Python操作MySQL

本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式：

• 原生模块 pymsql
• ORM框架 SQLAchemy

pymsql

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。

下载安装

pip3 install pymysql

使用操作

1、执行SQL

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql  # 创建连接conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')# 创建游标cursor = conn.cursor()  # 执行SQL，并返回收影响行数effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'")  # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))  # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])    # 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据conn.commit()  # 关闭游标cursor.close()# 关闭连接conn.close()

2、获取新创建数据自增ID

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql  conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')cursor = conn.cursor()cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])conn.commit()cursor.close()conn.close()  # 获取最新自增IDnew_id = cursor.lastrowid

3、获取查询数据

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql  conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')cursor = conn.cursor()cursor.execute("select * from hosts")  # 获取第一行数据row_1 = cursor.fetchone()  # 获取前n行数据# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)# 获取所有数据# row_3 = cursor.fetchall()  conn.commit()cursor.close()conn.close()

注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：

• cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative')  # 相对当前位置移动
• cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动

4、fetch数据类型

　　关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型，如果想要或者字典类型的数据，即：

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import pymysql  conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')  # 游标设置为字典类型cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)r = cursor.execute("call p1()")  result = cursor.fetchone()  conn.commit()cursor.close()conn.close()

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

安装：

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>   pymysql    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]   MySQL-Connector    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>   cx_Oracle    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]   更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

一、内部处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from sqlalchemy import create_engine    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)  # 执行SQL# cur = engine.execute(#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"# )  # 新插入行自增ID# cur.lastrowid  # 执行SQL# cur = engine.execute(#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]# )    # 执行SQL# cur = engine.execute(#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",#     host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3# )  # 执行SQL# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')# 获取第一行数据# cur.fetchone()# 获取第n行数据# cur.fetchmany(3)# 获取所有数据# cur.fetchall()

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

1、创建表

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表class Users(Base):    __tablename__ = 'users'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(32))    extra = Column(String(16))     __table_args__ = (    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),    )  # 一对多class Favor(Base):    __tablename__ = 'favor'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)  class Person(Base):    __tablename__ = 'person'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))  # 多对多class Group(Base):    __tablename__ = 'group'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)    port = Column(Integer, default=22)  class Server(Base):    __tablename__ = 'server'     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)  class ServerToGroup(Base):    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))  def init_db():    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)  def drop_db():    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

2、操作表

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)Base = declarative_base()# 创建单表class Users(Base):    __tablename__ = 'users'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(32))    extra = Column(String(16))    __table_args__ = (    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),    )    def __repr__(self):        return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)# 一对多class Favor(Base):    __tablename__ = 'favor'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)    def __repr__(self):        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)class Person(Base):    __tablename__ = 'person'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便    favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')# 多对多class ServerToGroup(Base):    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))    group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')    server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')class Group(Base):    __tablename__ = 'group'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)    port = Column(Integer, default=22)    # group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')class Server(Base):    __tablename__ = 'server'    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)def init_db():    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)session = Session()表结构 + 数据库连接

• 增

obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')session.add(obj)session.add_all([    Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),    Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),])session.commit()

• 删

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()session.commit()

• 改

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")session.commit()

• 查

ret = session.query(Users).all()ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all()ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()

• 其他

#　条件ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(    or_(        Users.id < 2,        and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),        Users.extra != ""    )).all()# 通配符ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()# 限制ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]# 排序ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()# 分组from sqlalchemy.sql import funcret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()ret = session.query(    func.max(Users.id),    func.sum(Users.id),    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()ret = session.query(    func.max(Users.id),    func.sum(Users.id),    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()# 连表ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()# 组合q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)ret = q1.union(q2).all()q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

更多功能参见文档，猛击这里下载PDF