oracle基本操作命令

su oracle : 只切换用户，而不切换环境；就是说切到oracle用户后，使用的依旧是root的环境。
su - oracle ：同时切换用户和环境
 
su   oracle：不会执行oracle主目录中的profile脚本  
su   -oracle：会执行oracle主目录中的profile脚本  
===============================================================
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs；
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查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
===============================================================
换用户
conn as sysdba
sys
tsinghua
sqlplus "sys/tsinghua as sysdba"
conn sys/zl as sysdba
===============================================================
修改表结构
alter table test modify(name not null);
alter table test add(name varchar2(20));
===============================================================
更改用户密码
sql>alter user 管理员 identified by 密码；
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创建表空间的数据文件
sql>create tablespace test datafile 'd:\oracle\binbo.dbf' size 10m;
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创建用户
sql>create user 用户名 identified by 用户名;
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
===============================================================
查看用户
sql>show user
===============================================================
检查语句是否有错
show error
===============================================================
锁定用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account lock
===============================================================
解除用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account unlock
===============================================================
删除用户
sql>drop user zl;
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给用户创建表权限
sql>grant create table to 用户名;
===============================================================
授管理员权限
sql>grant dba to 用户名;
===============================================================
给用户登录权限
sql>grant connect to 用户名
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给用户无限表空间权限
sql>grant unlinmited tablespace to 用户名;
===============================================================
收回权限
sql>revoke dba from 用户名;
===============================================================
查看用户下所有的表
            SQL>select * from user_tables;
===============================================================
查看名称包含log字符的表
            SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
                where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
===============================================================
查看某表的创建时间
            SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看某表的大小
            SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
                where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
            SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
 
 
===============================================================
 
再添加一个表空间的数据文件
sql>alter tablespace test add datafile 'd:\oracle\test1.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
建表    SQL>create table studen(stuno int,stuname varchar(8) not null,stubirth date default to_date('1987-5-9','YYYY-MM-DD'));
向表结构中加入一列  SQL>alter table studen add(stuphoto varchar(9));
从表结构中删除一列  SQL>alter table studen drop column stuphoto;
修改表一列的长度    SQL>alter table studen modify(stuno number(4));
隐藏将要删除的一列  SQL>alter table studen set unused column stuphoto;
删除隐藏的列        SQL>alter table studen drop unused columns;
向表中加入约束      SQL>alter table studen add constraint pk primary key(stuno);
删除约束            SQL>alter table studen drop constraint pk;
===============================================================
创建表
 
sql>create table 用户名(name varchar2(20),password varchar(20)) tablespace 用户名;
===============================================================
添加字段
sql>alter table test add(column_x char(10) not null);
===============================================================
更改字段
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x char (20));
===============================================================
删除字段
       如待删除域属于某个索引，则不允许删除操作，必须将此域先设置为NULL。
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x null);
sql>update emp set column_x=null;
sql>commit;
sql>alter table emp drop(column_x);
===============================================================
选择表空间
sql>alter user 用户名 default tablespace test;
===============================================================
管理员删除别的用户中的表
sql>drop table 用户名.表名;
===============================================================
退出
sql>exit;
===============================================================
默认进入
sql>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
===============================================================
查看数据库
sql>show parameter block;
===============================================================
写大量语句用记事本，新建方式。
输入"ed"回车
保存后
输入"/"运行;
===============================================================
查询用户有多少表
sql>select * from tab;
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SQLServer取时间
sql>select getdate
oracle 取时间
sql>sysdate;
===============================================================
操作表结构数据库定义语言命令
(不记录在日志文件中)
create table建表
sql>create table test(name varchar2(20),age date,sex char(2));
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('aa',sysdate,'男');
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('bb',to_date('1888-8-8',"yyyy-aa-dd hh24:mi:ss"),'男');
sql>select * from test;
===============================================================
查询男和女总数
sql>select sex,count(sex) from test group by sex;
---------------------------------------------------------------
test表中数据输入test1表中
SQLSserver---select * into test1 from test;
oracle---create table test1 as select * from test;
---------------------------------------------------------------
更改会话时间
sql>alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
---------------------------------------------------------------
sql>show parameter block 表和视图
sql>show parameter date 查数据结构
---------------------------------------------------------------
SQLServer中
--删除表中相同数据
sql>create table test1 as select distinct * from test;
--删除表数据
sql>truncate table test;
--把test中数据输入到test1中
sql>insert into test(select * from test1);
---------------------------------------------------------------
rowid(表中存储地址相当表id)和rownum(表序号)称伪列(用法)
sql>select name,age,sex,rowid,rownum from test1;
查出前三行
sql>select * from test where rownum<=3;
查出后三行
sql>select * from (select name n,age a,sex s,rownum r from test) where r>(select count(*) from test)-3;
删除后三行
SQL> delete from test where name not in(select name from test where rownum<=(select count(*) from test)-3);
删除相同行
sql>delete from test where rowid not in(select max(rowid) from test group by name,age,sex);
删除所有表
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool c:\test.sql;
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool off
sql>@c:\test.sql;
---------------------------------------------------------------
alter table修改表
truncate table节段表(只删除数据)
drop table删除表
===============================================================
查看表结构
desc 表名;
===============================================================
查出成绩的前三名
sql>select * from (select * from stu order by score desc) where rownum<=3;
===============================================================
更改字符集
SQL>startup mount
SQL>alter system enable restricted session;
SQL>alter system set job_queue_processes=0;
SQL>alter database open;
SQL>alter database character set ZHS16GBK;
SQL>shutdown
SQL>startup
===============================================================
将一张表或几张表中的域重新组合后插入新表。
假定原先的两张表为emp,work，现选择部分数据域合并为emp_work
建立emp_work
SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
这样的方式仍然要使用回滚段，为加快数据迁移速度，可将insert替换成insert （大小写不论），指示oracle以直通方式直接写数据文件，绕过回滚空间。
SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
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===============================================================
DDL 数据定义语言
DML数据操纵语言
TCL事务控制语言
DCL数据控制语言GRANT  REVOKE
===============================================================
 
一个表中的某一列输到另一个表中
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
===============================================================
事务
rollback;
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
commit;提交
===============================================================
COMMIT - 提交并结束事务处理
ROLLBACK -  撤销事务中已完成的工作
SAVEPOINT – 标记事务中可以回滚的点
SQL>  update order_master set del_date ='30-8月-05' WHERE orderno <= 'o002';
      
SQL>  savepoint mark1;
SQL>  delete FROM order_master WHERE orderno = 'o002';
SQL>  savepoint mark2;
SQL>  rollback TO SAVEPOINT mark1;
SQL>  COMMIT;
===============================================================
换名
set sqlprompt "scott>";
===============================================================
GRANT 授予权限
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON vendor_master TO accounts WITH GRANT OPTION;
REVOKE 撤销已授予的权限
SQL> REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON order_master FROM MARTIN;
===============================================================
比较操作符
SQL> SELECT vencode,venname,tel_no
     FROM vendor_master
     WHERE venname LIKE 'j___s';
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master
     WHERE del_date IN (‘06-1月-05’,‘05-2月-05');
SQL> SELECT itemdesc, re_level
     FROM  itemfile
     WHERE qty_hand < max_level/2;
===============================================================
逻辑操作符
SQL> SELECT * FROM order_master
     WHERE odate > ‘10-5月-05'
     AND del_date < ‘26-5月-05’;
===============================================================
集合操作符将两个查询的结果组合成一个结果
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master
     MINUS
     SELECT orderno FROM order_detail;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
select * from scott.stu
union (all)重复的去掉[intersect把相同的取出来][minus显示不相同的数]
select * from stu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
显示相同的数据
select name from stu intersect select name from stu1;
===============================================================
连接操作符
连接操作符用于将多个字符串或数据值合并成一个字符串
SQL> SELECT (venname|| ' 的地址是 '
     ||venadd1||' '||venadd2 ||' '||venadd3) address
     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V001';
===============================================================
操作符的优先级
SQL 操作符的优先级从高到低的顺序是：
算术操作符           --------最高优先级
连接操作符
比较操作符
NOT 逻辑操作符
AND 逻辑操作符
OR   逻辑操作符   --------最低优先级
 
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用来转换空值的函数
NVL
NVL2
NULLIF
SELECT itemdesc, NVL(re_level,0) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NVL2(re_level,re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NULLIF(re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
===============================================================
GROUP BY和HAVING子句
 
GROUP BY子句
用于将信息划分为更小的组
每一组行返回针对该组的单个结果
HAVING子句
用于指定 GROUP BY 子句检索行的条件
 
SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category;
SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category HAVING p_category NOT IN ('accessories');
===============================================================
ROW_NUMBER (row_number)返回连续的排位，不论值是否相等
RANK(rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序数随后跳跃
DENSE_RANK(dense_rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序号是连续的
SELECT d.dname, e.ename, e.sal, DENSE_RANK()
  OVER (PARTITION BY e.deptno ORDER BY e.sal DESC)
  AS DENRANK
FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno;
===============================================================
日期函数
ADD_MONTHS(当前只加月)
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmdd hh24miss';
select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
MONTHS_BETWEEN(前面时间减后面时间=得之间月差)
select months_between(sysdate,to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
LAST_DAY(求得当前月的最后一天)
select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
ROUND(round年-月-日-->四舍五入)
select round(2.3) from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'year') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'month') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
NEXT_DAY(下一星期的星期二）
select next_day(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'星期二') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
TRUNC(trunc)
----------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACT(extract)
select extract(year from date '1998-03-07') from dual;
select extract(month from to_date ('1998-03-07','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
 
----------------------------------------------------------------
2008年2月有多少天
inbo---->select extract(day from last_day(to_date ('2008-02-07','yyyy-mm-dd'))) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
2003-4-3与1956-3-1之间有多少天
inbo---->select round(months_between(to_date('2003-4-3','yyyy-mm-dd'),to_date('1956-3-1','yyyy-mm-dd'))/12) from dual;
===============================================================
把两边的9去掉
select trim('9' from '9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
去空格
select trim(' ' from '     9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
===============================================================
   函数                   输入                          输出
Initcap(char)           Select initcap(‘hello’) from dual;                      Hello
Lower(char)             Select lower(‘FUN’) from dual;                       fun
Upper(char)               Select upper(‘sun’) from dual;                    SUN
Ltrim(char,set)        Select ltrim( ‘xyzadams’,’xyz’) from dual;        adams
Rtrim(char,set)        Select rtrim(‘xyzadams’,’ams’) from dual;     xyzad
Translate(char, from, to) Select translate(‘jack’,’j’ ,’b’) from dual;    back
Replace(char,searchstring,[rep string])   Select replace(‘jack and jue’ ,’j’,’bl’) from dual;     black and blue
Instr (char, m, n)     Select instr (‘worldwide’,’d’) from dual;         5
Substr (char, m, n)          Select substr(‘abcdefg’,3,2) from dual;            cd
Concat (expr1, expr2)      Select concat (‘Hello’,’ world’) from dual;     Hello world
 
===============================================================
数字函数接受数字输入并返回数值结果
 
   函数     输入    输出
Abs(n)            Select abs(-15) from dual;    15
 
Ceil(n)   Select ceil(44.778) from dual;      45
 
Cos(n)            Select cos(180) from dual;    -.5984601
 
Cosh(n) Select cosh(0) from dual;     1
 
Floor(n)        Select floor(100.2) from dual;     100
 
Power(m,n)   Select power(4,2) from dual;       16
 
Mod(m,n)      Select mod(10,3) from dual;        1
 
Round(m,n)   Select round(100.256,2) from dual;     100.26
 
Trunc(m,n)    Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual;      100.25
 
Sqrt(n)   Select sqrt(4) from dual;      2
 
Sign(n)           Select sign(-30) from dual;              -1
 
===============================================================
字符函数
查看有多少个字符
SQL> SELECT LENGTH('frances') FROM dual;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> SELECT vencode,
     DECODE(venname,'frances','Francis') name
     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='v001';
-----------------------------------------------------------------
查找人是否存在 加字段decode主明是否有人
select name,decode(name,'rbb','有人') from stu;
 
===================================================================
排续
select dense_rank() over(partition by sex order by score) from test;
select row_number() over(order by score),name,sex,score from test;
select rank() over(order by score) from test;
select dense_rank() over(order by score) from test;
==========================================================================
 
创建同义词
SQL> create public synonym test for rbb.test;
SQL> create synonym test for mytest;
同一类的才可以替换,同义词替换同义词
替换
SQL> create or replace synonym emp_sysn for scott.emp;
 
**********************************************************************************************
创建序列
SQL>create sequence xule increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
increment by  增长值
start with    起始值
maxvalue 最大值
minvalue 最小值
nocycle 不循环
chare 10缓存
xule.nextval  ===========下一个序列的值
xule.currval  ===========可以查询序列当前的值
更改序列 start with 不能改
alter sequence xule maxvalue 100 [sycle nocycle]；
**********************************************************************************************
序列用法
SQL>create table xl(name varchar2(4));
SQL>insert into test values(xl.nextval);
SQL>select xl.currval from dual;
**********************************************************************************************
删除序列
drop sequence x;
desc user_sequences
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图   视图中可以使用函数和表达式
create or replace view
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as select * from rbb union all select * from rbbb union all select * from test;
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as
  2  select empno as 编号,ename as 姓名 from scott.emp
  3  where deptno=10;
==========================================================================
如果在当前用户下没有这个视图就创建此视图
如果有此视图就覆盖此视图
create or replace view view_name as select empno,ename from emp where deptno=10;
**********************************************************************************************
在创建视图前要为当前用户授权
grant resource to scott;
create or replace view v_sal as select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
**********************************************************************************************
使用视图
select * from v_sal;
**********************************************************************************************
删除一个视图
drop view view_name;
**********************************************************************************************
重新编译已有的视图
alter view view_name compile;
**********************************************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views
**********************************************************************************************
union all  连接两个表或者多个表为一个视图
 
 
**********************************************************************************************
锁
一致性
完整性
 
行级锁和表级锁
 
行级锁:是一种排他锁,防止其他事务修改此行.
 
解锁：提交事务(commit),(rollback)
---------------------------------------------------------------
更新表数据:update test set score=80 where name='xiaoli';
--------------------------------------------------------------
自动提交
set autocommit on
set sutocommit off
------------------------------------------------------------
锁定某行更新语句
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update;
 
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update of score;
 
select * from scott.test atest,test b where a.name=b.name and b.name='bbb' for update of b.score;
--------------------------------------------------------------------
等待update
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update wait 2;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update nowait;
 
-------------------------------------------------------------------
表级锁：锁定整个表
表级锁语法:lock table 表名 in mode mode;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享row share--行排他row exclusive--共享share-共享行排他share row exclusive-----排他exclusive
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享(row share):lock table scott.test in (row share) mode;
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.行排他---其他用户.共享----其他用户.共享行排他----其他用户.不可以(排他)]
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行排他(row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (row exclusive) mode;
 
[其他用户.行共享----其他用户.行排他----其他用户.不可以(共享)---其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)--其他用户.不可以(排他)]
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享(share):lock table scott.test in (share) mode;
 
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.不可以(行排他)---其他用户.共享----其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)---其他用户.不可以(排他)]
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享行排他(share row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (share row exclusive) mode;
 
[其他用户.行共享,其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他),其他用户.不可以(排他)]
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
排他(exclusive):lock table scott.test in (exclusive) mode;
 
[其他用户.不可以(行共享),其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他,)其他用户.不可以(排他)]
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
表分区
 
---范围分区
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3))
partition by range(score)
(
partition p1 values less than (50) tablespace users,
partition p2 values less than (80),
partitiom p3 values less than (maxvalue)
)
select * from test partition(p1) union select * from test partitiom(p3);
---
删除分区
alter table test drop partition p3;
添加分区
alter table test add partition p3 values less than (maxvalue);
拆分分区
alter table test split partition p2 at(60)
into (partition p21,partition p22);
合并分区
alter table test merge partitions p21,p22 into partition p2;
截断分区(删除数据)
alter table test truncate partition p3;
 
现有表分区
create table str as select * from student;
drop table student;
create table student(
       studentid integer not null,
       studentname varchar2(20),
       score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
       partition p1 values less than(60),
       partition p2 values less than(75),
       partition p3 values less than(85),
       partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
insert into student(select * from stu);
 
 
select * from test scott.emp@tsinghua
 
 
 
**********************************************************************************************
 
表分区
Oracle允许用户对表进一步的规化，即对表进一步拆分，将表分成若干个逻辑部分，每个部分称其为表分区
优点：增强可用性，单个分区出现故障，不影响其他分区
均衡的I/O，不同的分区可以映射到不同的磁盘   改善性能
**********************************************************************************************
①范围分区法
create table st(
       studentid integer not null,
       studentname varchar2(20),
       score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
       partition p1 values less than(60),
       partition p2 values less than(75),
       partition p3 values less than(85),
       partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
========================select * from stu partition(p1)============
②散列分区
create table st(deptno int,deptname varchar(14))
partition by hash(deptno)(
partition p1,partition p2
)
组合分区
alter table test coalesce partition;
**********************************************************************************************
③复合分区
范围分区和列表分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by list(losal)
(
partition p1 values less than(10)
 
  (
   subpartition p1a values('湖北'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p2 values less than(20)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('河南'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p3 values less than(30)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('上海'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  )
)
 
范围分区和散列分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
[subpartitions 5]
(
partition p1 values less than(10)(subpartition p1a,subpartition p1b),
partition p2 values less than(20)(subpartition p2a,subpartition p2b),
partition p3 values less than(30)(subpartition p3a,subpartition p3b)
)
--------------------------------------------
 create table salg(
 grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
 )
 partition by range(grade)
 subpartition by hash(losal)
 subpartitions 3
 (
 partition p1 values less than(10),
 partition p2 values less than(20),
 partition p3 values less than(30)
 )
**********************************************************************************************
④列表分区
create table test stu(id int,name varchar(20),add varchar(8))
partition by list(add)
(
partition p1 values('中国'),
partition p2 values('英国'),
partition p3 values(default)
)
**********************************************************************************************
移动分区
 
alter table test move partition p5 tablespace users;
 
 
********************************************************************************************
 
修改存档
 
SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
 
Total System Global Area  135338868 bytes                                      
Fixed Size                   453492 bytes                                      
Variable Size             109051904 bytes                                       
Database Buffers           25165824 bytes                                      
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes                                      
数据库装载完毕。
SQL> alter database archivelog;
 
数据库已更改。
 
SQL> archive log list;
数据库日志模式            存档模式
自动存档             禁用
存档终点            d:\oracle\ora92\RDBMS
最早的概要日志序列     1
下一个存档日志序列   2
当前日志序列           2
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest=true scope=spfile;
 
系统已更改。
 
SQL> alter database open;
 
数据库已更改。
 
SQL> spool off
********************************************************************************************
 
PL/SSQL(过程化语言) 声明部分 执行语句部分 异常处理部分
 
identifier constant datatype not null
[:=|default expr];
 
 
 
declare
my number(5);
begin
 select quantity into my
from products where product='wawa'
for update of quantity;
if my>0 then
update products set quantity=quantity+1
where product='wawa';
insert into purchase_record
values('wawawa',sysdate);
end if;
commit;
Exception
where others then
dbms_output.put_line('chucuo'||SQLERRM);
END;
 
declare icode varchar2(6)
p_catg varchar2(20);
c_catg constant datatype:=0.10
 
数字类型
number
  decrmdl
  int/integer
  real(实数)
  binary_integer(带符号的整数)
  pls_integer(同上)
字符类型
character
  char 3276
  Raw(2000)
  long/long Raw(32760)
  Rowid/rowid()
  varchar2 (string(nchar/nvarchar)/varchar)
日期时间
date
  timeStamp(固定日期dd-mm-yy 秒6位)
  子 timestamp with time zone
  ti timestamp(9)
布尔
boolean
  true
  false
  null
打印出时间
declare
test_tz timestamp with time zone;
begin test_tz:=to_timestamp_tz('2006-6-22 09:07:11','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
dbms_output.put_line(test_tz);
end;
 
 
lob类型
  BFILE
  BLOB
  CLOB
  NCLOB
属性类型
  %type  %rowtype
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
 
===============================================================
向数据库中添加图片
create directory images as 'c:\images';
crant read on directory images to scott;
create table my_diagrams(
chapter_descr varchar2(40);
diagram_no integer,
diagram blob
);
 
declare
  l_bfile bfile;
  l_blob blob;
begin
 insert into my_diagrams(diagram)
 values(emptv_blob())
 return diagram into l_blob;
 l_bfile:=bfilename('images','\nvimage.jpg');
 dbms_lob.open(l_bfile,dbms_lob.file_readonly);
 dbms_lob.loadfromfile(l_blob,l_bfile,dbms_lob,getlength(l_bfile));
 dbms_lob.close(l_bfile);
 commit;
end;
 
===============================================================
%type实例 查询
declare
dtr dept.dname%type;
begin
select dname into str from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put_line(str);
end;
set serverout on
 
===============================================================
%rowtype实例
 
declare
row dept%rowtype;
begin
select * into row from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put.line(row.dname||' '||row.deptno||' '||row.loc);
//异常
exception
when no_data_found then
 dbms_output.put_lin('没有数据');
when too_many_rows(others) then
 dbms_output.put_lin('太多拉');
end;
 
===============================================================
格式
 
if 条件 then
 
elsif 条件 then
 
else
 
end if
===============================================================
格式
 
begin
 case'&grade'
  when 'a' then dbms_output.put_line('优异');
  when 'b' then dbms_output.put_line('良好');
  else dbms_output.put_line('其它')
 end case;
end;
===============================================================
外界变量
var vnm varchar2(20);
begin
:v:='aaaaa';
end;
打印
print v
===============================================================
loop实例
 
begin
loop
exit when 3>4;
 
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
while实例
begin
while (条件)condition loop
语句体;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
循环实例
正
begin
for c in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
倒
begin
for c in reverse 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
===============================================================
 
declare
 num number(3):=1;
begin
 while num<10 loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;
 
declare
 num number(3):=1;
begin
 loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  exit when num>10;
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;
===============================================================
goto实例
DECLARE
  qtyhand itemfile.qty_hand%type;
  relevel itemfile.re_level%type;
BEGIN
  SELECT qty_hand,re_level INTO qtyhand,relevel
  FROM itemfile WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
  IF qtyhand < relevel THEN
    GOTO updation;
  ELSE
    GOTO quit;
  END IF;
  <<updation>>
  UPDATE itemfile SET qty_hand = qty_hand + re_level
  WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
  <<quit>>
  NULL;
END;
===============================================================