磁盘管理

1.名词解释
mbr:主引导记录（MBR，Main Boot Record）是位于磁盘最前边的一段引导，它负责磁盘操作系统(DOS)对磁盘进行读写时分区合法性的判别、分区引导信息的定位，它由磁盘操作系统(DOS)在对硬盘进行初始化时产生的。

mpt:主分区表(Master Partition Table),MBR(Master Boot Record) 的一部分，用于存放主分区信息。

主分区：主分区，也称为主磁盘分区，和扩展分区、逻辑分区一样，是一种分区类型，主分区中不能再划分其他类型的分区，因此每个主分区都相当于一个逻辑磁盘（在这一点上主分区和逻辑分区很相似，但主分区是直接在硬盘上划分的

逻辑分区:逻辑分区是硬盘上一块连续的区域，不同之处在于，每个主分区只能分成一个驱动器，每个主分区都有各自独立的引导块，可以用fdisk设定为启动区。

2.磁盘查看命令
fdisk -l ##系统中的所有磁盘设备

df -Th ##系统正在挂载的磁盘设备

blkid ##系统可以挂载的磁盘设备

3.分区划分
fdisk /dev/vdb
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): m ##获得帮助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除分区
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types ##列出系统可用分区类型
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id ##修改分区功能id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存更改到分区表中
x extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n ##新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) ##分区类型为主分区
e extended ##分区类型为扩展分区
Select (default p): p ##默认主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 ##主分区id
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##此分区的起始位置
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +200M ##分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 200 MiB is set

Command (m for help): wq ##保存并退出，只输入q则表示放弃更改退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]#


partprobe ##同步分区表
cat /proc/partitions ##查看系统识别的分区信息

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ##格式化

blkid ##查询系统中可挂载的设备

mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt ##临时挂载

vim /etc/fstab ##永久挂载

编写格式：
device mountpoint ftype defaults(mountpoint) 0 0
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0

mount -a ##使/etc/fastab中记录的挂载生效

4.删除分区
先使用umount命令解除挂载

注：当挂载点被使用时，无法解除挂载，需要用fuser -kvm结束使用的进程，然后进行解除挂载



解除挂载之后，使用fdisk /dev/vdb 命令 删除分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d ##删除分区

5.gpt


5.设定分区方式,将msdocs 改为 gpt
改变分区表记录方式
root@foundation123 Desktop]# parted /dev/vdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/vdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help’ to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? msdos
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on this
disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

分区记录方式变为gpt

6.添加swap分区
fdisk /dev/vdb ##添加一个分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 2):
First sector (34-20971486, default 2099200):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-20971486, default 20971486): +1G
Created partition 2
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
tart End Size Type Name
1 2048 2099199 1G Linux filesyste
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Partition type (type L to list all types): l
1 EFI System C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
2 MBR partition scheme 024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F
3 BIOS boot partition 21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649
4 Microsoft reserved E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
5 Microsoft basic data EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
6 Microsoft LDM metadata 5808C8AA-7E8F-42E0-85D2-E1E90434CFB3
7 Microsoft LDM data AF9B60A0-1431-4F62-BC68-3311714A69AD
8 Windows recovery evironmnet DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC
9 IBM General Parallel Fs 37AFFC90-EF7D-4E96-91C3-2D7AE055B174
10 HP-UX data partition 75894C1E-3AEB-11D3-B7C1-7B03A0000000
11 HP-UX service partition E2A1E728-32E3-11D6-A682-7B03A0000000
12 Linux filesystem 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
13 Linux RAID A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E
14 Linux swap 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
15 Linux LVM E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928
16 Linux reserved 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908
17 FreeBSD data 516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
18 FreeBSD boot 83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F
19 FreeBSD swap 516E7CB5-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
20 FreeBSD UFS 516E7CB6-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
21 FreeBSD ZFS 516E7CBA-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
22 FreeBSD Vinum 516E7CB8-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
23 Apple HFS/HFS+ 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
24 Apple UFS 55465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
25 Apple RAID 52414944-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
26 Apple RAID offline 52414944-5F4F-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
27 Apple boot 426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
28 Apple label 4C616265-6C00-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
29 Apple TV recovery 5265636F-7665-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
30 Apple Core storage 53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
31 Solaris boot 6A82CB45-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
32 Solaris root 6A85CF4D-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
33 Solaris /usr & Apple ZFS 6A898CC3-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
34 Solaris swap 6A87C46F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
35 Solaris backup 6A8B642B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
36 Solaris /var 6A8EF2E9-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
37 Solaris /home 6A90BA39-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
38 Solaris alternate sector 6A9283A5-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
39 Solaris reserved 1 6A945A3B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
40 Solaris reserved 2 6A9630D1-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
41 Solaris reserved 3 6A980767-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
42 Solaris reserved 4 6A96237F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
43 Solaris reserved 5 6A8D2AC7-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
44 NetBSD swap 49F48D32-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
45 NetBSD FFS 49F48D5A-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
46 NetBSD LFS 49F48D82-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
47 NetBSD concatenated 2DB519C4-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
48 NetBSD encrypted 2DB519EC-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
49 NetBSD RAID 49F48DAA-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
50 ChromeOS kernel FE3A2A5D-4F32-41A7-B725-ACCC3285A309
51 ChromeOS root fs 3CB8E202-3B7E-47DD-8A3C-7FF2A13CFCEC
52 ChromeOS reserved 2E0A753D-9E48-43B0-8337-B15192CB1B5E
53 MidnightBSD data 85D5E45A-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
54 MidnightBSD boot 85D5E45E-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
55 MidnightBSD swap 85D5E45B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
56 MidnightBSD UFS 0394Ef8B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
57 MidnightBSD ZFS 85D5E45D-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
58 MidnightBSD Vinum 85D5E45C-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
Partition type (type L to list all types): 14
Changed type of partition ‘Linux filesystem’ to ‘Linux swap’
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
Start End Size Type Name
1 2048 2099199 1G Linux swap
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.


[root@localhost ~]# partprobe ##同步分区表

[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2 ##格式化成swap类型
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4194300 KiB
no label, UUID=b933737a-1409-48b5-8f92-d663d388134b

[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2 ##激活swap
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s ##列出被激活的swap列表
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb2 partition 4194300 0 -1

7.修改swap分区标识
修改之前需要先将被激活的swap分区关闭
swapoff /dev/vdb2

修改
[root@foundation123 Desktop]# parted /dev/vdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/vdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help’ to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? msdos
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on this
disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

fdisk 中修改swap 标识
gpt 14
dos 82



8.vim /etc/fstab ##开机自动激活
类型：
/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0

9.用文件来添加swap
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1000 ##创建一个1G大小的文件

mkswap /swapfile ##格式化为swap类型

swapon -a /swapfile ##临时添加到swap里
-p + 数字 ##更改优先级

vim /etc/fstab ##永久添加swap分区
类型：
/swapfile swap swap defaults,pri=2 0 0 #pri优先级



10.删除swap
vim /etc/fstab ##删除此文件中添加的swap行

swapoff /swapfile ##关闭激活的swap文件链接
swapoff /dev/vdb1 ##关闭激活的swap磁盘链接
rm -rf /swapfile ##删除文件

fdisk /dev/vdb ##删除磁盘分区

partprobe ##同步分区表