Linux 下部署Django项目

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说明:本文所使用的环境为CentOS 6+Python2.7+Django1.11

安装Django、Nginx和uWSGI

1.确定已经安装了2.7版本的Python;
2.安装python-devel
yum install python-devel
3.安装uwsgi
pip install uwsgi

测试uwsgi是否能正常工作

1.新建一个index.py;

# index.pydef application(env, start_response):    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])    return "Hello World"

2.uwsgi –http :8000 –wsgi-file index.py
浏览器访问8000端口看是否有hello world输出
注意:确保8000端口能被外网访问

测试Django能否正常工作

$ cd /var/www/
$ django-admin startproject mysite
$ cd mysite
$ python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
浏览器访问8000端口看是否有hello world输出

测试uwsgi是否能和django集成

uwsgi --http :8000 --chdir=/var/www/mysite --module mysite.wsgi
or
uwsgi --http :8008 --chdir /var/www/mysite --wsgi-file weixin/wsgi.py --master --processes 4 --threads 2 --stats 127.0.0.1:9192

在浏览器中访问8000端口,看能否正常访问django网站。

参数说明:

# http : 协议类型和端口号# processes : 开启的进程数量# workers : 开启的进程数量,等同于processes(官网的说法是spawn the specified number ofworkers / processes)# chdir : 指定运行目录(chdir to specified directory before apps loading)# wsgi-file : 载入wsgi-file(load .wsgi file)# stats : 在指定的地址上,开启状态服务(enable the stats server on the specified address)# threads : 运行线程。由于GIL的存在,我觉得这个真心没啥用。(run each worker in prethreaded mode with the specified number of threads)# master : 允许主进程存在(enable master process)# daemonize : 使进程在后台运行,并将日志打到指定的日志文件或者udp服务器(daemonize uWSGI)。实际上最常用的,还是把运行记录输出到一个本地文件上。# daemonize : 使进程在后台运行,并将日志打到指定的日志文件或者udp服务器(daemonize uWSGI)。实际上最常用的,还是把运行记录输出到一个本地文件上。# vacuum : 当服务器退出的时候自动清理环境,删除unix socket文件和pid文件(try to remove all of the generated file/sockets)

配置Nginx,使Nginx能为Django提供服务

在/etc/nginx/conf.d/下创建一个针对mysite项目的配置文件,详细如下:

# /etc/nginx/conf.d/mysite_nginx.conf# the upstream component nginx needs to connect toupstream django {    server 127.0.0.1:8000; # for a web port socket}# configuration of the serverserver {    # the port your site will be served on    listen      80;    # the domain name it will serve for    server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN    charset     utf-8;    # max upload size    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste    # Django 的static和 media目录    # 如果没有static或media目录,你需要先创建    location /media  {        alias /var/www/mysite/media;     }      location /static {        alias /var/www/mysite/static;     }    # 将所有非静态文件的请求转给django server处理,这里的django server用的是uwsgi。    location / {        uwsgi_pass  django;        include  /var/www/mysite/uwsgi_params;     }}#你可以从/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params复制一个拷贝到/var/www/mysite/uwsgi_params。$ cp /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params /var/www/mysite/

需要补充说明的是,在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf文件中,在最后一行的配置是include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf,也就是说,/etc/nginx/conf.d/mysite_nginx.conf是会被包含在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf中的。

重启nginx服务器,验证访问结果

/etc/init.d/nginx restart
通过浏览器访问80端口,你发现了什么?502 Bad Gateway?是不是?想一想,这是为什么呢?原因是你访问80端口时,请求的资源不是static,也不是media,这个时候Nginx就把请求转给upstream django,upstream的网关配置的127.0.0.1:8000,而127.0.0.1:8000是要靠uwsgi启动的,所以报了一个502 Bad Gateway。你,明白了吗?

注:CentOS 7启动服务的命令是systemctl restart nginx.service

启动uwsgi,再次验证结果

执行下面一个命令,启动uwsgi。
uwsgi --socket :8000 --chdir=/var/www/mysite --module mysite.wsgi
重启Nginx服务/etc/init.d/nginx restart,再次通过浏览器访问80端口试试看。是不是成功了?

注:CentOS 7启动服务的命令是systemctl restart nginx.service

如何使uwsgi以配置文件运行?Configuring uWSGI to run with a .ini file

创建一个mysite_uwsgi.ini文件,内容如下:

[uwsgi]socket=:8000chdir = /var/www/mysite#wsgi-file = mysite/wsgi.pymodule=mysite.wsgi:applicationprocesses = 10threads = 2#django<1.4,必须指定env和moduleenv = DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.settings# clear environment on exitvacuum = truesafe-pidfile = /tmp/project-master.pid # create a pidfileharakiri = 20 # respawn processes taking more than 20 secondslimit-as = 128 # limit the project to 128 MBmax-requests = 5000 # respawn processes after serving 5000 requestsdaemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/mysite.log # background the process & log

执行命令uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini即可运行

如何以Emperor模式运行?

什么是Emperor模式?,官网说的很清楚,如下:

uWSGI can run in ‘emperor’ mode. In this mode it keeps an eye on a directory of uWSGI config files, and will spawn instances (‘vassals’) for each one it finds.

Whenever a config file is amended, the emperor will automatically restart the vassal.

按下面的步骤操作,即可以Emperor模式运行uwsgi:
1. create a directory for the vassals
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi/vassals
2. symlink from the default config directory to your config file
sudo ln -s /path/to/your/mysite/mysite_uwsgi.ini /etc/uwsgi/vassals/
3. run the emperor
uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid nginx --gid nginx

如何创建uwsgi服务?

在Linux中,一个服务其实就是一个shell脚本。在CenOS6中,服务脚本一般都在/etc/init.d/目录下。
首先我们在/etc/initd/目录下创建一个uwsgi文件,文件内容如下:

#!/bin/sh#### BEGIN INIT INFO# Provides: uwsgi# Required-Start: $syslog $remote_fs# Should-Start: $time ypbind smtp# Required-Stop: $syslog $remote_fs# Should-Stop: ypbind smtp# Default-Start: 3 5# Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6### END INIT INFO# Source function library.. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions# Check for missing binaries (stale symlinks should not happen)UWSGI_BIN="/usr/local/bin/uwsgi"UWSGI_EMPEROR_MODE=trueUWSGI_VASSALS="/etc/uwsgi/vassals/"UWSGI_OPTIONS="--uid nginx  --gid nginx  --logto /var/log/uwsgi/uwsgi.log"lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/uwsgiUWSGI_OPTIONS="$UWSGI_OPTIONS --autoload"if [ "$UWSGI_EMPEROR_MODE" = "true" ] ; then    UWSGI_OPTIONS="$UWSGI_OPTIONS --emperor $UWSGI_VASSALS"ficase "$1" in    start)    echo "Starting uWSGI ... "    daemon $UWSGI_BIN $UWSGI_OPTIONS &    ;;    stop)    echo "Shutting down uWSGI ... "    killproc $UWSGI_BIN    ;;    restart)    $0 stop    $0 start    ;;    status)    echo -n "Checking for service uWSGI "    status $UWSGI_BIN    ;;    *)    echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart}"    exit 1    ;;esacexit 0

然后,我们可以使用此脚本来管理uwsgi,如下:

/etc/init.d/uwsgi start
/etc/init.d/uwsgi stop
/etc/init.d/uwsgi restart
/etc/init.d/uwsgi status

需要注意的是,日志文件夹的所属权应该归配置文件中指定的用户nginx
$ chown nginx.nginx /var/log/uwsgi -R

如何设置开机起动uwsgi?

把启动uwsgi的命令添加到“/etc/rc.local”文件中即可。

多站点部署问题

#Simple HTTP serverserver {    listen   80;     root /usr/share/nginx/www;    server_name host1.example.com;}#Django serverserver {    listen   80;     server_name host2.example.com;    #...upstream config...}

详细请参考:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7942961/how-to-run-multiple-django-sites-on-nginx-and-uwsgi

参考文档:http://python.usyiyi.cn/translate/django_182/howto/deployment/wsgi/uwsgi.html
http://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/Django_and_nginx.html

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