Java常见面试题—Future与FutureTask

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Future

Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果等操作。必要时可以通过get方法获取执行结果,该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果。
Future类位于java.util.concurrent包下,它是一个接口:

/** * @see FutureTask  * @see Executor  * @since 1.5  * @author Doug Lea  * @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's <tt>get</tt> method  */  public interface Future<V> {      /**      * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will      * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,      * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,      * and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called,      * this task should never run.  If the task has already started,      * then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines      * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in      * an attempt to stop the task.     *      */      boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);      /**      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed      * normally.      */      boolean isCancelled();      /**      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed.      *      */      boolean isDone();      /**      * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then      * retrieves its result.      *      * @return the computed result      */      V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;      /**      * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation      * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.      *      * @param timeout the maximum time to wait      * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument      * @return the computed result      */      V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)          throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;  }  

在Future接口中声明了5个方法,下面依次解释每个方法的作用:

cancel(
方法用来取消任务,如果取消任务成功则返回true,如果取消任务失败则返回false。参数mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允许取消正在执行却没有执行完毕的任务,如果设置true,则表示可以取消正在执行过程中的任务。如果任务已经完成,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,此方法肯定返回false,即如果取消已经完成的任务会返回false;如果任务正在执行,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为true,则返回true,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为false,则返回false;如果任务还没有执行,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,肯定返回true。

isCancelled()
方法表示任务是否被取消成功,如果在任务正常完成前被取消成功,则返回 true。

isDone()
方法表示任务是否已经完成,若任务完成,则返回true;

get()
方法用来获取执行结果,这个方法会产生阻塞,会一直等到任务执行完毕才返回;

get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
用来获取执行结果,如果在指定时间内,还没获取到结果,就直接返回null。
也就是说Future提供了三种功能:

1)判断任务是否完成;
2)能够中断任务;
3)能够获取任务执行结果。
因为Future只是一个接口,所以是无法直接用来创建对象使用的,因此就有了下面的FutureTask。

FutureTask

FutureTask的实现:

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>

FutureTask类实现了RunnableFuture接口,RunnableFuture接口:

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {      /**      * Sets this Future to the result of its computation      * unless it has been cancelled.      */      void run();  }  

可以看出RunnableFuture继承了Runnable接口和Future接口,而FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口。所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行,又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。
FutureTask提供了2个构造器:

public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {      if (callable == null)          throw new NullPointerException();      this.callable = callable;      this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  }  public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {      this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);      this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  }  

可以看到,Runnable注入会被Executors.callable()函数转换为Callable类型,即FutureTask最终都是执行Callable类型的任务。该适配函数的实现如下:

public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {      if (task == null)          throw new NullPointerException();      return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);  } 

RunnableAdapter适配器

/**  * A callable that runs given task and returns given result  */  static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {      final Runnable task;      final T result;      RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {          this.task = task;          this.result = result;      }      public T call() {          task.run();          return result;      }  }  

FutureTask是Future接口的一个唯一实现类。
FutureTask实现了Runnable,因此它既可以通过Thread包装来直接执行,也可以提交给ExecuteService来执行。
FutureTask实现了Futrue可以直接通过get()函数获取执行结果,该函数会阻塞,直到结果返回。

实例:
Callable+Future获取执行结果

public class Test {    public static void main(String[] args) {        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();        Task task = new Task();        Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(task);        executor.shutdown();        try {            Thread.sleep(1000);        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {            e1.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");        try {            System.out.println("task运行结果"+result.get());        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } catch (ExecutionException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");    }}class Task implements Callable<Integer>{    @Override    public Integer call() throws Exception {        System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");        Thread.sleep(3000);        int sum = 0;        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)            sum += i;        return sum;    }}

执行结果:

子线程在进行计算主线程在执行任务task运行结果4950所有任务执行完毕

Callable+FutureTask获取执行结果

public class Test {    public static void main(String[] args) {        //第一种方式        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();        Task task = new Task();        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);        executor.submit(futureTask);        executor.shutdown();        //第二种方式,注意这种方式和第一种方式效果是类似的,只不过一个使用的是ExecutorService,一个使用的是Thread        /*Task task = new Task();        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);        Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);        thread.start();*/        try {            Thread.sleep(1000);        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {            e1.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");        try {            System.out.println("task运行结果"+futureTask.get());        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        } catch (ExecutionException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");    }}class Task implements Callable<Integer>{    @Override    public Integer call() throws Exception {        System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");        Thread.sleep(3000);        int sum = 0;        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)            sum += i;        return sum;    }}
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