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        机器学习之梯度下降法数学推导--回归       
          
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            <span class="link_postdate">2017-06-06 00:38</span>
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<div style="clear:both"></div><div style="border:solid 1px #ccc; background:#eee; float:left; min-width:200px;padding:4px 10px;"><p style="text-align:right;margin:0;"><span style="float:left;">目录<a title="系统根据文章中H1到H6标签自动生成文章目录" href="#">(?)</a></span><a title="展开" onclick="javascript:return openct(this);" href="#">[+]</a></p><ol style="display:none;margin-left:14px;padding-left:14px;line-height:160%;"><li><a href="#t0">前言</a></li><li><a href="#t1">有监督回归算法</a></li><li><a href="#t2">最小二乘法</a></li><li><a href="#t3">参考</a></li><ol><li><a href="#t4">来源</a></li></ol></ol></div><div style="clear:both"></div><div class="article_content tracking-ad" id="article_content" data-mod="popu_307" data-dsm="post">
        <div class="markdown_views"><h4 id="前言"><a name="t0" target="_blank"></a>前言</h4>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;本来对数学没什么感觉的,但是停摆了一年复习考研,于是开始对数学有些感觉了,之前看到《<a title="机器学习知识库" class="replace_word" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;" href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/machinelearning" target="_blank">机器学习</a>实战》中第五章中梯度上升法,使用了一个它所谓的十分简单的推导,一直好奇怎么个简单法,于是重新学习机器学习的相关<a title="算法与数据结构知识库" class="replace_word" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;" href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/datastructure" target="_blank">算法</a>,这次将主推数学推导。</p>

<h4 id="有监督回归算法"><a name="t1" target="_blank"></a>有监督回归算法</h4>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在机器学习中,多元线性回归模型是经常使用的模型,比如在吴恩达《斯坦福机器学习》中的例子,我们需要根据已有的房价信息预测当前房子的房价,于是我们收集到一些房价数据。</p>
<p><img title="" alt="房价信息" src="http://img.blog.csdn.net/20170701112345372?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvd2xtbnpm/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast"></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;再将它们画在二维坐标上,它们就以离散的点分布在平面上,如下所示 <br>
<img title="" alt="房价分布情况" src="http://img.blog.csdn.net/20170701112520064?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvd2xtbnpm/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast"></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我们希望能根据这些已知的点来预测我们想知道的房子的房价,因此我们需要找到一条规律,也就是一条大致经过这些点的线性模型,在数学上我们通常称之为拟合,而这个拟合的过程,我们称之为回归。</p>
<p><img title="" alt="拟合结果" src="http://img.blog.csdn.net/20170701112938886?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvd2xtbnpm/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast"></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;假设我们建立的模型是一元一次的,将得到这样的拟合结果,于是我们可以x轴上的房屋面积,找到对应的房屋价格。</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有监督的学习算法,可以理解成我们训练模型的时候每一个输入都是有标准答案的,我们通过预测值跟标准答案的比对,不断修改模型的参数才能最终实现较好地的拟合结果。</p>

<h4 id="最小二乘法"><a name="t2" target="_blank"></a>最小二乘法</h4>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;最小二乘法是我们经常使用的拟合算法,它通过最小化误差的平方和寻找数据的最佳函数匹配。</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;以我们《机器学习实战》第五章作例子,我们假设的模型为z,于是函数即可设为 <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span></p><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 28.65em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 28.65em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.39em, 1000em, 5.1em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="min-width: 28.65em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 28.65em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 22.89em; height: 0px; margin-left: -11.44em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-1.6em, 1000em, 1.1em, -0.48em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.53em, 1000em, 5.1em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 22.89em; 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font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-47"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-54"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-65" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-71" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-73"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-74" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-76"><span style="width: 1.08em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-77" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-79" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-80" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-83" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-1.55em, 1000em, -0.23em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -3.36em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-1_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(1)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.11em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.24em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-1" type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{equation}
z=w0+w_1x_1+w2x2+w3x3+....+w_nx_n\\=w_0x_0+w_1x_1+w2x2+w3x3+....+w_nx_n (x0=1)  \tag{1}
\end{equation}
</script> <br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这种写法也可以表示为向量的写法: <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-85" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 22.56em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 22.56em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.18em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.17em, 1000em, 8.69em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-86"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-87" style="min-width: 22.56em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 22.56em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 16.8em; height: 0px; margin-left: -8.4em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-3.01em, 1000em, 2.51em, -0.44em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.18em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.17em, 1000em, 8.69em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 16.8em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -5.49em; margin-left: -8.4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.48em, 1000em, 8em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-91"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-92"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-93" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-94" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-95" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-96" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-97" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-98" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-99" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-101" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-102" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 7.65em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.37em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.32em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-103"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-104"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-105"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-107" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 2.14em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-108"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-109"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-110"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-112" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 4.28em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.77em, 1000em, 4.21em, -0.4em);"><span style="width: 1.17em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.67em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-113"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-114"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-115" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-116" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-117" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 6.45em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.59em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-118"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-119"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-120"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-121" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-122" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-123" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-124" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="padding-left: 0.16em; vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.17em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.16em, 1000em, 8.28em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.17em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.05em; margin-left: -0.51em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.32em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-127"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-128"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-129"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-130" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-131" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.65em; margin-left: -0.51em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-132"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-133"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-134"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-135" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-136" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-137"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-138"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-139" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-140" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-141" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.54em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-142"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-143"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-144"><span style="width: 1.08em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-145" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-146" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.81em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-147" style="vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.49em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.18em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.91em, 1000em, 0.41em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.72em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-2_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-89"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-90" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(2)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.18em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.63em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-2" type="math/tex; mode=display">
z=w^Tx=
\begin{bmatrix}
w_0&w_1&...&w_n
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
x_0\\
x_1\\
...\\
x_n\\ 
\end{bmatrix} \tag{2}
</script> <br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;同样的道理,我们也可以这样子表示 <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-148" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 22.34em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 22.34em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.18em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.17em, 1000em, 8.69em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-149"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-150" style="min-width: 22.34em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 22.34em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 16.58em; height: 0px; margin-left: -8.29em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-3.01em, 1000em, 2.51em, -0.44em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.18em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.17em, 1000em, 8.69em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 16.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -5.49em; margin-left: -8.29em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.48em, 1000em, 8em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-154"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-155"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-156" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-157" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-158" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-159" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-160" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-161" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-162" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-164" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-165" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 7.33em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.37em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.51em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.32em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-166"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-167"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-168"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-169" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-170" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 2.03em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.51em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-171"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-172"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-173"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-174" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-175" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 4.07em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.77em, 1000em, 4.21em, -0.4em);"><span style="width: 1.17em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.67em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-176"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-177"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-179" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-180" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 6.24em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.44em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.08em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.95em; margin-left: -0.54em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-181"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-182"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-183"><span style="width: 1.08em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-185" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-186" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-188" style="padding-left: 0.16em; vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-189" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.16em, 1000em, 8.28em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.05em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.32em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-190"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-191"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-192"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-193" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-194" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.65em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-195"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-196"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-197"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-198" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-199" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-200"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-201"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-202" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-203" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-204" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.59em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-205"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-206"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-207"><span style="width: 1.19em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-208" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-209" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.81em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-210" style="vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.49em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.18em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.91em, 1000em, 0.41em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.72em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-3_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-152"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-153" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(3)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.18em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.63em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-3" type="math/tex; mode=display">
z=x^Tw=
\begin{bmatrix}
x_0&x_1&...&x_n
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
w_0\\
w_1\\
...\\
w_n\\ 
\end{bmatrix} \tag{3}
</script><p></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;刚才我们也提到了,最小二乘法拟合的原理是最小化误差的平方和,我们将这个平方和称为损失函数,跟我们平时常用的方差类似,当这个损失函数越小,我们的模型就越能跟离散的点匹配起来: <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span></p><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-211" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 17.49em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 17.49em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.21em, 1000em, 5.28em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-212"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-213" style="min-width: 17.49em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 17.49em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 11.73em; height: 0px; margin-left: -5.86em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-1.78em, 1000em, 1.28em, -0.42em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.21em, 1000em, 5.28em, -0.42em);"><span style="width: 11.73em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.78em; margin-left: -5.86em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.99em, 1000em, 4.07em, -0.42em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-217"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-218"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-219" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">f<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-220" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-222" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-223" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-225" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-226" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-227" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.44em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -3.78em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.67em, 1000em, 4.39em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-228" style="font-family: MathJax_Size2; vertical-align: 0em;">∑</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.78em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.13em; top: -1.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.82em, 1000em, 2.72em, -0.46em);"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-229"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-230"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-231" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-232" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-233" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.4em; top: -3.23em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.5em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-234" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-235" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-236"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-237" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-238" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-239" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-240"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-241" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-242" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-243" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-244" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-245" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 0.81em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-246" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.84em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-247" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">j</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-248"><span style="width: 0.82em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-249" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.37em; top: -2.71em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-250" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.97em, 1000em, 0.34em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.78em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-4_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-215"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-216" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(4)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.58em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.47em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-4" type="math/tex; mode=display">
f(w)=\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^m(z_w( x_i) -y_j   )^2    \tag{4}
</script> <br>
其中的y表示我们给出的标准的特征<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-251" style="width: 3.55em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 2.82em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.22em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.14em, 1000em, 7.8em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-252"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-253"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-254" style="vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.26em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.79em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.32em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-255" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.97em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.24em, 1000em, 8.55em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.12em; margin-left: -0.46em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.41em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-256"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-257"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-258"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-259" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-260" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">0</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.66em; margin-left: -0.46em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.4em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-261"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-262"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-263"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-264" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-265" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.94em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-266"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-267"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-268" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-269" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-270" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.82em; margin-left: -0.59em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.4em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-271"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-272"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-273"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-274" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.84em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-275" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.97em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-276" style="vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.26em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.79em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.32em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.22em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.81em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3.09em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span><script id="MathJax-Element-5" type="math/tex"> 
\begin{bmatrix}
y_0\\
y_1\\
...\\
y_m\\
\end{bmatrix} 
</script><p></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;因为梯度上升算法是用来计算函数的最大值的,而梯度下降算法则是计算函数最小值的。而我们的损失函数自然是越小越好,我们需要求得一个系数来使得f(w)最小,可是使用梯度上升法是用于求最大值的,因此为了用上梯度上升算法,我们最终应该在f(w)前加上负号。假设: <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span></p><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-277" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 12em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 12em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.06em, 1000em, 4.43em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-278"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-279" style="min-width: 12em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 12em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 6.24em; height: 0px; margin-left: -3.12em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.93em, 1000em, 0.43em, -0.42em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.11em, 1000em, 4.43em, -0.42em);"><span style="width: 6.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.69em; margin-left: -3.12em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.42em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-283"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-284"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-285" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">J<span style="width: 0.07em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-286" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-287" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-288" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-289" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-290" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-291" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">f<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-292" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-293" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-294" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.88em, 1000em, 0.43em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.69em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-5_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-281"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-282" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(5)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.44em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.41em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-6" type="math/tex; mode=display">
J(w)=-f(w) \tag{5}
</script> <br>
接下来我们开始利用矩阵来推算我们的数学公式,因为原始的公式用来做迭代计算会很不方便,因此我们需要一个等价的公式来让我们的算法更加高效,就例如《机器学习实战》chapter5中的那样。假设我们的输入为X,我们有m组训练数据,每个数据有n个特征。则: <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-295" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 23.46em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 23.46em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.45em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.31em, 1000em, 9.09em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-296"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-297" style="min-width: 23.46em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 23.46em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 17.7em; height: 0px; margin-left: -8.85em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-3.14em, 1000em, 2.64em, -0.45em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.45em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.31em, 1000em, 9.09em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 17.7em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -5.6em; margin-left: -8.85em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.46em, 1000em, 8.24em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-301"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-302"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-303" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-304" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-305" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-306" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-307" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 9.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.16em, 1000em, 8.28em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.62em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.05em; margin-left: -0.67em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-308"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-309"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-310"><span style="width: 1.35em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-311" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-312"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-313"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-314" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">11</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.65em; margin-left: -0.67em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-335"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-336"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-337"><span style="width: 1.35em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-338" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-339"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-340"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-341" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">21</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-362"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-363"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-364" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-365" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-366" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-382"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-383"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-384"><span style="width: 1.62em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-385" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-386"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-387"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-388" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-389" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.81em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 2.62em; top: -5.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.16em, 1000em, 8.28em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.62em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.05em; margin-left: -0.67em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-315"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-316"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-317"><span style="width: 1.35em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-318" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-319"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-320"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-321" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">12</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.65em; margin-left: -0.67em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-342"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-343"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-344"><span style="width: 1.35em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-345" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-346"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-347"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-348" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">22</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-367"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-368"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-369" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-370" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-371" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-390"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-391"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-392"><span style="width: 1.62em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-393" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-394"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-395"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-396" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-397" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.81em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 5.24em; top: -5.33em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3em, 1000em, 7.64em, -0.4em);"><span style="width: 1.17em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.77em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-322"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-323"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-324" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-325" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-326" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.37em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-349"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-350"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-351" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-352" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-353" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-372"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-373"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-374" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-375" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-376" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -0.57em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-398"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-399"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-400" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-401" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-402" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.33em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 7.41em; top: -5.81em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.16em, 1000em, 8.28em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.72em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.05em; margin-left: -0.73em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-327"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-328"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-329"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-330" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-331"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-332"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-333" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-334" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.65em; margin-left: -0.73em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-354"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-355"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-356"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-357" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.3em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-358"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-359"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-360" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-361" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.97em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-377"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-378"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-379" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-380" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-381" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.86em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-403"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-404"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-405"><span style="width: 1.72em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-406" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.25em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-407"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-408"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-409" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-410" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.81em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-411" style="vertical-align: 2.85em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.55em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.65em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.09em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.54em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-412" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-413" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-414" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.98em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.81em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.72em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.23em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-415" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.26em, 1000em, 8.99em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.15em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.01em, 1000em, 4.46em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-416"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-417"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-418"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-419" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.74em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.76em, 1000em, 2.56em, -0.46em);"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-420"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-421"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-422" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.42em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-423" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.62em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.01em, 1000em, 4.46em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-424"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-425"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-426"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-427" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.74em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.76em, 1000em, 2.56em, -0.46em);"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-428"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-429"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-430" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.44em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-431" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.84em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-432"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-433"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-434" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-435" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-436" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.72em; margin-left: -0.65em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-437"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-438"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-439"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-440" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-441" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-442" style="vertical-align: 2.98em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.81em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.72em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.23em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.6em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.91em, 1000em, 0.41em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.72em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-6_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-299"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-300" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(6)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.95em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3.16em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-7" type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{equation}
X=
        \begin{bmatrix}
        x_{11}&x_{12}&...&x_{1n}\\
        x_{21}&x_{22}&...&x_{2n}\\
        ...&...&...&...\\
        x_{m1}&x_{m2}&...&x_{mn}\\
        \end{bmatrix}
        =
        \begin{bmatrix}
        x_1^{T}\\
        x_2 ^{T}\\
        ...\\
        x_m\\
        \end{bmatrix}\tag{6}
     \end{equation}
</script> <br>
于是通过(3)可以推出 <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-443" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 24.26em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 24.26em;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.5em; width: 100%; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.35em, 1000em, 9.15em, -0.48em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-444"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-445" style="min-width: 24.26em;"><span style="width: 100%; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative; min-width: 24.26em;"><span style="left: 50%; top: 0em; width: 18.5em; height: 0px; margin-left: -9.25em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-3.15em, 1000em, 2.65em, -0.45em);"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.35em, 1000em, 9.15em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 18.5em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -5.6em; margin-left: -9.25em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 8.25em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-449"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-450"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-451" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-452" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-453" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-454" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-455" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-456" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.45em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.3em, 1000em, 9.06em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.16em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.01em, 1000em, 4.46em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-457"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-458"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-459"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-460" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-461" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.42em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-462" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.63em; margin-left: -0.57em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.01em, 1000em, 4.46em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-463"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-464"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-465"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-466" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-467" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.44em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-468" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-469"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-470"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-471" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-472" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-473" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.7em; margin-left: -0.65em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.01em, 1000em, 4.31em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-474"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-475"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-476"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-477" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-478" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-479" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-480" style="vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-481" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-482" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-483" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-484" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-485" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 2.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.45em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.3em, 1000em, 9.06em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 2.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.72em; margin-left: -0.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 3.02em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-486"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-487"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-488"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-489" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-490" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.42em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-491" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-492" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.19em; margin-left: -0.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 3.02em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-493"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-494"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-495"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-496" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-497" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.44em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-498" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-499" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-500"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-501"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-502" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-503" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-504" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -0.26em; margin-left: -1.01em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-505"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-506"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-507"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-508" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-509" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-510" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-511" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-512" style="vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-513" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-514" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-515" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.25em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.78em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.31em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-516" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 3.09em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.29em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.25em, 1000em, 8.87em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 3.09em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.84em; margin-left: -1.41em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-517"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-518"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-519"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-520" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-521" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-522" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-523"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-524" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-525" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-526" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -1.41em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-527"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-528"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-529"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-530" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-531" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-532" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-533"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-534" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-535" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-536" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.94em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-537"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-538"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-539" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-540" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-541" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -0.54em; margin-left: -1.54em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-542"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-543"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-544"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-545" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-546" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-547" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-548"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-549" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-550" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-551" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.29em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-552" style="vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.25em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.78em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.31em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.6em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.91em, 1000em, 0.41em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.72em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-7_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-447"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-448" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(7)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.98em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3.18em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-8" type="math/tex; mode=display">
Xw=
\begin{bmatrix}
x_1^T\\
x_2^T\\
...\\
x_m^T\\
\end{bmatrix}
w=
\begin{bmatrix}
x_1^Tw\\
x_2^Tw\\
...\\
x_m^Tw\\
\end{bmatrix}=
\begin{bmatrix}
z_w(x_1)\\
z_w(x_2)\\
...\\
z_w(x_m)\\
\end{bmatrix} \tag{7}
</script> <br>
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height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -5.6em; margin-left: -10.98em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 8.25em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-559"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-560"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-561" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-562" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-563" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-564" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-565" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-566"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-567" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-568" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-569" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-570" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 2.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.45em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.3em, 1000em, 9.06em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 2.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.72em; margin-left: -0.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 3.02em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-571"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-572"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-573"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-574" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-575" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.42em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-576" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-577" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.19em; margin-left: -0.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 3.02em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-578"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-579"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-580"><span style="width: 1.14em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-581" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-582" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.44em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-583" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-584" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.85em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-585"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-586"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-587" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-588" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-589" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -0.26em; margin-left: -1.01em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.57em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-590"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-591"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-592"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-593" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.42em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.44em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-594" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-595" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-596" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.56em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-597" style="vertical-align: 2.99em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.83em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.2em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.21em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-598" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-599" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-600" style="padding-left: 0.22em; vertical-align: 2.91em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.68em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.26em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.8em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.33em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-601" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.97em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.25em, 1000em, 8.54em, -0.45em);"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -6.11em; margin-left: -0.46em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.4em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-602"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-603"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-604"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-605" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-606" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.67em; margin-left: -0.46em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.4em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-607"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-608"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-609"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-610" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-611" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.95em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-612"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-613"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-614" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-615" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-616" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.83em; margin-left: -0.59em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000em, 4.4em, -0.45em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-617"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-618"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-619"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-620" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.84em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-621" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.97em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-622" style="vertical-align: 2.91em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.68em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.26em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.8em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.33em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-623" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-624" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-625" style="padding-left: 0.27em; vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎡<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎣<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.25em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.78em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.31em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎢<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-626" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 5.49em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -6.29em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.25em, 1000em, 8.87em, -0.44em);"><span style="width: 5.49em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -4.84em; margin-left: -2.48em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-627"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-628"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-629"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-630" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-631" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-632" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-633"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-634" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-635" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-636" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-637" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-638" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-639" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-640" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -2.48em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-641"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-642"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-643"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-644" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-645" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-646" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-647"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-648" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -2.09em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-649" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-650" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-651" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-652" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-653" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -2em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-654" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -1.94em; margin-left: -0.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.44em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.4em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-655"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-656"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-657" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-658" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-659" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">.</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -0.54em; margin-left: -2.74em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.44em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-660"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-661"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-662"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-663" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-664" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-665" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-666"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-667" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-668" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-669" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-670" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-671" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.18em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-672" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.84em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-673" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">m</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.29em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-674" style="vertical-align: 2.92em;"><span style="width: 0.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.84em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎤<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 0.7em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎦<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.73em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.25em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.78em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.31em; font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute;">⎥<span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 5.6em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="top: 0em; width: 1.28em; height: 0px; right: 0em; margin-right: 0.8em; margin-left: 0.8em; display: inline-block; position: absolute; clip: rect(-0.91em, 1000em, 0.41em, -0.48em);"><span style="top: -2.72em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="mjx-eqn-8_1"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-557"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-558" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(8)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 6.98em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3.18em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-9" type="math/tex; mode=display">
Xw-\overrightarrow{y}=
\begin{bmatrix}
x_1^Tw\\
x_2^Tw\\
...\\
x_m^Tw\\
\end{bmatrix}-
\begin{bmatrix}
y_1\\
y_2\\
...\\
y_m\\
\end{bmatrix}=
\begin{bmatrix}
z_w(x_1)-y_1\\
z_w(x_2)-y_2\\
...\\
z_w(x_m)-y_m
\end{bmatrix} \tag{8}
</script> <br>
由矩阵内积可得 <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-675" style="width: 7.95em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 6.34em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -3.04em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.31em, 1000em, 4.39em, -0.45em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-676"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-677" style="font-family: MathJax_AMS;">∵</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-678" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.08em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-679" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.53em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-680" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-681" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-682" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-683" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.44em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -3.78em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.67em, 1000em, 4.39em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-684" style="font-family: MathJax_Size2; vertical-align: 0em;">∑</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.78em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -0.99em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.45em, 1000em, 2.34em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-685" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.5em; top: -3.23em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.5em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-686" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-687" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 0.97em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-688" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.53em; top: -2.58em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.6em, 1000em, 2.4em, -0.44em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-689" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.77em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.45em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-690" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.04em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.57em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.55em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-10" type="math/tex; mode=display">
\because z^Tz=\sum_i^nz_i^2
</script> <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-691" style="width: 30.88em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 24.69em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -3.04em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.31em, 1000em, 4.39em, -0.45em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-692"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-693" style="font-family: MathJax_AMS;">∴</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-694" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-695" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-696" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-697" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-698" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-699" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-700" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-701" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-702" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-703"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-704"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-705" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.37em; top: -2.55em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-706" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-707" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-708" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-709" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-710" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-711" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-712" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-713"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-714" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-715" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-716" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-717" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-718" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-719" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.44em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -3.78em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.67em, 1000em, 4.39em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-720" style="font-family: MathJax_Size2; vertical-align: 0em;">∑</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.78em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.13em; top: -1.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.82em, 1000em, 2.72em, -0.46em);"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-721"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-722"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-723" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-724" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-725" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.45em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.5em; top: -3.23em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.5em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.46em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-726" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">n</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-727" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-728"><span style="width: 1.03em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-729" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">z<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-730" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-731" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-732"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-733" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.58em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-734" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-735" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-736" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-737" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 0.81em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-738" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.47em; top: -1.84em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-739" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-740"><span style="width: 0.82em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-741" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.37em; top: -2.71em; position: absolute;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-742" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.24em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-743" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-744" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">f<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-745" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-746" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-747" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.04em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 3.58em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.56em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-11" type="math/tex; mode=display">
\therefore \frac{1}{2}(Xw-\overrightarrow{y})^T(Xw-\overrightarrow{y})= \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n(z_w(x_i)-y_i)^2=f(w)
</script> <br>
则梯度为 <br>
<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-748" style="width: 28.68em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 22.93em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.34em; position: absolute; clip: rect(-6.36em, 1000em, 10.55em, -0.32em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-749"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-750" style="padding-right: 0.16em; padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 22.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -16em; position: absolute; clip: rect(8.63em, 1000em, 23.95em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="top: -11.2em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-751"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-752"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: -8.76em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-787"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-788"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: -6.31em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-835"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-836"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: -3.87em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-885"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-886"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: -1.54em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-919"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-920"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: 0.69em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-948"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-949"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: 2.04em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-977"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-978"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="top: 3.79em; right: 0em; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.84em, 1000em, 4.16em, -0.48em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-979"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-980"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 16em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -17.6em; position: absolute; clip: rect(8.89em, 1000em, 25.8em, -0.43em);"><span style="width: 22.66em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -9.92em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.21em, 1000em, 3.56em, -0.43em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-753"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-754"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-755"><span style="width: 1.4em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-756" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-757" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-758" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">f<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-759" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-760" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-761" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-762" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-763" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.4em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-764" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-765" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-766" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-767" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-768" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-769" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-770" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-771" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-772" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-773" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-774" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-775"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-776"><span style="width: 0.92em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.81em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-777" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.37em; top: -2.55em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-778" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-779" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-780" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-781" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-782" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-783" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-784" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-785"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-786" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -7.48em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.1em, 1000em, 3.56em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-789"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-790"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-791" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-792"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-793" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-794" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-795" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.4em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-796" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-797" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-798" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-799"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-800" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-801" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-802"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-803" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-804" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-805" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-806" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-807" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-808" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-809" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-810" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-811"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-812" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-813" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-814"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-815" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-816"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-817" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-818" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-819"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-820" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-821"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-822" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-823" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-824" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-825" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-826" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-827"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-828" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-829"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-830" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-831"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-832" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-833"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-834" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -5.03em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.1em, 1000em, 3.56em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-837"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-838"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-839" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-840"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-841" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-842" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-843" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.4em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-844" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-845" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-846" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-847" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">r</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-848" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-849"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-850" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-851" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-852"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-853" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-854" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-855" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-856" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-857" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-858" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-859" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-860" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-861"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-862" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-863" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-864"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-865" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-866"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-867" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-868" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-869"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-870" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-871"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-872" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-873" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-874" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-875" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-876" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-877"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-878" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-879"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-880" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-881"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-882" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-883"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-884" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.59em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.1em, 1000em, 3.56em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-887"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-888"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-889" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-890"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-891" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-892" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-893" style="padding-left: 0.16em;"><span style="width: 1.4em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-894" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -1.93em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-895" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-896" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-897" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-898" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">r</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-899"><span style="width: 1.24em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.67em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-900" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.69em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-901" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-902"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-903" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-904" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; 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top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-912"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-913" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-914"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-915" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-916" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-917" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-918" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -0.26em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.21em, 1000em, 3.56em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-921"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-922"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-923" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-924"><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 50%; top: -3.39em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.39em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-925" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 50%; top: -2.03em; margin-left: -0.24em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.89em, 1000em, 2.88em, -0.43em);"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-926" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: -1.28em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.84em, 1000em, 1.22em, -0.48em);"><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.25px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0.6em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.06em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-927" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-928"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-929" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-930" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-931" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-932" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-933" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-934" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-935" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-936" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-937" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-938" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-939" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-940" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-941"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-942" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-943" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-944"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-945" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-946"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-947" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 1.97em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.3em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-950"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-951"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-952" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-953"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-954" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-955" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-956" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-957" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-958" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-959" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-960" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-961" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-962"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-963" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-964"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-965" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-966" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-967" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-968" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-969" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-970" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-971" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-972" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-973" style="padding-left: 0.22em;"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-974" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-975"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-976" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0em; top: 5.07em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.3em, 1000em, 3.13em, -0.2em);"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-981"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-982"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-983" style="padding-right: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=<span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">&gt;</span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-984" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">J<span style="width: 0.07em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-985" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-986" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-987" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-988" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-989" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-990" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">f<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-991" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-992" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-993" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-994" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-995" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-996" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-997" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-998" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-999"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1000" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1001"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1002" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1003" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1004" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1005" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 17.6em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.34em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 20.87em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -10.12em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script id="MathJax-Element-12" type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
&\nabla_wf(w)=\nabla_w\frac{1}{2}(Xw-\overrightarrow{y})^T(Xw-\overrightarrow{y})\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\nabla_w(w^TX^TXw-w^TX^T\overrightarrow{y}-\overrightarrow{y}^TXw+\overrightarrow{y}^T\overrightarrow{y})\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\nabla_wtr(w^TX^TXw-w^TX^T\overrightarrow{y}-\overrightarrow{y}^TXw+\overrightarrow{y}^T\overrightarrow{y}) \\
&=\frac{1}{2}\nabla_w(trw^TX^TXw-2tr\overrightarrow{y}^TXw) \\
&=\frac{1}{2}(X^TXw+X^TXw-2X^T\overrightarrow{y})\\
&=X^TXw-X^T\overrightarrow{y}=X^T(Xw-\overrightarrow{y})\\\\
&=>J(w)=-f(w)=X^T(\overrightarrow{y}-Xw)
\end{split}
\end{equation}
</script> <br>
说明: <br>
第二步:类似于括号展开 <br>
第三步:实数的迹等于它本身 <br>
第四步:因为<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1006" style="width: 3.28em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 2.61em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.34em; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.72em, 1000em, 2.71em, -0.39em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1007"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1008"><span style="width: 1.58em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -4em; position: absolute; clip: rect(2.58em, 1000em, 4.36em, -0.39em);"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-1009"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1010" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1011"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 1.02em; top: -3.06em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1012" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-1013"><span style="width: 1.02em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0.26em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.9em, 1000em, 2.87em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1014" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">y<span style="width: 0em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.02em; top: -3.36em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.94em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.42em);"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1015"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">→</span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.34em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.21em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.32em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span><script id="MathJax-Element-13" type="math/tex">\overrightarrow{y}^T\overrightarrow{y}</script>不含w,因此它对w求导为0.并且利用了公式<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1016" style="width: 6.21em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 4.96em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.89em, -0.46em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1017"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1018" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1019" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">r</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1020" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1021" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1022" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1023" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">r</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1024"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1025" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.52em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1026" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.29em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.08em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span><script id="MathJax-Element-14" type="math/tex">trA=trA^T</script>进行简化。 <br>
第五步:利用公式<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1027" style="width: 19.41em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 15.52em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 3.18em, -0.43em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1028"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1029"><span style="width: 1.83em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.87em, 1000em, 2.91em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1030" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">∇</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.85em; top: -3.69em; position: absolute;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1031"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1032"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1033"><span style="width: 0.9em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.08em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.41em, 1000em, 2.24em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1034" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.53em; top: -2.07em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1035" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 50%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.76em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 4em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1036" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1037" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">r</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1038" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1039" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1040"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1041" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.52em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1042" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1043" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="width: 0.04em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1044" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1045" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1046" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1047" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1048"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1049" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.52em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1050" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1051"><span style="width: 1.36em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.64em, 1000em, 2.68em, -0.43em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1052" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="width: 0.04em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.81em; top: -2.51em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1053" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1054" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1055" style="padding-left: 0.22em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1056"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1057" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.52em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1058" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1059" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="width: 0.04em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.67em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.45em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span><script id="MathJax-Element-15" type="math/tex">\nabla_{A^T}trABA^TC=B^TA^TC^T+BA^TC</script>,令<span class="MathJax_Preview"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-16-Frame" role="textbox" aria-readonly="true"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1060" style="width: 17.21em; display: inline-block;"><span style="width: 13.76em; height: 0px; font-size: 125%; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.72em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 3.07em, -0.44em);"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1061"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1062"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.63em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1063" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.52em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1064" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1065" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1066" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">w</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1067" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1068" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1069" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1070" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.3em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.44em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1071" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.74em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1072" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1073" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1074" style="padding-left: 0.27em;"><span style="width: 1.46em; height: 0px; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span style="left: 0em; top: -2.5em; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.66em, 1000em, 2.66em, -0.45em);"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1075" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.5em; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.91em; top: -2.49em; position: absolute;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1076" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 70.7%; font-style: italic;">T<span style="width: 0.08em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.08em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1077" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">X<span style="width: 0.02em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1078" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1079" style="padding-left: 0.16em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="width: 0.04em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1080" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Main;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1081" style="padding-left: 0.27em; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">I<span style="width: 0.06em; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 2.72em; display: inline-block;"></span></span></span><span style="width: 0px; height: 1.52em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.3em; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-width: 0em; border-left-style: solid; display: inline-block;"></span></span></nobr></span><script id="MathJax-Element-16" type="math/tex">A^T=w,B=B^T=X^TX,C=I</script>,利用公式转化即可得到。<p></p>
<p>最后再回到《机器学习实战》中,P78,代码清单5-1②的部分。 <br>
dataMatrix=X; <br>
weights=w; <br>
labelMat=y; <br>
把等号右边的用左边的变量代入,不过很遗憾,还是有些区别的,在《机器学习实战》一书中,还有sigmoid这一函数,查阅了一些资料,发现其实还是有些区别的,将于下一篇博文中阐明。</p>

<h4 id="参考"><a name="t3" target="_blank"></a>参考</h4>
<blockquote>
  <p>吴恩达《机器学习》notes1 <br>
  周志华《机器学习》chapter3 线性模型</p>
</blockquote>

<h5 id="来源"><a name="t4" target="_blank"></a>来源</h5>
<blockquote>
  <p><a href="http://csuncle.com/2017/06/13/%E3%80%8A%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E3%80%8B-chapter5%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%87%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95-%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC/" target="_blank">http://csuncle.com/2017/06/13/《机器学习实战》-chapter5梯度上升算法-数学推导/</a></p>
</blockquote></div>
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