体

创建一个名为“src”（源）在“com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity'包下。创建一个名为Staff.java新的Java类。工作人员实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import java.io.Serializable;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorColumn;import javax.persistence.Entity;import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;import javax.persistence.GenerationType;import javax.persistence.Id;import javax.persistence.Inheritance;import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;import javax.persistence.Table;@Entity@Table@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE )@DiscriminatorColumn( name="type" )public class Staff implements Serializable {   @Id   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )   private int sid;   private String sname;   public Staff( int sid, String sname )    {   super( );   this.sid = sid;   this.sname = sname;   }   public Staff( )    {   super( );   }   public int getSid( )    {   return sid;   }   public void setSid( int sid )    {   this.sid = sid;   }   public String getSname( )    {   return sname;   }   public void setSname( String sname )    {   this.sname = sname;   }}

在上面的代码@DescriminatorColumn指定字段名称（类型）和它的值显示剩余（Teaching和NonTeachingStaff）字段。

创建Staff类的一个子类叫TeachingStaff.java在com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包下。TeachingStaff 实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entity@DiscriminatorValue( value="TS" )public class TeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String qualification;   private String subjectexpertise;      public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String qualification,String subjectexpertise )    {   super( sid, sname );   this.qualification = qualification;   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }      public TeachingStaff( )    {   super( );   }   public String getQualification( )   {   return qualification;   }   public void setQualification( String qualification )   {   this.qualification = qualification;   }   public String getSubjectexpertise( )    {   return subjectexpertise;   }   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )   {   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }}

创建Staff 的一个子类（类）类叫NonTeachingStaff.java 在 com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity 包下。NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entity@DiscriminatorValue( value = "NS" )public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String areaexpertise;   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String areaexpertise )    {   super( sid, sname );   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }   public NonTeachingStaff( )    {   super( );   }   public String getAreaexpertise( )    {   return areaexpertise;   }   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )   {   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }}

Persistence.xml

persistence.xml中包含数据库的配置信息和实体类的注册信息。 XML文件如下所示：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">   <persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"                         transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">       <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>   <properties>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"                             value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"                             value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"                             value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>   <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>   <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"                             value="create-tables"/>   </properties>   </persistence-unit></persistence>

服务类

服务类业务组件的实现部分。创建com.yiibai.eclipselink.service“包在'src”下。

创建一个给定的包下名为SaveClient.java用来存储Staff，TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff类字段类。SaveClient类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service;import javax.persistence.EntityManager;import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;import javax.persistence.Persistence;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;public class SaveClient {   public static void main( String[ ] args )    {   EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.   createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );   EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.   createEntityManager( );   entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );      //Teaching staff entity    TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(   1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");   TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(   2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");   //Non-Teaching Staff entity   NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(   3, "Satish", "Accounts");   NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(   4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");      //storing all entities   entitymanager.persist(ts1);   entitymanager.persist(ts2);   entitymanager.persist(nts1);   entitymanager.persist(nts2);   entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();   entitymanager.close();   emfactory.close();   }}

编译并执行上述程序后，Eclipse IDE的控制台面板上会得到通知。检查MySQL工作台的输出。以表格格式的输出如下所示：

SidTypeSnameAreaexpertiseQualificationSubjectexpertise1TSGopal MSC MEDMaths2TSManisha BSC BEDEnglish3NSSatishAccounts  4NSKrishnaOffice Admin  

最后，会得到一个包含所有三个类字段鉴别列命名类型（字段）一个表。

注册策略表

连接表的策略是共享引用的列包含唯一值的加入表并进行便捷事务。让我们考虑与上述相同的例子。

创建JPA项目。所有工程的模块如下所示。

创建实体

在“src”下创建一个名为 com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity' 的包。创建一个名为Staff.java新的Java类。Staff 实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import java.io.Serializable;import javax.persistence.Entity;import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;import javax.persistence.GenerationType;import javax.persistence.Id;import javax.persistence.Inheritance;import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;import javax.persistence.Table;@Entity@Table@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED )public class Staff implements Serializable {   @Id   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )   private int sid;   private String sname;   public Staff( int sid, String sname )    {   super( );   this.sid = sid;   this.sname = sname;   }   public Staff( )    {   super( );   }   public int getSid( )    {   return sid;   }   public void setSid( int sid )    {   this.sid = sid;   }   public String getSname( )    {   return sname;   }   public void setSname( String sname )    {   this.sname = sname;   }}

创建Staff类的一个子类叫TeachingStaff.java在com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包下。TeachingStaff 实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entity@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")public class TeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String qualification;   private String subjectexpertise;      public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String qualification,String subjectexpertise )    {   super( sid, sname );   this.qualification = qualification;   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }      public TeachingStaff( )    {   super( );      }   public String getQualification( )   {   return qualification;   }   public void setQualification( String qualification )   {   this.qualification = qualification;   }   public String getSubjectexpertise( )    {   return subjectexpertise;   }   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )   {   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }}

创建Staff的一个子类（类）类叫NonTeachingStaff.java在com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包下。NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entity@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String areaexpertise;   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String areaexpertise )    {   super( sid, sname );   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }   public NonTeachingStaff( )    {   super( );   }   public String getAreaexpertise( )    {   return areaexpertise;   }   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )   {   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }}

Persistence.xml

persistence.xml文件包含数据库的配置信息和实体类的注册信息。 XML文件如下所示：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">   <persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"                         transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>   <properties>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"                             value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"                             value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"                             value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>   <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>   <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"                             value="create-tables"/>   </properties>   </persistence-unit></persistence>

服务类

服务类业务组件的实现部分。在src下创建一个包com.yiibai.eclipselink.service“。

创建一个名为SaveClient.java给定的包来存储Staff ，TeachingStaff，NonTeachingStaff类来存储字段。然后SaveClient类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service;import javax.persistence.EntityManager;import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;import javax.persistence.Persistence;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;public class SaveClient {   public static void main( String[ ] args )    {   EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.   createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );   EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.   createEntityManager( );   entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );      //Teaching staff entity    TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(   1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");   TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(   2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");   //Non-Teaching Staff entity   NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(   3, "Satish", "Accounts");   NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(   4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");      //storing all entities   entitymanager.persist(ts1);   entitymanager.persist(ts2);   entitymanager.persist(nts1);   entitymanager.persist(nts2);      entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();   entitymanager.close();   emfactory.close();   }}

编译和执行上述程序后，在Eclipse IDE的控制台面板得到通知。对于输出，检查MySQL工作台。

在这里，将创建三个表和工作人员表的结果显示在表格格式。

SidDtypeSname1TeachingStaffGopal2TeachingStaffManisha3NonTeachingStaffSatish4NonTeachingStaffKrishna

TeachingStaff表的结果显示如下：

SidQualificationSubjectexpertise1MSC MEDMaths2BSC BEDEnglish

在上表中的sid是外键（参考字段工作人员表单表）NonTeachingStaff 表的结果显示如下：

SidAreaexpertise3Accounts4Office Admin

最后，使用各自字段中创建三个表和SID字段由所有三个表共享。在员工表中，SID是主键。在剩下的两个表（TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff），SID是外键。

每个类表策略

表每个类策略是创建一个表中为每个子实体。 Staff表将被创建，但它会包含空值。Staff 表的字段值必须同时由TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff表共享。

让我们考虑与上述相同的例子。

创建实体

在src下创建一个名为“com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity'的包。创建一个名为Staff.java为一个新的Java类。Staff实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import java.io.Serializable;import javax.persistence.Entity;import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;import javax.persistence.GenerationType;import javax.persistence.Id;import javax.persistence.Inheritance;import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;import javax.persistence.Table;@Entity@Table@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS )public class Staff implements Serializable {   @Id   @GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )   private int sid;   private String sname;   public Staff( int sid, String sname )    {   super( );   this.sid = sid;   this.sname = sname;   }   public Staff( )    {   super( );   }   public int getSid( )    {   return sid;   }   public void setSid( int sid )    {   this.sid = sid;   }   public String getSname( )    {   return sname;   }   public void setSname( String sname )    {   this.sname = sname;   }}

创建Staff类的一个子类叫TeachingStaff.java 在com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包下。该TeachingStaff实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entitypublic class TeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String qualification;   private String subjectexpertise;      public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String qualification,String subjectexpertise )    {   super( sid, sname );   this.qualification = qualification;   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }      public TeachingStaff( )    {   super( );      }   public String getQualification( )   {   return qualification;   }   public void setQualification( String qualification )   {   this.qualification = qualification;   }   public String getSubjectexpertise( )    {   return subjectexpertise;   }   public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )   {   this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;   }}

创建Staff 的一个子类（类）类叫NonTeachingStaff.java在com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity包下。NonTeachingStaff实体类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity;import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;import javax.persistence.Entity;@Entitypublic class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff {   private String areaexpertise;   public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,    String areaexpertise )   {   super( sid, sname );   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }   public NonTeachingStaff( )    {   super( );   }   public String getAreaexpertise( )    {   return areaexpertise;   }   public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )   {   this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;   }}

Persistence.xml

persistence.xml文件中包含的实体类的数据库和注册信息的配置信息。 XML文件如下所示：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">   <persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"                         transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>   <class>com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>   <properties>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"                             value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"                             value="root"/>   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"                             value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>   <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>   <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"                             value="create-tables"/>   </properties>   </persistence-unit></persistence>

服务类

服务类业务组件的实现部分。在src下创建一个包com.yiibai.eclipselink.service“。

创建一个给定的包下名为SaveClient.java用来存储Staff，TeachingStaff和NonTeachingStaff 类字段类。该SaveClient类如下所示：

package com.yiibai.eclipselink.service;import javax.persistence.EntityManager;import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;import javax.persistence.Persistence;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;import com.yiibai.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;public class SaveClient {   public static void main( String[ ] args )    {   EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.   createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );   EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.   createEntityManager( );   entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );      //Teaching staff entity    TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(   1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");   TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(   2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");   //Non-Teaching Staff entity   NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(   3, "Satish", "Accounts");   NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(   4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");      //storing all entities   entitymanager.persist(ts1);   entitymanager.persist(ts2);   entitymanager.persist(nts1);   entitymanager.persist(nts2);      entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();   entitymanager.close();   emfactory.close();   }}

编译并执行上述程序后，Eclipse IDE的控制台面板上会得到通知。对于输出，检查MySQL的工作台。

这里创建了三个表并且Staff表的记录为空。

TeachingStaff的结果显示如下：

SidQualificationSnameSubjectexpertise1MSC MEDGopalMaths2BSC BEDManishaEnglish

上表TeachingStaff包含Staff和TeachingStaff实体字段。

NonTeachingStaff的结果显示如下：

SidAreaexpertiseSname3AccountsSatish4Office AdminKrishna

上表NonTeachingStaff包含Staff和NonTeachingStaff实体字段。