python更多语法

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来源:CSDN博客

作者:奔跑的QQEE

python 版本:2.7.13

(本文有删改)

python更多语法

一、if 语句

python支持 if 语句。例:

>>> x = int(raw_input("Please enter an integer: "))Please enter an integer: 42>>> if x < 0:...     x = 0...     print 'Negative changed to zero'... elif x == 0:...     print 'Zero'... elif x == 1:...     print 'Single'... else:...     print 'More'...More

elif 语句可以是零个、一个或多个;也可没有else 部分。elif 是 else if 的缩写。另外,条件后面的语句要注意使用缩进。否则会出现缩进错误。

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二、for 语句

python 中的for 语句与 C 和 Pascal 的风格不一样。例:

>>> # 声明字符串数组:... words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']>>> for w in words:...     print w, len(w)...cat 3window 6defenestrate 12>>> for w in words[:]:...     if len(w) > 6:...         words.insert(0, w)...>>> words['defenestrate', 'cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']

三、range() 函数

range() 函数用于产生一定范围的数。例:

>>> range(10)   # 一个参数,0-10的数,公差是1.[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]>>> range(5, 10)    # 两个参数,5-10的数,公差是1.[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]>>> range(0, 10, 3) # 三个参数,0-10的数,公差是3.[0, 3, 6, 9]>>> range(-10, -100, -30)   #三个参数,-10 ~ -100,公差是-30.[-10, -40, -70]
>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']>>> for i in range(len(a)):...     print i, a[i]...0 Mary1 had2 a3 little4 lamb

四、break、continue语句

二者都用于跳出循环。break 在某次跳出循环后便不再继续后面的循环;continue在某次跳出循环后仍继续后面的循环。例:

>>> for n in range(2, 10):...     for x in range(2, n):...         if n % x == 0:...             print n, 'equals', x, '*', n/x...             break...     else:...         print n, 'is a prime number'...2 is a prime number3 is a prime number4 equals 2 * 25 is a prime number6 equals 2 * 37 is a prime number8 equals 2 * 49 equals 3 * 3
>>> for num in range(2, 10):...     if num % 2 == 0:...         print "Found an even number", num...         continue...     print "Found a number", numFound an even number 2Found a number 3Found an even number 4Found a number 5Found an even number 6Found a number 7Found an even number 8Found a number 9

五、pass语句

pass 语句表示什么都不做。相当于空。例:

>>> while True: # 空循环...     pass  ...
>>> class MyEmptyClass: # 空类...     pass...
>>> def initlog(*args): # 空方法...     pass   ...

六、声明(定义)函数(方法)

如此定义使用函数:

# 例一>>> def fib(n): # 定义 fib 函数,此函数有一个参数 n.def 是 define的缩写。...     a, b = 0, 1 # 函数体必须缩进,不然会出现缩进错误。...     while a < n:...         print a,...         a, b = b, a+b...>>> # 调用函数 fib(n)... fib(2000)0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597
#例二>>> def fib2(n):...     result = []...     a, b = 0, 1...     while a < n:...         result.append(a)    ...         a, b = b, a+b...     return result   # 返回 result 的值...>>> f100 = fib2(100)    >>> f100                # 输出结果[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
#例三def ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, complaint='Yes or no, please!'):                    # 参数有默认值    while True:        ok = raw_input(prompt)        if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'): # in 检测 ok 是否是()中备选值之一。            return True        if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop', 'nope'):            return False        retries = retries - 1        if retries < 0:            raise IOError('refusenik user')        print complaint

可以这样调用例三中的方法:

  • ask_ok(‘Do you reallywant to quit?’)
  • ask_ok(‘OK to overwritethe file?’, 2)
  • ask_ok(‘OK to overwrite thefile?’, 2, ‘Come on, only yes or no!’)

再看几个例子:

>>>i = 5>>>def f(arg=i):...    print arg>>>i = 6>>>f()5   # 结果是 5 而不是 6.
>>>def f(a, L=[]):...    L.append(a)  # 每次调用此方法都会在 L 中追加 a...    return L>>>print f(1)>>>print f(2)>>>print f(3)[1][1, 2][1, 2, 3]
>>>def f(a, L=None):...    if L is None:...        L = []   # 每次调用此方法都会清空 L...    L.append(a)...    return L>>>print f(1)>>>print f(2)>>>print f(3)[1][2][3]

七、关键参数

可以通过设定关键参数的方法调用函数。例:

def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):    print "-- This parrot wouldn't", action,    print "if you put", voltage, "volts through it."    print "-- Lovely plumage, the", type    print "-- It's", state, "!"

此函数含有一个必要参数(voltage)和三个可选参数(state,action,type)。

可以这样调用此函数:

parrot(1000)                                         parrot(voltage=1000)                                  parrot(voltage=1000000, action='VOOOOOM')             parrot(action='VOOOOOM', voltage=1000000)             parrot('a million', 'bereft of life', 'jump')         parrot('a thousand', state='pushing up the daisies')  

但不可以这样调用:

parrot()                    parrot(voltage=5.0, 'dead')  parrot(110, voltage=220)     parrot(actor='John Cleese')  

再看一个错误的调用:

>>> def function(a):...     pass...>>> function(0, a=0)    # 给 a 赋了多个值,当然会出错。Traceback (most recent call last):  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>TypeError: function() got multiple values for keyword argument 'a'   

再看一个例子:

>>>def cheeseshop(kind, *arguments, **keywords):...    print "-- Do you have any", kind, "?"...    print "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of", kind...    for arg in arguments:...        print arg...    print "-" * 40...    keys = sorted(keywords.keys())...    for kw in keys:...        print kw, ":", keywords[kw]>>>cheeseshop("Limburger", "It's very runny, sir.", # 调用           "It's really very, VERY runny, sir.",           shopkeeper='Michael Palin',           client="John Cleese",           sketch="Cheese Shop Sketch")    -- Do you have any Limburger ?  # 结果-- I'm sorry, we're all out of LimburgerIt's very runny, sir.It's really very, VERY runny, sir.----------------------------------------client : John Cleeseshopkeeper : Michael Palinsketch : Cheese Shop Sketch

调用时传递了 6 个参数。其中Limburger是 参数kind的值; shopkeeper ,client,sketch 都未在cheeseshop 函数中定义。所以这三个参数将被存在 **keywords 中。其余两个字符串将被存在 *arguments 中。

八、解析列表或元组中的参数。

假如某个函数需要传多个参数。可以将需要传递的各个参数定义在一个列表中。而后使用 * 得到各个参数。例:

>>> range(3, 6)             # 此方法需要两个参数[3, 4, 5]>>> args = [3, 6]>>> range(*args)            # 用 * 取得列表中的各个元素值[3, 4, 5]

也可以将参数定义在元组中。而后使用 ** 得到各个参数。例:

>>> def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom'):...     print "-- This parrot wouldn't", action,...     print "if you put", voltage, "volts through it.",...     print "E's", state, "!"...>>> d = {"voltage": "four million", "state": "bleedin' demised", "action": "VOOM"}>>> parrot(**d)-- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised !

九、Lambda 表达式

用关键字 lambda 指定一个匿名函数。例:

>>> def make_incrementor(n):...     return lambda x: x + n...>>> f = make_incrementor(42)>>> f(0)42>>> f(1)43

make_incrementor 函数返回的结果是个匿名函数。该函数需要一个参数 x 。因此可以用 f(0) 的形式继续计算。

另一种用法是将函数当参数传递。例:

>>> pairs = [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'four')]>>> pairs.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1])>>> pairs[(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')]

十、大文本字符串

如此用:

>>> def my_function():...     """Do nothing, but document it.......     No, really, it doesn't do anything....     """...     pass...>>> print my_function.__doc__Do nothing, but document it.    No, really, it doesn't do anything.

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