【Java】多线程系列(三)之阻塞线程的多种方法

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前言:

在某些应用场景下,我们可能需要等待某个线程执行完毕,然后才能进行后续的操作。也就是说,主线程需要等待子线程都执行完毕才能执行后续的任务。例如,当你在计算利用多线程执行几个比较耗时的任务的时候,主线程需要利用这几个线程计算的结果,才能进行后续的操作。那么我们其实就需要等待所有线程执行完毕。

这里,介绍几个常用的方法

线程执行单次的场景下

1,利用Thread类的join()方法

package concurrent;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;public class JoinTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        List<Thread> list=new ArrayList<>();        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            Thread t=new Thread(){                @Override                public void run() {                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" is running!");                    try {                        Thread.sleep(1000);                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {                        e.printStackTrace();                    }                }            };            list.add(t);            t.start();        }        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            try {                list.get(i).join();            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                // TODO Auto-generated catch block                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");    }}

程序运行结果如下:

Thread-2 is running!Thread-0 is running!Thread-1 is running!Thread-3 is running!Thread-4 is running!Thread[main,5,main] is running!

注:

对于上面的join()进行线程阻塞的时候,需要注意一下另外一种情况: 上面的5个线程,每次线程start()之后立即调用join()
这样会产生类似于单线程模式,即5个线程序列化形式组织,顺序执行。

2,利用ExecutorService的invokeAll()方法

package concurrent;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;public class ExecutorServiceInvokeAllTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        ExecutorService exec=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);        List<Callable<String>> list=new ArrayList<>();        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            callableTest cl=new callableTest();            list.add(cl);        }        try {            exec.invokeAll(list);        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");        exec.shutdown();    }}class callableTest implements Callable<String>{    @Override    public String call() throws Exception {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");        Thread.sleep(1000);//模拟线程执行的耗时过程        return null;    }}

程序运行结果:

Thread[pool-1-thread-1,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-3,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-2,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-5,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-4,5,main] is running!Thread[main,5,main] is running!

invokeAll是一个阻塞方法,会等待任务列表中的所有任务都执行完成。等待所有的任务完成之后,就会返回一个Future的列表,里面记录了每个线程运行之后的结果。一旦ExecutorService.invokeAll()方法产生了异常,线程池中还没有完成的任务会被取消执行。

3,利用Future的get()方法

package concurrent;import java.util.HashSet;import java.util.Set;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.Future;public class FutureTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        ExecutorService exc=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);        Set<Future<Integer>> set = new HashSet<Future<Integer>>();        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            callTest cl=new callTest();            Future<Integer> f=exc.submit(cl);            set.add(f);        }        int num=0;        for(Future<Integer> f:set){            try {                num+=f.get();            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                // TODO Auto-generated catch block                e.printStackTrace();            } catch (ExecutionException e) {                // TODO Auto-generated catch block                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");        System.out.println("The value num="+num);        exc.shutdown();    }}class callTest implements Callable<Integer>{    @Override    public Integer call() throws Exception {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");        Thread.sleep(1000);        return Integer.valueOf(1);    }}

输出结果如下:

Thread[pool-1-thread-1,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-3,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-2,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-4,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-5,5,main] is running!Thread[main,5,main] is running!The value num=5

Runnable是执行工作的独立任务,不返回任何结果。如果希望在任务完成之后,能够返回一个值,那么可以实现Callable接口而不是Runnable接口。在Java SE5中引入的Callable是一种具有类型参数的泛型,它的类型参数表示的是从方法call()中返回的值,并且必须使用ExecutorService.submit()方法调用它。
submit()方法会产生Future对象,它用Callable返回的结果的特定类型进行了参数化。你可以使用isDone()方法来查看Future是否已经完成。当任务完成时,就会返回结果,可以调用get()方法来获取返回的结果。当然,也可以不用isDone()方法进行检查就可以直接调用get(),在这种情况下,get()方法就会被阻塞,直至返回结果就绪。

4,利用ExecutorService的awaitTermination()方法

package concurrent;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class ESawaitTerminationTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        ExecutorService exc=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            Thread thread=new Thread(){                @Override                public void run() {                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");                    try {                        int temp=new Random().nextInt(5000);                        System.out.println("sleep duration: "+temp+"ms");                        sleep(temp);                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {                        // TODO Auto-generated catch block                        e.printStackTrace();                    }                }            };            exc.execute(thread);        }        exc.shutdown();        try {            while(!exc.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)){                System.out.println("Executors is not terminated!");            }            System.out.println("Executors is terminated!");        } catch (Exception e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }    }}

输出结果如下:

Thread[pool-1-thread-2,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-1,5,main] is running!Thread[pool-1-thread-3,5,main] is running!sleep duration: 80mssleep duration: 468mssleep duration: 1200msThread[pool-1-thread-5,5,main] is running!sleep duration: 195msThread[pool-1-thread-4,5,main] is running!sleep duration: 2209msExecutors is not terminated!Executors is not terminated!Executors is terminated!

上面的awaitTermination()方法也可以使用isTerminated()方法进行判断,同时在while()循环体内加一个Thread.sleep()方法,即每隔一段时间检查一遍线程池是否终止。这两个方法是同样的效果!

5,利用CountDownLatch

CountDownLatch类可以生成指定数目的锁,每把锁对应一个线程,每个线程执行完毕之后,就可以相应的减少一把锁。当锁的数目减为0之后,相当于所有的锁都已经”归还“,所有线程执行完毕。

package concurrent;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;public class CountDownLatchTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        CountDownLatch cl=new CountDownLatch(5);        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){            Thread t=new Thread(){                public void run() {                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");                    int temp=new Random().nextInt(5000);                    System.out.println("sleep duration: "+temp+"ms");                    try {                        sleep(temp);                        cl.countDown();                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {                        e.printStackTrace();                    }                };            };            t.start();        }        try {            cl.await();        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread()+" is running!");    }}

输出结果如下:

Thread[Thread-0,5,main] is running!Thread[Thread-3,5,main] is running!Thread[Thread-2,5,main] is running!Thread[Thread-1,5,main] is running!sleep duration: 1105mssleep duration: 1169mssleep duration: 4168mssleep duration: 642msThread[Thread-4,5,main] is running!sleep duration: 1949msThread[main,5,main] is running!

循环业务场景下的使用

很多时候,一些线程为了实现定时更新的功能,就会每隔一段时间,循环执行某个任务。

例如:

web开发中,主线程M,子线程A、B。M需要等待子线程A、B至少各自完成一次任务执行才能进行后面的任务执行。之后子线程A、B就每隔一段时间循环执行任务去更新数据。

那么这种场景下如何实现需求呢?

参见笔者之前的多线程系列中的一篇文章:

【Java】多线程系列(二)之CountDownLatch的使用

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