我也说说Emacs吧(4)

在说基本编辑命令之前，我们先加一个小tip，说说如何将函数和键绑定在一起。

(define-key global-map [?\C-l] 'recenter-top-bottom)

define-key函数需要三个参数，第一个是绑定表的名称，不同的模式下的描述表是不同的。第二个参数是键名，第三个参数是键要绑定的函数名。

移动光标

无模式和有模式概述

emacs是一种无模式的编辑器，这也是除了vi之外大部分编辑器的标准做法。每个输入的字符都会直接输入到缓冲区里。编辑要用到的功能函数，就只好绑定到组合键上，主要是Ctrl键，Esc或Alt键的组合键。
比如，最基本的光标移动。如果有上下左右键，就用上下左右键。没有的话，emacs会用C-f向右，C-b向左，C-n向下一行，C-p向上一行。C-a移动到行首，C-e移动到行尾。
大量使用Ctrl和Alt,Esc键，使得手需要经常移动，小指被过度使用。
而vi的采用正常模式和编辑模式分离来解决这个问题，在正常模式下，不能输入字符，所有的字符都被当成命令来执行。此时，j是下一行，k是上一行，h是向左，l向右。效率要比C-n,C-p,C-b,C-f要高。0到行首，$到行尾。
但是vi的问题就是，需要经常在正常模式和编辑模式来回切换。
spacemacs使用evil来模拟vi的这种模式，而且有些键的绑定与标准emacs有所不同。

光标左右移动

移动光标是最基本的命令了，这其中最基本的是光标左右移动，和上下移动。
我们先学习emacs的标准方式：
* 向右一个字符: C-f (forward-char)
* 向左一个字符: C-b (backward-char)
这两个函数都是用C语言实现的，所以没有lisp源码，目前我们暂时先关注lisp部分。

但是，在spacemacs的默认情况下，这两个绑定已经被取消了。因为spacemacs默认是用vi的模式方案，在正常模式下，使用h键左移，l键右移。

l键和右箭头键，绑定到evil-forward-char函数上. 最终，evil-forward-char还是会调用到forward-char来实现移动的功能的：

(evil-define-motion evil-forward-char (count &optional crosslines noerror)  :type exclusive  (interactive "<c>" (list evil-cross-lines                           (evil-kbd-macro-suppress-motion-error)))  (cond   (noerror    (condition-case nil        (evil-forward-char count crosslines nil)      (error nil)))   ((not crosslines)    ;; for efficiency, narrow the buffer to the projected    ;; movement before determining the current line    (evil-with-restriction        (point)        (save-excursion          (evil-forward-char (1+ (or count 1)) t t)          (point))      (condition-case err          (evil-narrow-to-line            (evil-forward-char count t noerror))        (error         ;; Restore the previous command (this one never happend).         ;; Actually, this preserves the current column if the         ;; previous command was `evil-next-line' or         ;; `evil-previous-line'.         (setq this-command last-command)         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))   (t    (evil-motion-loop (nil (or count 1))      (forward-char)      ;; don't put the cursor on a newline      (when (and evil-move-cursor-back                 (not evil-move-beyond-eol)                 (not (evil-visual-state-p))                 (not (evil-operator-state-p))                 (eolp) (not (eobp)) (not (bolp)))        (forward-char))))))

而左箭头和h键，则是调用的evil-backward-char函数：

(evil-define-motion evil-backward-char (count &optional crosslines noerror)  :type exclusive  (interactive "<c>" (list evil-cross-lines                           (evil-kbd-macro-suppress-motion-error)))  (cond   (noerror    (condition-case nil        (evil-backward-char count crosslines nil)      (error nil)))   ((not crosslines)    ;; restrict movement to the current line    (evil-with-restriction        (save-excursion          (evil-backward-char (1+ (or count 1)) t t)          (point))        (1+ (point))      (condition-case err          (evil-narrow-to-line            (evil-backward-char count t noerror))        (error         ;; Restore the previous command (this one never happened).         ;; Actually, this preserves the current column if the         ;; previous command was `evil-next-line' or         ;; `evil-previous-line'.         (setq this-command last-command)         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))   (t    (evil-motion-loop (nil (or count 1))      (backward-char)      ;; don't put the cursor on a newline      (unless (or (evil-visual-state-p) (evil-operator-state-p))        (evil-adjust-cursor))))))

上下移动

就是行间移动，标准emacs的方式是：
* 向下一行：C-n (next-line)
* 向上一行：C-p (previous-line)
这两种方式在spacemacs中，在编辑模式下仍然可以使用。但是正常模式下已经被绑定到其他函数上了，因为有更方便的j和k可以用。

(defun next-line (&optional arg try-vscroll)  (declare (interactive-only forward-line))  (interactive "^p\np")  (or arg (setq arg 1))  (if (and next-line-add-newlines (= arg 1))      (if (save-excursion (end-of-line) (eobp))      ;; When adding a newline, don't expand an abbrev.      (let ((abbrev-mode nil))        (end-of-line)        (insert (if use-hard-newlines hard-newline "\n")))    (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll))    (if (called-interactively-p 'interactive)    (condition-case err        (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll)      ((beginning-of-buffer end-of-buffer)       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))      (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll)))  nil)

spacemacs支持在普通模式下使用j来移动到下一行，k来移动到上一行。j绑定的是evil-next-line函数，k绑定的是evil-previous-line函数。

(evil-define-motion evil-next-line (count)  :type line  (let (line-move-visual)    (evil-line-move (or count 1))))(evil-define-motion evil-previous-line (count)  :type line  (let (line-move-visual)    (evil-line-move (- (or count 1)))))

上面两个函数都是对evil-line-move的封装，evil-next-line的参数是正的，evil-previous-line是负的。

(defun evil-line-move (count &optional noerror)  (cond   (noerror    (condition-case nil        (evil-line-move count)      (error nil)))   (t    (evil-signal-without-movement      (setq this-command (if (>= count 0)                             #'next-line                           #'previous-line))      (let ((opoint (point)))        (condition-case err            (with-no-warnings              (funcall this-command (abs count)))          ((beginning-of-buffer end-of-buffer)           (let ((col (or goal-column                          (if (consp temporary-goal-column)                              (car temporary-goal-column)                            temporary-goal-column))))             (if line-move-visual                 (vertical-motion (cons col 0))               (line-move-finish col opoint (< count 0)))             ;; Maybe we should just `ding'?             (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))))))

移动到行首或行尾

很多时候，我们需要移动到行首或行尾，而不是向左或向右一点一点移动。
我们还是先看emacs的标准实现方式：
* 到行首：C-a (move-beginning-of-line) spacemacs支持
* 到行尾：C-e (move-end-of-line) spacemacs不支持

move-beginning-of-line的实现如下：

(defun move-beginning-of-line (arg)  (interactive "^p")  (or arg (setq arg 1))  (let ((orig (point))    first-vis first-vis-field-value)    ;; Move by lines, if ARG is not 1 (the default).    (if (/= arg 1)    (let ((line-move-visual nil))      (line-move (1- arg) t)))    ;; Move to beginning-of-line, ignoring fields and invisible text.    (skip-chars-backward "^\n")    (while (and (not (bobp)) (invisible-p (1- (point))))      (goto-char (previous-char-property-change (point)))      (skip-chars-backward "^\n"))    ;; Now find first visible char in the line.    (while (and (< (point) orig) (invisible-p (point)))      (goto-char (next-char-property-change (point) orig)))    (setq first-vis (point))    ;; See if fields would stop us from reaching FIRST-VIS.    (setq first-vis-field-value      (constrain-to-field first-vis orig (/= arg 1) t nil))    (goto-char (if (/= first-vis-field-value first-vis)           ;; If yes, obey them.           first-vis-field-value         ;; Otherwise, move to START with attention to fields.         ;; (It is possible that fields never matter in this case.)         (constrain-to-field (point) orig                     (/= arg 1) t nil)))))

最终会调用到我们后面要学的goto-char函数，通过goto-char跳到真正的位置上。

spacemacs支持vi的方式，在普通模式下，0移动到行首，移动到行尾∗0(evil−digit−argument−or−evil−beginning−of−line)∗ (evil-end-of-line)

evil-end-of-line其实还是要调用move-end-of-line函数来实现功能的。

(evil-define-motion evil-end-of-line (count)  :type inclusive  (move-end-of-line count)  (when evil-track-eol    (setq temporary-goal-column most-positive-fixnum          this-command 'next-line))  (unless (evil-visual-state-p)    (evil-adjust-cursor)    (when (eolp)      ;; prevent "c$" and "d$" from deleting blank lines      (setq evil-this-type 'exclusive))))

移动到缓冲区的头或尾

emacs的标准方式：
* 到缓冲区头 A-< (beginning-of-buffer)
* 到缓冲区尾 A-> (end-of-buffer)

spacemacs支持这两种方式，在正常模式下，还支持”<”键绑定beginning-of-buffer,”>”绑定end-of-buffer的方式。

我们先看下beginning-of-buffer，虽然也是goto-char的封装，但是确实不只是（goto-char 0）这么简单：

(defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg)  (declare (interactive-only "use `(goto-char (point-min))' instead."))  (interactive "^P")  (or (consp arg)      (region-active-p)      (push-mark))  (let ((size (- (point-max) (point-min))))    (goto-char (if (and arg (not (consp arg)))           (+ (point-min)              (if (> size 10000)              ;; Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!              (* (prefix-numeric-value arg)                 (/ size 10))            (/ (+ 10 (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg))) 10)))         (point-min))))  (if (and arg (not (consp arg))) (forward-line 1)))

end-of-buffer的话，除了goto-char之外，还得考虑recenter的问题

(defun end-of-buffer (&optional arg)  (declare (interactive-only "use `(goto-char (point-max))' instead."))  (interactive "^P")  (or (consp arg) (region-active-p) (push-mark))  (let ((size (- (point-max) (point-min))))    (goto-char (if (and arg (not (consp arg)))           (- (point-max)              (if (> size 10000)              ;; Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!              (* (prefix-numeric-value arg)                 (/ size 10))            (/ (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg)) 10)))         (point-max))))  ;; If we went to a place in the middle of the buffer,  ;; adjust it to the beginning of a line.  (cond ((and arg (not (consp arg))) (forward-line 1))    ((and (eq (current-buffer) (window-buffer))              (> (point) (window-end nil t)))     ;; If the end of the buffer is not already on the screen,     ;; then scroll specially to put it near, but not at, the bottom.     (overlay-recenter (point))     (recenter -3))))

移动到任意位置

emacs提供了两个函数，可以跳到任意一行，或者是任意一个字符。
* A-g g 或 A-g A-g (goto-line n) ：跳转到第n行
* A-g c (goto-char n): 跳转到第n个字符

spacemacs还支持vi的方式来跳转行
* 行号 G (evil-goto-line)，如果没有行号，则跳到缓冲区末尾

goto-char不出意料的，是用C实现的。
我们先来看看goto-line:

(defun goto-line (line &optional buffer)  (declare (interactive-only forward-line))  (interactive   (if (and current-prefix-arg (not (consp current-prefix-arg)))       (list (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg))     ;; Look for a default, a number in the buffer at point.     (let* ((default          (save-excursion        (skip-chars-backward "0-9")        (if (looking-at "[0-9]")            (string-to-number             (buffer-substring-no-properties              (point)              (progn (skip-chars-forward "0-9")                 (point)))))))        ;; Decide if we're switching buffers.        (buffer         (if (consp current-prefix-arg)         (other-buffer (current-buffer) t)))        (buffer-prompt         (if buffer         (concat " in " (buffer-name buffer))           "")))       ;; Read the argument, offering that number (if any) as default.       (list (read-number (format "Goto line%s: " buffer-prompt)                          (list default (line-number-at-pos)))         buffer))))  ;; Switch to the desired buffer, one way or another.  (if buffer      (let ((window (get-buffer-window buffer)))    (if window (select-window window)      (switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer))))  ;; Leave mark at previous position  (or (region-active-p) (push-mark))  ;; Move to the specified line number in that buffer.  (save-restriction    (widen)    (goto-char (point-min))    (if (eq selective-display t)    (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil 'end (1- line))      (forward-line (1- line)))))

evil-goto-line写得简短一些：

(evil-define-motion evil-goto-line (count)  :jump t  :type line  (if (null count)      (with-no-warnings (end-of-buffer))    (goto-char (point-min))    (forward-line (1- count)))  (evil-first-non-blank))

高效移动

重复执行命令

如果一行一行的移动，实在是太慢了，我们可以使用重复命令，给函数传递一个参数。

标准emacs的做法是Esc + 数字和C-u加数字两种方式：
* Esc n + 命令：执行n次命令。如果无法执行完n次，就尽最大的努力。比如向下移动n行，到是没到n行就到文件末尾了。那么就停在文件末尾。
例：
Esc 10 C-n，向下移动10行
* (universal-argument)函数，它绑定在C-u键上。
universal-argument如果不指定参数的话，默认执行4次。

但是在spacemacs上，universal-argument函数绑定在”空格 u”和”Alt-m u”两个键上。
C-u在spacemacs中被移做绑定到evil-scroll-up上，用于翻屏。

居中重绘屏幕

有的时候，需要重新绘制一下屏幕，让我们移动到的那行变为中心：
C-l (recenter-top-bottom)

(defun recenter-top-bottom (&optional arg)  "Move current buffer line to the specified window line.With no prefix argument, successive calls place point accordingto the cycling order defined by `recenter-positions'.A prefix argument is handled like `recenter': With numeric prefix ARG, move current line to window-line ARG. With plain `C-u', move current line to window center."  (interactive "P")  (cond   (arg (recenter arg))         ; Always respect ARG.   (t    (setq recenter-last-op      (if (eq this-command last-command)          (car (or (cdr (member recenter-last-op recenter-positions))               recenter-positions))        (car recenter-positions)))    (let ((this-scroll-margin       (min (max 0 scroll-margin)        (truncate (/ (window-body-height) 4.0)))))      (cond ((eq recenter-last-op 'middle)         (recenter))        ((eq recenter-last-op 'top)         (recenter this-scroll-margin))        ((eq recenter-last-op 'bottom)         (recenter (- -1 this-scroll-margin)))        ((integerp recenter-last-op)         (recenter recenter-last-op))        ((floatp recenter-last-op)         (recenter (round (* recenter-last-op (window-height))))))))))

undo

做错了，撤销是很关键的操作。
在标准emacs中，使用undo函数来进行这个操作。它绑定到C-_或C-/或C-x u三个键上。

在spacemacs中，C-x u被绑定到undo-tree-visualize函数上。 还可以用”空格 a u”来访问它。

(defun undo-tree-visualize ()  "Visualize the current buffer's undo tree."  (interactive "*")  (deactivate-mark)  ;; throw error if undo is disabled in buffer  (when (eq buffer-undo-list t)    (user-error "No undo information in this buffer"))  ;; transfer entries accumulated in `buffer-undo-list' to `buffer-undo-tree'  (undo-list-transfer-to-tree)  ;; add hook to kill visualizer buffer if original buffer is changed  (add-hook 'before-change-functions 'undo-tree-kill-visualizer nil t)  ;; prepare *undo-tree* buffer, then draw tree in it  (let ((undo-tree buffer-undo-tree)        (buff (current-buffer))    (display-buffer-mark-dedicated 'soft))    (switch-to-buffer-other-window     (get-buffer-create undo-tree-visualizer-buffer-name))    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-parent-buffer buff)    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-parent-mtime      (and (buffer-file-name buff)           (nth 5 (file-attributes (buffer-file-name buff)))))    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-initial-node (undo-tree-current undo-tree))    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-spacing      (undo-tree-visualizer-calculate-spacing))    (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-timestamps)    (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-diff)    (setq buffer-undo-tree undo-tree)    (undo-tree-visualizer-mode)    ;; FIXME; don't know why `undo-tree-visualizer-mode' clears this    (setq buffer-undo-tree undo-tree)    (set (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing)     (or (eq undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing t)         (and (numberp undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing)          (>= (undo-tree-count undo-tree)              undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing))))    (when undo-tree-visualizer-diff (undo-tree-visualizer-show-diff))    (let ((inhibit-read-only t)) (undo-tree-draw-tree undo-tree))))

而C-_,C-/，在spacemacs中，被绑定在undo-tree-undo上。

小结

功能 函数名 快捷键 leader键 光标右移 forward-char 无 无 evil-forward-char l 无 光标左移 backward-char 无 无 evil-backward-char h 无 下移一行 next-line 正常模式C-n无效 无 evil-next-line j 无 上移一行 previous-line 正常模式C-p无效 无 evil-previous-line k 无 光标移至行首 move-beginning-of-line C-a 无 evil-digit-argument-or-evil-beginning-of-line 0 无 光标移至行尾 move-end-of-line 无 无 evil-end-of-line $ 无 跳转到某一行 goto-line A-g g或A-g A-g 无 evil-goto-line G 无 跳到某一字符 goto-char A-g c 无 跳到缓冲区头 beginning-of-buffer A-<或> 无 跳到缓冲区尾 end-of-buffer A->或> 无 重复执行 universal-argument A-m u 空格 u 居中重绘屏幕 recenter-top-bottom C-l 无 撤销上一次的操作 undo 无 无 undo-tree-visualize C-x u 无 undo-tree-undo C-_或C-/ 无