[py]pyweb框架本质-tornado框架初探
来源：互联网 发布：super kamagra 淘宝 编辑：程序博客网 时间：2024/06/06 13:10
py实现服务器
先看下web框架本质
- web框架=wsgi+业务逻辑处理
- 有些web框架自带 wsgi+业务逻辑处理
- 有些框架只有 业务逻辑处理,跑起来需要借助第三方符合wsgi规范的webserver
写一个简单的webserver
py中wsgiref模块实现了wsgi.但在py2.x好使.py3.x不好用.
代码逻辑
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef RunServer(environ, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) url = environ["PATH_INFO"] if url=="/new": msg = "new" elif url=="/bbs": msg="bbs" else: msg="404" return msgif __name__ == '__main__': httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer) print("Serving HTTP on port 8003...") httpd.serve_forever()效果
进一步优化,目的:不修改Runserver逻辑.
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef new(): return "new"def bbs(): return "bbs"urls = { "/new": new, "/bbs": bbs,}def RunServer(environ, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) url = environ["PATH_INFO"] if url in urls.keys(): func_name = urls[url] ret = func_name() else: ret = "404" return retif __name__ == '__main__': httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer) print("Serving HTTP on port 8003...") httpd.serve_forever()列表试验:
- for i in alis.key()
- for i in alis.value()
- for i in []: 判断是否在列表中
实现类似框架思想
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8def show(): return "show info"def new(): return "new info"urls = { "/new": new, "/bbs": show,}def Runserver(url): if url in urls.keys(): fun_name = urls[url] return fun_name() else: return "404"print Runserver("/new")毛台框架实现–实现mvc拆分
└─maotai │ 01new.html │ controller.py │ controller.pyc │ start.py │ urls.py │ urls.pyc │ views.py │ __init__.py │ └─viewscontroller.py逻辑处理
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type controller.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8def new(): # return "new" f=open("./01new.html",'r') data = f.read() f.close() return datadef bbs(): return "bbs"urls.py url路由器
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type urls.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import controllerurls={ "/new":controller.new, "/bbs":controller.bbs,}start.py wsgi服务器
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\maotai>type start.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverfrom urls import urlsdef RunServer(environ, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) url = environ["PATH_INFO"] if url in urls.keys(): msg=urls[url]() else: msg="404" return "<h1>"+msg+"</h1>"if __name__ == '__main__': httpd = make_server('', 8003, RunServer) print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...") httpd.serve_forever()小结:
- wsgi接待请求start.py–>根据请求url分发到路由系统urls.py–>路由分发到各个业务逻辑层controller.py
实现template阶段一: 动态获取数据-显示时间
controller.py 业务逻辑层
import osimport time...def bbs(): f=open(os.path.join("views","bbs.html"),'r') ## 这里是路径的jion data = f.read() f.close() data=data.replace("{{item}}", str(time.time())) return databbs.html 模板
bbs.html<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><h1>now: {{item}}</h1><div class="box">this is bbs</div></body></html>实现template阶段二:配合jinj2
pip install jinja2/root/.pip/pip.conf[global]index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/[install]trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.comcontorller.py逻辑处理
# contorller.pydef bbs(): f = open(os.path.join("views", "bbs.html"), 'r') data = f.read() f.close() tmp=Template(data) data=tmp.render(name="maotai",user_list=['aaron','bob','cristin','danny']) return data.encode("utf-8")bbs.html template模板
在模板中实现了数据的逻辑处理
bbs.html<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><h1>name: {{ name }}</h1><ul> {% for user in user_list %} <li>{{ user }}</li> {% endfor %}</ul></body></html>tornado
参考:
武老师tornado快速入门
tornado返回字符串
这里我用py3
self.write
pyweb.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.web# controller 业务逻辑处理class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.write("Hello, world")# urls 路由系统 路由映射application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),])# wsgi 服务器if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()tornado返回html
controller.py
self.render
pyweb.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render("bbs.html")application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),])if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()template模板 bbs.html
# bbs.html<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><div class="box"></div></ul></body></html>tornano使用setting设置绝对路径
- 实现template路径的配置
├── template│ └── bb.html└── tornado_demo.py业务模块tornado_demo.py
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\d2\tornado>type tornado_demo.py#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html") def post(self): self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块settings = { "template_path":"template", #模板路径配置}# 路由模块application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),], ** settings)## wsgi模块if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()template模块 template/bb.html
C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\py\d2\tornado>type template/bb.html# template/bbs.html<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><div class="box"></div></ul></body></html>tornado静态路径配置
- 存放css js等. 该框架需要对这些文件做路径配置,不然html找不到js等.
新建static,将common.css存放在其下
├── static│ └── common.css├── template│ └── bb.html└── tornado_demo.py配置选项
settings = { "template_path":"template", "static_path":"static",}template搜索js/css文件
前端会渲染成这样的路径static/common.css
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="static/common.css"> //这里就可以找到了 <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><div class="box"></div></ul></body></html>静态文件设置前缀和静态文件缓存
settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': 'sss', ## 像是static_path的一个别名}前端会渲染成这样的路径sss/common.css
<link rel="stylesheet" href="sss/common.css">前端修改真正意义的静态文件路径
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />前端渲染效果:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/sss/common.css?v=a147e9674a95a28fc274cb8e1f4c94c2">后面的v=xx做缓存用.当css发生变动时,这里才重新请求css文件.
一份完整的code
tonordo_demo.py
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html") def post(self): self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/sss/',}# 路由模块application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),], ** settings)## wsgi模块if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()static/common.css
body{ background-color: #aaa;}template/bbs.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url("common.css")}}"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="/sss/static/common.css">--> <style> .box{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body><div class="box"></div></body></html>传数据到template–表单提交
实现简单效果:
逻辑如下图: 
tornado逻辑处理模块
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html") def post(self,*args,**kwargs): print "post" self.write("hello post")template表单
<body> <form method="post" action="/index"> <input type="text"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form></body>完整的code
tornado模块
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.web# 业务逻辑处理模块class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html") def post(self,*args,**kwargs): print("post") self.write("hello post")# 配置选项模块settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/sss/',}# 路由模块application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),], ** settings)## wsgi模块if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()template/bbs.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>bbs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url("common.css")}}"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="/sss/static/common.css">--> <style> .box { width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; } </style></head><body> <form method="post" action="/index"> <input type="text" name="name"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form></body></html>传数据到template–展示数据-静态数组
将静态数据传到template展示
def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html",names=[1,2,3,4,5]) def post(self,*args,**kwargs): name = self.get_argument("name") INPUT_LIST.append(name) self.write("hello post")template循环遍历数组
<h1>添加数据</h1><form method="post" action="/index"> <input type="text" name="name"> <input type="submit" value="提交"></form><h1>展示数据</h1> {% for name in names %} <li>{{ name }}</li> {% end %}</ul>传数据到template–展示数据-展示前台添加的数据
INPUT_LIST=[]class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST) def post(self,*args,**kwargs): name = self.get_argument("name") INPUT_LIST.append(name) self.render("bbs.html", names=INPUT_LIST)<h1>添加数据</h1><form method="post" action="/index"> <input type="text" name="name"> <input type="submit" value="提交"></form><h1>展示数据</h1> {% for name in names %} <li>{{ name }}</li> {% end %}</ul>传数据到template 通过get提交数据&展示数据
<body><h1>添加数据</h1><form method="get" action="/index"> <input type="text" name="username"> <input type="text" name="password"> <input type="submit" value="提交"></form><h1>展示数据</h1> {% for name in names %} <li>{{ name }}</li> {% end %}</ul></body>完整的code:
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8import tornado.ioloopimport tornado.webINPUT_LIST=[]class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): name = self.get_argument("name") INPUT_LIST.append(name) # self.write("Hello, world") self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)# 配置选项模块settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/sss/',}# 路由模块application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler),], ** settings)## wsgi模块if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()<body><h1>添加数据</h1><form method="get" action="/index"> <input type="text" name="name"> <input type="submit" value="提交"></form><h1>展示数据</h1> {% for name in names %} <li>{{ name }}</li> {% end %}通过浏览器提交数据
# 通过浏览器提交数据http://127.0.0.1:8888/index?username=123&password=123456通过以下代码,可以打印出提交的数据
INPUT_LIST=[]class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") print self.get_argument("username") print self.get_argument("password") self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)通过get方法实现数据的提交和展示
INPUT_LIST=[]class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") username= self.get_argument("username") password= self.get_argument("password") INPUT_LIST.append(username) INPUT_LIST.append(password) self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST) # self.render("bbs.html")一个小的注意事项:
如果不加参数?username=123&password=456直接访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
会报错:
WARNING:tornado.general:400 GET /index (127.0.0.1): Missing argument usernameWARNING:tornado.access:400 GET /index (127.0.0.1) 1.00ms def get(self): username= self.get_argument("username",None) password= self.get_argument("password",None) if username and password: # 如果不为空才添加 INPUT_LIST.append(username) INPUT_LIST.append(password) self.render("bbs.html",names=INPUT_LIST)向前端传值
def get(self): # self.write("Hello, world") username= self.get_argument("username",None) password= self.get_argument("password",None) if username and password: INPUT_LIST.append(username) INPUT_LIST.append(password) self.render("bbs.html",npm="NPM",names=INPUT_LIST)<h1>{{ npm }}</h1>模板判断语句
<h1>展示数据</h1> {% for name in names %} {% if name == "maotai" %} <li style="color:yellow">{{ name }}</li> {% else %} <li>{{ name }}</li> {% end %} {% end %}</ul>模板函数uimethod
添加uimethod.py
def func(self,arg): return arg.lower()设置主程序关联函数
import uimethod as mtsettings = { "template_path":"template", "static_path":"static", "ui_methods": mt,}模板里调用
<h1>{{func(npm)}}</h1>模板函数uimodule
新建uimodule.py
from tornado.web import UIModulefrom tornado import escapeclass custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return "12345"import uimodule as mdsettings = { "template_path":"template", "static_path":"static", "ui_methods": mt, "ui_modules": md,}<h3>{% module custom() %}</h3>模板语法小结:
模板语言支持
+ {{}}
+ {%%}
+ 自定义方式 uimethod uimodule
tornado内置函数
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule
escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象request: handler.request 的別名current_user: handler.current_user 的別名locale: handler.locale 的別名_: handler.locale.translate 的別名static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名带escape 是转义的意思,涉及到xss攻击
handler.request == self.request 相当于uimethod的
内置函数使用实例–static url:客户端浏览器缓存
静态文件缓存效果图
回顾一下static_url_prefix
settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/sss/', # 如果使用了static_url,这里会自动添加, 如果没用static_url_prefix,在调用css时候,需要手动在html里prefix这个,如``` <style rel="stylesheet" href='sss/static/common.css'></style>```}前端页面调用 static_url(),做静态缓存
<style rel="stylesheet" href='{{ static_url("common.css") }}'></style><script src='{{ static_url("maotai.js")}}'></script>类比下刚刚用到的uimethod用法<h1>{{func(npm)}}</h1>
模板引擎的实质
整个过程其实就是将一个html转换成一个函数，并为该函数提供全局变量，然后执行该函数！！
test.py
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding=utf-8namespace= {"name":"maotai","data":[11,22,33]}code = '''def hellocode():return "name %s,age %d"%(name,data[0])'''func = compile(code,'<string>',"exec")exec(func,namespace)result=namespace['hellocode']()print (result)简言之理解:
通过namespace执行函数,而在执行函数前,函数所使用的全局变量已经定义了.
namespace= {"name":"maotai","data":[11,22,33],'hellocode':def hellocode():return "name %s,age %d"%(name,data[0])}阅读全文
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