web.xml的加载及各节点常用节点的解析

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web.xml加载顺序与web.xml常用节点解析

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<p><strong><span style="font-size:12px; color:#ff0000">web.xml加载顺序</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px">应用服务器启动时web.xml加载过程,至于这些节点在xml文件中的前后顺序没有关系,不过有些应用服务器,我曾碰到过的 websphere就严格要求web.xml的节点顺序,否则部署不成功,所以还是赞成按照web.xml标准格式写<br>
content-param --> listener --> filter --> servlet</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px">1、启动WEB项目的时候,应用服务器会去读它的配置文件web.xml.读两个节点:<listener></listener> 和 <context-param></context-param>  
<br>
<br>
2、紧接着,容器创建一个ServletContext(上下文),这个WEB项目所有部分都将共享这个上下文.<br>
<br>
3、容器将<context-param></context-param>转化为键值对,并交给ServletContext.<br>
<br>
4、容器创建<listener></listener>中的类实例,即创建监听.<br>
<br>
5、在监听中会有contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent args)初始化方法,在这个方法中获得： <br>
 ServletContext = ServletContextEvent.getServletContext();<br>
 context-param的值 = ServletContext.getInitParameter("context-param的键");    <br>
<br>
6、得到这个context-param的值之后,你就可以做一些操作了.注意,这个时候你的WEB项目还没有完全启动完成.这个动作会比所有的Servlet都要早.换句话说,这个时候,你对<context-param>中的键值做的操作,将在你的WEB项目完全启动之前被执行.如果想在项目启动之前就打开数据库,那么这里就可以在<context-param>中设置数据库的连接方式,在监听类中初始化数据库的连接,这个监听是自己写的一个类,除了初始化方法,它还有销毁方法.用于关闭应用前释放资源.比如说数据库连接的关闭.</span></p>
<p><br>
<span><span style="font-size:12px"><span style="color:#ff0000">对于某类配置节而言，与它们出现的顺序是有关的</span>。<br>
以 filter 为例，web.xml 中当然可以定义多个 filter，与 filter 相关的一个配置节是 filter-mapping，这里一定要注意，对于拥有相同 filter-name 的 filter 和 filter-mapping 配置节而言，filter-mapping 必须出现在 filter 之后，否则当解析到 filter-mapping 时，它所对应的 filter-name 还未定义。<br>
web 容器启动时初始化每个 filter 时，是按照 filter 配置节出现的顺序来初始化的，当请求资源匹配多个 filter-mapping 时，filter 拦截资源是按照 filter-mapping 配置节出现的顺序来依次调用 doFilter() 方法的。
<br>
servlet 同 filter 类似，此处不再赘述。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px">比如filter 需要用到 bean ，但加载顺序是：先加载filter 后加载spring，则filter中初始化操作中的bean为null；所以，如果过滤器中要使用到 bean，可以将spring 的加载改成 Listener的方式
<br>
 <listener><br>
     <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class><br>
 </listener></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px"> </span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size:12px"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000">web.xml节点解析<br>
</span><br>
根节点</strong><br>
1、 </span></span><strong><span style="font-size:12px; color:#0000ff"><web-app></web-app><br>
</span></strong></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>常用节点介绍</strong><br>
2、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><context-param /></span></strong>  用来设定web站台的环境参数<br>
 它包含两个子元素：<br>
 <param-name></param-name> 用来指定参数的名称<br>
 <param-value></param-value> 用来设定参数值<br>
 在此设定的参数，可以在servlet中用 getServletContext().getInitParameter("my_param") 来取得<br>
 例子:<br>
 <context-param><br>
  <param-name>log4jConfigLocation</param-name><br>
  <param-value>classpath*:/log4j.properties</param-value><br>
 </context-param><br>
<br>
3、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><listener /></span></strong> 用来设定Listener接口<br>
 它的主要子元素为<br>
 <listener-class></listener-class> 定义Listener的类名称<br>
 例子:<br>
 <listener><br>
     <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class><br>
 </listener><br>
<br>
4、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><filter /></span></strong>  是用来声明filter的相关设定<br>
 <filter-name></filter-name> 这当然就是指定filter的名字<br>
 <filter-class></filter-class> 这是用来定义filter的类的名称<br>
 <init-param></init-param> 用来定义参数，它有两个子元素：<br>
 <param-name></param-name> 用来指定参数的名称<br>
 <param-value></param-value> 用来设定参数值<br>
 例子:<br>
 <filter><br>
  <filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name><br>
  <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class><br>
  <init-param><br>
   <param-name>encoding</param-name><br>
   <param-value>GBK</param-value><br>
  </init-param><br>
  <init-param><br>
   <param-name>forceEncoding</param-name><br>
   <param-value>true</param-value><br>
  </init-param><br>
 </filter><br>
<br>
5、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><servlet /></span></strong> 用来声明一个servlet的数据，主要有以下子元素：<br>
 <servlet-name></servlet-name> 指定servlet的名称<br>
 <servlet-class></servlet-class> 指定servlet的类名称<br>
 <jsp-file></jsp-file> 指定web站台中的某个JSP网页的完整路径<br>
 <init-param></init-param> 用来定义参数，和前面的<init-param>差不多<br>
 同样，与<servlet></servlet>一起使用的是<br>
 <servlet-mapping></servlet-mapping> 用来定义servlet所对应的URL，包含两个子元素：<br>
 <servlet-name></servlet-name> 指定servlet的名称<br>
 <url-pattern></url-pattern> 指定servlet所对应的URL<br>
 <servlet><br>
  <servlet-name>DemoServlet</servlet-name><br>
  <servlet-class>com.test.DemoServlet</servlet-class><br>
 </servlet><br>
 <servlet-mapping><br>
  <servlet-name>DemoServlet</servlet-name><br>
  <url-pattern>/demoServlet</url-pattern><br>
 </servlet-mapping><br>
<br>
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size:12px"><strong>基本节点:<br>
</strong><br>
6、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><description/></span></strong> 是对站台的描述<br>
 例子：<description>传道、授业、解惑</description> <br>
<br>
7、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><display-name/></span></strong> 定义站台的名称<br>
 例子：<display-name>我的站点</display-name><br>
<br>
8、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><icon></span></strong> <br>
icon元素包含small-icon和large-icon两个子元素.用来指定web站台中小图标和大图标的路径. <br>
<small-icon>/路径/smallicon.gif</small-icon> <br>
small-icon元素应指向web站台中某个小图标的路径,大小为16 X 16 pixel,但是图象文件必须为GIF或JPEG格式,扩展名必须为:.gif或.jpg.
<br>
<large-icon>/路径/largeicon-jpg</large-icon> <br>
large-icon元素应指向web站台中某个大图表路径,大小为32 X 32 pixel,但是图象文件必须为GIF或JPEG的格式,扩展名必须为; gif或jpg.
<br>
例子: <br>
<icon> <br>
 <small-icon>/images/small.gif</small-icon> <br>
 <large-icon>/images/large.gir</large-icon> <br>
</icon><br>
<br>
9、 <span style="color:#0000ff"><strong><distributable/></strong></span> 是指定该站台是否可分布式处理<br>
<br>
10、 <span style="color:#0000ff"><strong><session-config/></strong></span> 用来定义web站台中的session参数<br>
 包含一个子元素：<br>
 <session-timeout></session-timeout> 用来定义这个web站台所有session的有效期限，单位为分钟<br>
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px">11、 <strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><mime-mapping /></span></strong> 定义某一个扩展名和某一个MIME Type做对应该<br>
 包含两个子元素：<br>
 <extension></extension> 扩展名的名称<br>
 <mime-type></mime-type> MIME格式<br>
 例子：<br>
 <mime-mapping><br>
  <extension>doc</extension>  <br>
  <mime-type>application/vnd.ms-word</mime-type><br>
 </mime-mapping>    <br>
 <mime-mapping><br>
  <extension>xls</extension><br>
  <mime-type>application/vnd.ms-excel</mime-type><br>
 </mime-mapping><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px">12、 </span><span><span style="font-size:12px"><span style="color:#0000ff"><strong><error-page><br>
</strong></span> <error-page><br>
     <error-code>500</error-code><br>
     <location>/message.jsp</location><br>
 </error-page><br>
 <error-page><br>
     <error-code>400</error-code><br>
     <location>/message.jsp</location><br>
 </error-page><br>
 <error-page><br>
     <error-code>403</error-code><br>
     <location>/message.jsp</location><br>
 </error-page><br>
 <error-page><br>
     <error-code>404</error-code><br>
     <location>/message.jsp</location><br>
 </error-page><br>
 <error-page><br>
     <error-code>502</error-code><br>
     <location>/index.jsp</location><br>
 </error-page><br>
<br>
13、</span></span><span><span style="font-size:12px"><span style="color:#0000ff"><strong> <jsp-config/><br>
</strong></span> <jsp-config><br>
 <taglib><br>
 <taglib-uri>/struts-tags</taglib-uri><br>
 <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-tags.tld</taglib-location><br>
 </taglib><br>
 <taglib><br>
 <taglib-uri>/struts-dojo-tags</taglib-uri><br>
 <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-dojo-tags.tld</taglib-location><br>
 </taglib><br>
 <taglib><br>
 <taglib-uri>/s</taglib-uri><br>
 <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-tags.tld</taglib-location><br>
 </taglib><br>
 </jsp-config><br>
<br>
14、 <span style="color:#0000ff"><strong><welcome-file-list/></strong></span><br>
 <welcome-file-list><br>
 <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file><br>
 <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file><br>
 <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file><br>
 </welcome-file-list><br>
<br>
15<strong>、 <span style="color:#0000ff"><</span></strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">resource-ref></resource-ref></span></strong>
</span>定义利用JNDI取得站台可利用的资源<br>
 有五个子元素：<br>
 <description></description> 资源说明<br>
 <rec-ref-name></rec-ref-name> 资源名称<br>
 <res-type></res-type> 资源种类<br>
 <res-auth></res-auth> 资源经由Application或Container来许可<br>
 <res-sharing-scope></res-sharing-scope> 资源是否可以共享，有Shareable和Unshareable两个值，默认为Shareable</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12px"> 比如，配置数据库连接池就可在此配置<br>
 <resource-ref><br>
 <description>JNDI JDBC DataSource of shop</description><br>
 <res-ref-name>jdbc/sample_db</res-ref-name><br>
 <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type><br>
 <res-auth>Container</res-auth><br>
 </resource-ref></span></p>
<span style="font-size:12px">还有其他元素如果想更为详细的了解它可以到</span><a target="_blank" href="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-mapp_2_4.xsd"><span style="font-size:12px">http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-mapp_2_4.xsd</span></a><span style="font-size:12px">网</span>

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