Beginning Spring学习笔记——第8章 Spring AOP

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AOP


AOP(Aspect Oriented Programming)面向方面编程,关注软件系统中的横切关注点,通过分离这些横切关注点而增加模块化。
相关术语:

  • 接合点(Join-point):实际代码中的点,通过在其上执行方面向应用程序中插入额外逻辑。
  • 通知(Advice):特定接合点中由“方面”所执行的行为。
  • 切入点(Point-cut):用来选择一组接合点的表达式。
  • 目标(Target):执行流被”方面”更改的对象。
  • 编织(Weaving):将”方面”和对象结合的过程,分编译时编织、加载时编织和运行时编织。

在Spring中开始使用AOP


Spring AOP仅使用了运行时编织,是一种很动态的方法,通过运行时创建代理类实现。尽管它底层使用的AspectJ,但并没有保留后者的编译时编织和加载时编织。

方面、切入点和通知的定义

本章项目需要依赖如下:

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>  <groupId>org.springframework.samples</groupId>  <artifactId>executionTimeLoggingAspectJ</artifactId>  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>  <properties>        <!-- Generic properties -->        <java.version>1.6</java.version>        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>        <!-- Spring -->        <spring-framework.version>4.3.10.RELEASE</spring-framework.version>        <!-- Hibernate / JPA -->        <hibernate.version>5.2.10.Final</hibernate.version>        <!-- Logging -->        <logback.version>1.2.3</logback.version>        <slf4j.version>1.7.25</slf4j.version>        <!-- Test -->        <junit.version>4.12</junit.version>        <!-- AspectJ -->        <aspectj.version>1.8.10</aspectj.version>    </properties>    <dependencies>        <!-- Spring and Transactions -->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>        </dependency>        <!-- Logging with SLF4J & LogBack -->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>            <version>${slf4j.version}</version>            <scope>compile</scope>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>            <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>            <version>${logback.version}</version>            <scope>runtime</scope>        </dependency>        <!-- Hibernate -->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>            <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>            <version>${hibernate.version}</version>        </dependency>        <!-- Test Artifacts -->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>            <version>${spring-framework.version}</version>            <scope>test</scope>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>junit</groupId>            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>            <version>${junit.version}</version>            <scope>test</scope>        </dependency>        <!-- AspectJ -->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>            <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>            <version>${aspectj.version}</version>        </dependency>    </dependencies> </project>

项目目录结构如图:
目录结构
首先创建如下接口和类:

public interface MyBean {    void sayHello();}@Componentpublic class MyBeanImpl implements MyBean {    @Override    public void sayHello() {        System.out.println("Hello..!");    }}public interface MyOtherBean {    void sayHelloDelayed() throws InterruptedException;}@Componentpublic class MyOtherBeanImpl implements MyOtherBean {    @Override    public void sayHelloDelayed() throws InterruptedException {        Thread.sleep(1000);        System.out.println("Hello..!");    }}

如图创建了两个类,一个类可以打印一行消息,另一个类则延时打印消息,接下来创建executionTimeLoggingSpringAOP通知Bean来计算每个方法执行用时。

public class ExecutionTimeLoggingSpringAOP implements MethodBeforeAdvice, AfterReturningAdvice {    long startTime = 0;    @Override    public void before(Method method, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable {        startTime = System.nanoTime();    }    @Override    public void afterReturning(Object returnValue, Method method, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable {        long elapsedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;        String className = target.getClass().getCanonicalName();        String methodName = method.getName();        System.out.println("Execution of " + className + "#" + methodName + " ended in " + new BigDecimal(elapsedTime).divide(new BigDecimal(1000000)) + " milliseconds");    }}

其中before和afterReturning两个方法分别在接合点方法执行前和返回值后立即执行。
然后创建上下文配置文件定义通知和接合点:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-4.0.xsd">    <context:component-scan base-package="com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8" />    <context:annotation-config />    <bean id="executionTimeLoggingSpringAop" class="com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8.aspect.ExecutionTimeLoggingSpringAOP" />    <aop:config>        <aop:pointcut id="executionTimeLoggingPointcut"                      expression="execution(public * *(..))" />        <aop:advisor id="executionTimeLoggingAdvisor"                     advice-ref="executionTimeLoggingSpringAop"                     pointcut-ref="executionTimeLoggingPointcut" />    </aop:config></beans>

其中<aop:pointcut>标签的id属性定义了该切点的名字,expression标签定义了切点方法的类型。之后的<aop:advisor>标签的advice-ref指向通知Bean,而pointcut-ref指向刚刚定义的切点名。这样将切点和通知结合在一起。
最后就可以在Main方法中测试函数了。

public class Main {    public static void main(String... args) throws InterruptedException {        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("/applicationContext.xml", Main.class);        MyBean myBean = context.getBean(MyBean.class);        myBean.sayHello();        MyOtherBean myOtherBean = context.getBean(MyOtherBean.class);        myOtherBean.sayHelloDelayed();    }}

运行得到结果:
运行结果
可以看到两个函数的运行时间被分别打印了出来。

通知类型


Before

在实际方法调用前被调用。该方面应该实现MethodBeforeAdvice接口。

After Returning

在实际方法执行并返回值后调用。应该实现AfterReturningAdvice接口。

After Throwing

在方法抛出异常并被调用方法捕获之前执行,实现ThrowsAdvice接口。

After

不管接合点返回值或者抛出异常都会执行的通知。

Around

在接合点之前和之后执行。可以替换Before+AfterReturning:

public class ExecutionTimeLoggingWithAroundAdvice {    public void executiontimeLogging(ProceedingJoinPoint jp) throws Throwable {        long startTime = System.nanoTime();        String className = jp.getTarget().getClass().getCanonicalName();        String methodName = jp.getSignature().getName();        jp.proceed();        long elapsedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;        System.out.println("Execution of " + className + "#" + methodName + " ended in " + new BigDecimal(elapsedTime).divide(new BigDecimal(1000000)) + " milliseconds");    }}

在xml中配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-4.0.xsd">    <context:component-scan base-package="com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8" />    <context:annotation-config />    <bean id="executionTimeLoggingWithAroundAdvice" class="com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8.aspect.ExecutionTimeLoggingWithAroundAdvice" />    <aop:config>        <aop:aspect ref="executionTimeLoggingWithAroundAdvice">            <aop:pointcut id="logPointCut" expression="execution(public * *(..))" />            <aop:around pointcut-ref="logPointCut" method="executiontimeLogging" />        </aop:aspect>    </aop:config></beans>

定义切入点指示符


类型签名表达式

Within(<type name>/<package name>/<class name>)
匹配某个类型/包/类中的所有方法。

  • within(com.wiley..*):匹配com.wiley包及其子包中所有类的所有方法。
  • within(com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyService):匹配MyService类的所有方法。
  • within(MyServiceInterface+):匹配MyServiceInterface接口的所有实现类的所有方法。
  • within(com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyBaseService+):匹配MyBaseService类及其所有子类的所有方法

方法签名表达式

execution(<scope><reuturn-type><fully-qualified-class-name>.*(parameters))

  • execution(*com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyBean.*(..)):匹配MyBean中所有方法。
  • execution(public *com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyBean.*(..)):匹配MyBean中所有公共方法。
  • execution(public String com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyBean.*(..)):匹配MyBean中所有返回String的公共方法。
  • execution(public * com.wiley.spring.ch8.MyBean.*(long, ..)):匹配MyBean中第一个参数为long 的所有公共方法。

其他替代切入点指示符

  • bean(*Service):与名称后缀为Service的Bean匹配。
  • @annotation(com.wiley.spring.ch8.MarkerMethodAnnotation):匹配使用了MarkerMethodAnnotation注解的方法。
  • @within(com.wiley.spring.ch8.MarkerMethodAnnotation):within指示的类、包、接口中筛选出该注解注释的方法。
  • This(someInterface):=within(someInterface+)。

使用注解定义AOP


@Before

产生实际方法调用之前的通知方法。可以访问之际方法的传入参数。

@Component@Aspect@Order(100)public class ExecutionOrderBefore {    @Before(value = "execution(public * *(..))")    public void before(JoinPoint joinPoint) {        System.out.println("===1. Before Advice.");    }}

value属性定义了切点方法的信息,而@Order注解表明了执行优先级。越小越先执行。
除了在value属性中定义以外,还可以额外定义切点:

@PointCut

@Component@Aspect@Order(110)public class ExecutionOrderBeforeWithPointCut {    @Pointcut("execution(public * *(..))")    public void anyPublicMethod()  {    }    @Before("anyPublicMethod()")    public void beforeWithPointCut(JoinPoint joinPoint) {        System.out.println("===1.1. Before Advice with @PointCut.");    }}

此时@PointCut注解的方法名可直接使用为切点名,其代指的方法在属性中写出。该注解的属性中采用其他切点指示符以及使用Boolean表达式创建更大切点:

@Component@Aspect@Order(110)public class ExecutionOrderAfterWithMultiplePointCut {    @Pointcut("execution(public * *(..))")    public void anyPublicMethod()  {    }    @Pointcut("@annotation(com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8.MarkerAnnotation)")    public void annotatedWithMarkerAnnotation()  {    }    @After(value = "anyPublicMethod() & annotatedWithMarkerAnnotation()")    public void afterWithMultiplePointcut(JoinPoint joinPoint) {        System.out.println("===5.1. After Advice with Multiple Pointcut applied on method.");    }}

其中MarkerAnnotation定义如下:

@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)public @interface MarkerAnnotation {}

@After

产生实际方法调用之后的通知方法。

@Component@Aspect@Order(150)public class ExecutionOrderAfter {    @After(value = "execution(public * *(..))")    public void after(JoinPoint joinPoint) {        System.out.println("===5. After Advice.");    }}

@AfterReturning

定义接合点执行完毕且成功返回值后执行的通知。可以访问返回值。

@Component@Aspect@Order(100)public class ExecutionOrderAfterReturning {    @AfterReturning(value = "execution(public * *(..))")    public void afterReturning(JoinPoint joinPoint) {       System.out.println("===6. After Returning Advice.");    }}

@AfterThrowing

定义在异常抛出后调用方法捕捉之前执行的通知方法。

@Aspect

在Bean的类级别上使用该注解将其声明为一个方面。此外还应该随之使用@Component及其派生注解类。

@Around

定义在目标方法执行之前和之后启动的通知方法。

@Component@Aspect@Order(200)public class ExecutionOrderAround {    @Around("execution(public * *(..))")    public void around(ProceedingJoinPoint jp) throws Throwable {        System.out.println("===2. Before proceeding part of the Around advice.");        jp.proceed();        System.out.println("===4. After proceeding part of the Around advice.");    }}

@DeclaredParents

用于动态继承接口。

最后查看注解配置类和Main类:

@Configuration@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8"})@EnableAspectJAutoProxypublic class ApplicationConfig {}public class Main {    public static void main(String... args) {        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ApplicationConfig.class);        MyBean myBean = context.getBean(MyBean.class);        myBean.sayHello();    }}

运行得到结果:
运行结果
项目目录结构如下:
项目结构

AspectJ和Spring整合


几个Bean和他们的接口定义不变。采用AspectJ通知Bean:

@Component@Aspectpublic class ExecutionTimeLoggingAspectJ {    @Around("execution(public * *(..))")    public Object profile(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {        long startTime = System.nanoTime();        String className = pjp.getTarget().getClass().getCanonicalName();        String methodName = pjp.getSignature().getName();        Object output = pjp.proceed();        long elapsedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;        System.out.println("Execution of " + className + "#" + methodName + " ended in " + new BigDecimal(elapsedTime).divide(new BigDecimal(1000000)) + " milliseconds");        return output;    }}

上下文配置文件如下,采用方面的自动代理:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-4.0.xsd">    <context:component-scan base-package="com.wiley.beginningspring.ch8" />    <context:annotation-config/>    <aop:aspectj-autoproxy/></beans>

创建Main类来测试程序:

public class Main {    public static void main(String... args) throws InterruptedException {        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("/applicationContext.xml", Main.class);        MyBean myBean = context.getBean(MyBean.class);        myBean.sayHello();        MyOtherBean myOtherBean = context.getBean(MyOtherBean.class);        myOtherBean.sayHelloDelayed();    }}

结果还是运行时间。

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