SQLite语法 1
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结构定义
CREATE TABLE
创建新表。
语法:
sql-command ::=
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE table-name (
column-def [, column-def]*
[, constraint]*
)
sql-command ::=
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE [database-name.] table-name AS select-statement
column-def ::=
name [type] [[CONSTRAINT name] column-constraint]*
type ::=
typename |
typename ( number ) |
typename ( number , number )
column-constraint ::=
NOT NULL [ conflict-clause ] |
PRIMARY KEY [sort-order] [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ] |
DEFAULT value |
COLLATE collation-name
constraint ::=
PRIMARY KEY ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ]
conflict-clause ::=
ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm
CREATE VIEW
创建一个视图(虚拟表),该表以另一种方式表示一个或多个表中的数据。
语法:
sql-command ::=
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW [database-name.] view-name AS select-statement
例子:
CREATE VIEW master_view AS
SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='view';
说明:
创建一个名为master_view的视图,其中包括sqlite_master这个表中的所有视图表。
CREATE TRIGGER
创建触发器,触发器是一种特殊的存储过程,在用户试图对指定的表执行指定的数据修改语句时自动执行。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name [ BEFORE | AFTER ]
database-event ON [database-name .] table-name
trigger-action
sql-statement ::=
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name INSTEAD OF
database-event ON [database-name .] view-name
trigger-action
database-event ::=
DELETE |
INSERT |
UPDATE |
UPDATE OF column-list
trigger-action ::=
[ FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT ] [ WHEN expression ]
BEGIN
trigger-step ; [ trigger-step ; ]*
END
trigger-step ::=
update-statement | insert-statement |
delete-statement | select-statement
例子:
CREATE TRIGGER update_customer_address UPDATE OF address ON customers
BEGIN
UPDATE orders SET address = new.address WHERE customer_name = old.name;
END;
说明:
创建了一个名为update_customer_address的触发器,当用户更新customers表中的address字段时,将触发并更新orders表中的address字段为新的值。
比如执行如下一条语句:
UPDATE customers SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE name = 'Jack Jones';
数据库将自动执行如下语句:
UPDATE orders SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE customer_name = 'Jack Jones';
CREATE INDEX
为给定表或视图创建索引。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index-name
ON [database-name .] table-name ( column-name [, column-name]* )
[ ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm ]
column-name ::=
name [ COLLATE collation-name] [ ASC | DESC ]
例子:
CREATE INDEX idx_email ON customers (email);
说明:
为customers表中的email创建一个名为idx_email的字段。
结构删除
DROP TABLE
删除表定义及该表的所有索引。
语法:
sql-command ::=
DROP TABLE [database-name.] table-name
例子:
DROP TABLE customers;
DROP VIEW
删除一个视图。
语法:
sql-command ::=
DROP VIEW view-name
例子:
DROP VIEW master_view;
DROP TRIGGER
删除一个触发器。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
DROP TRIGGER [database-name .] trigger-name
例子:
DROP TRIGGER update_customer_address;
DROP INDEX
删除一个索引。
语法:
sql-command ::=
DROP INDEX [database-name .] index-name
例子:
DROP INDEX idx_email;
数据操作
INSERT
将新行插入到表。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
INSERT [OR conflict-algorithm] INTO [database-name .] table-name [(column-list)] VALUES(value-list) |
INSERT [OR conflict-algorithm] INTO [database-name .] table-name [(column-list)] select-statement
UPDATE
更新表中的现有数据。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
UPDATE [ OR conflict-algorithm ] [database-name .] table-name
SET assignment [, assignment]*
[WHERE expr]
assignment ::=
column-name = expr
DELETE
从表中删除行。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
DELETE FROM [database-name .] table-name [WHERE expr]
SELECT
从表中检索数据。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] result [FROM table-list]
[WHERE expr]
[GROUP BY expr-list]
[HAVING expr]
[compound-op select]*
[ORDER BY sort-expr-list]
[LIMIT integer [( OFFSET | , ) integer]]
result ::=
result-column [, result-column]*
result-column ::=
* | table-name . * | expr [ [AS] string ]
table-list ::=
table [join-op table join-args]*
table ::=
table-name [AS alias] |
( select ) [AS alias]
join-op ::=
, | [NATURAL] [LEFT | RIGHT | FULL] [OUTER | INNER | CROSS] JOIN
join-args ::=
[ON expr] [USING ( id-list )]
sort-expr-list ::=
expr [sort-order] [, expr [sort-order]]*
sort-order ::=
[ COLLATE collation-name ] [ ASC | DESC ]
compound_op ::=
UNION | UNION ALL | INTERSECT | EXCEPT
REPLACE
类似INSERT
语法:
sql-statement ::=
REPLACE INTO [database-name .] table-name [( column-list )] VALUES ( value-list ) |
REPLACE INTO [database-name .] table-name [( column-list )] select-statement
事务处理
BEGIN TRANSACTION
标记一个事务的起始点。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
BEGIN [TRANSACTION [name]]
END TRANSACTION
标记一个事务的终止。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
END [TRANSACTION [name]]
COMMIT TRANSACTION
标志一个事务的结束。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
COMMIT [TRANSACTION [name]]
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
将事务回滚到事务的起点。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION [name]]
其他操作
COPY
主要用于导入大量的数据。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
COPY [ OR conflict-algorithm ] [database-name .] table-name FROM filename
[ USING DELIMITERS delim ]
例子:
COPY customers FROM customers.csv;
EXPLAIN
语法:
sql-statement ::=
EXPLAIN sql-statement
PRAGMA
语法:
sql-statement ::=
PRAGMA name [= value] |
PRAGMA function(arg)
VACUUM
语法:
sql-statement ::=
VACUUM [index-or-table-name]
ATTACH DATABASE
附加一个数据库到当前的数据库连接。
语法:
sql-statement ::=
ATTACH [DATABASE] database-filename AS database-name
DETTACH DATABASE
从当前的数据库分离一个使用ATTACH DATABASE附加的数据库。
语法:
sql-command ::=
DETACH [DATABASE] database-name
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