python 栈和队列（使用list实现）

5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks

The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack, where the last element added is the first element retrieved (“last-in, first-out”). To add an item to the top of the stack, use append(). To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use pop() without an explicit index. For example:

>>>

>>> stack = [3, 4, 5]>>> stack.append(6)>>> stack.append(7)>>> stack[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]>>> stack.pop()7>>> stack[3, 4, 5, 6]>>> stack.pop()6>>> stack.pop()5>>> stack[3, 4]

5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues

It is also possible to use a list as a queue, where the first element added is the first element retrieved (“first-in, first-out”); however, lists are not efficient for this purpose. While appends and pops from the end of list are fast, doing inserts or pops from the beginning of a list is slow (because all of the other elements have to be shifted by one).

To implement a queue, use collections.deque which was designed to have fast appends and pops from both ends. For example:

>>>

>>> from collections import deque>>> queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"])>>> queue.append("Terry")           # Terry arrives>>> queue.append("Graham")          # Graham arrives>>> queue.popleft()                 # The first to arrive now leaves'Eric'>>> queue.popleft()                 # The second to arrive now leaves'John'>>> queue                           # Remaining queue in order of arrivaldeque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])