CentOS 7 下网络管理之命令行工具nmcli

来源：互联网发布：天津市教育信息化软件编辑：程序博客网时间：2024/06/05 20:28

在CentOS7中默认使用NetworkManager守护进程来监控和管理网络设置。nmcli是命令行的NetworkManager工具，会自动把配置写到/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/目录下面。

NetworkManager最初由 Redhat 公司开发，现在由 GNOME 管理。

CentOS7之前的网络管理是通过ifcfg文件配置管理接口(device)，而现在是通过NetworkManager服务管理连接(connection)。一个接口(device)可以有多个连接(connection)，但是同时只允许一个连接(connection)处于激活（active）状态。

简单理解就是，一个连接就是(connection)就是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/目录下的一个配置文件，接口(device)是物理设备，一个物理设置可以拥有多个配置文件，但只能有一个配置文件属于使用(active)状态；配置文件的生成与使用状态均由NetworkManager控制。

当然，依旧支持ifcfg文件配置管理网络，但不推荐。

命令学习

查看帮助

[root@karate ~]# nmcli -hUsage: nmcli [OPTIONS] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }OPTIONS  -t[erse]                                   terse output  -p[retty]                                  pretty output  -m[ode] tabular|multiline                  output mode  -f[ields] <field1,field2,...>|all|common   specify fields to output  -e[scape] yes|no                           escape columns separators in values  -n[ocheck]                                 don't check nmcli and NetworkManager versions  -a[sk]                                     ask for missing parameters  -w[ait] <seconds>                          set timeout waiting for finishing operations  -v[ersion]                                 show program version  -h[elp]                                    print this helpOBJECT  g[eneral]       NetworkManager's general status and operations  n[etworking]    overall networking control  r[adio]         NetworkManager radio switches  c[onnection]    NetworkManager's connections  d[evice]        devices managed by NetworkManager  a[gent]         NetworkManager secret agent or polkit agent

有六个OBJECT，常用的有connection，device，general查看它们的帮助

[root@karate ~]# nmcli c -hUsage: nmcli connection { COMMAND | help }COMMAND := { show | up | down | add | modify | edit | delete | reload | load }  show [--active] [[--show-secrets] [id | uuid | path | apath] <ID>] ...  up [[id | uuid | path] <ID>] [ifname <ifname>] [ap <BSSID>] [passwd-file <file with passwords>]  down [id | uuid | path | apath] <ID> ...  add COMMON_OPTIONS TYPE_SPECIFIC_OPTIONS IP_OPTIONS  modify [--temporary] [id | uuid | path] <ID> ([+|-]<setting>.<property> <value>)+  edit [id | uuid | path] <ID>  edit [type <new_con_type>] [con-name <new_con_name>]  delete [id | uuid | path] <ID>  reload  load <filename> [ <filename>... ]

常用命令

查看接口设备信息

# 简单信息nmcli device status# 详细的接口信息nmcli device show# 接口的详细信息nmcli device show interface-name

查看连接(connection)的信息

# 简单信息nmcli connection show# 详细的连接信息nmcli connection show# 某个连接的详细信息nmcli connection show connection-name

启动和停止接口

nmcli connection down connection-namenmcli connection up connection-namenmcli device disconnect interface-namenmcli device connect interface-name

建议使用 nmcli dev disconnect interface-name 命令，而不是 nmcli con down connection-name 命令，因为连接断开可将该接口放到“手动”模式，这样做用户让 NetworkManager 启动某个连接前，或发生外部事件（比如载波变化、休眠或睡眠）前，不会启动任何自动连接。

创建连接

nmcli connection add type ethernet con-name connection-name ifname interface-namenmcli connection add type ethernet con-name connection-name ifname interface-name ip4 address gw4 address## e.g. 创建一个基于eth1接口的连接# 创建动态连接，即BOOTPROTO默认为DHCP[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c add type eth con-name dynamic-eth1 ifname eth1Connection 'dynamic-eth1' (9c0ad8a9-21f6-40b5-9313-e5c7e4b356f1) successfully added.# 创建静态连接[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection add type eth con-name static-eth1 ifname eth1 ip4 172.16.60.10/24# nmcli connection add type eth con-name static-eth1 ifname eth1 ip4 172.16.60.10/24 gw4 192.168.60.1Connection 'static-eth1' (0640bf7f-9490-44a8-be96-2e710fb650e6) successfully added.

创建连接后，NetworkManager 自动将 connection.autoconnect 设定为 yes。还会将设置保存到 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ connection-name 文件中，且自动将 ONBOOT 参数设定为 yes。

激活连接

nmcli connection up connection-name## e.g. 激活eth1接口的static-eth1连接[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up static-eth1Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/2)

修改连接的IP地址

# 可修改的属性可通过以下命令查看nmcli c show static-eth1# 修改命令nmcli connection modify [--temporary] [id | uuid | path] <ID> ([+|-]<setting>.<property> <value>)+## e.g. 修改连接static-eth1的ip地址[root@localhost ~]# ip addr | grep eth14: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000    inet 172.16.60.10/24 brd 172.16.60.255 scope global eth1[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c mod static-eth1 ipv4.addr 172.16.60.20/24[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up static-eth1Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3)[root@localhost ~]# ip a | grep eth14: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000    inet 172.16.60.20/24 brd 172.16.60.255 scope global eth1

配置连接的DNS

# 设定单个DNSnmcli connection modify static-eth1 ipv4.dns DNS1# 设定多个DNSnmcli connection modify static-eth1 ipv4.dns "DNS1 DNS2"# 以上命令会替换之前的DNS设置# 添加某个连接的DNS，需要使用前缀“+”nmcli connection modify static-eth1 +ipv4.dns DNS3## e.g. 配置static-eth1连接的DNS[root@localhost ~]# grep DNS /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static-eth1IPV6_PEERDNS=yes[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c mod static-eth1 ipv4.dns "114.114.114.114 223.5.5.5"# 修改连接后，需要重新激活[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up static-eth1Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)[root@localhost ~]# grep DNS /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static-eth1DNS1=114.114.114.114DNS2=223.5.5.5IPV6_PEERDNS=yes# 新增DNS[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c mod static-eth1 +ipv4.dns 223.5.5.6[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up static-eth1Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/5)[root@localhost ~]# grep DNS /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static-eth1DNS1=114.114.114.114DNS2=223.5.5.5DNS3=223.5.5.6IPV6_PEERDNS=yes

设置主机名

# 查询当前主机名nmcli general hostname# 更改主机名nmcli general hostname my-hostname# 重启hostnamed服务systemctl restart systemd-hostnamed

CentOS7下的主机名管理是基于系统服务systemd-hostnamed，服务自身提供了hostnamectl命令用于修改主机名，推荐这种方式进行修改；
使用nmcli命令更改主机名时，systemd-hostnamed服务并不知晓 /etc/hostname 文件被修改，因此需要重启服务去读取配置；

命令交互模式

nmcli con edit# Valid connection types: generic, 802-3-ethernet (ethernet), pppoe, 802-11-wireless (wifi), wimax, gsm, cdma, infiniband, adsl, bluetooth, vpn, 802-11-olpc-mesh (olpc-mesh), vlan, bond, team, bridge, bond-slave, team-slave, bridge-slave# 也可以直接指定connection-name进行交互修改# 还是非交互配置方便

接口绑定(interface bonding)

CentOS7下新增了一种特性team，用于取代bond。

接口绑定步骤是：创建一个组接口(Team interface), 创建一个接口连接，指定网卡接口(device)到组接口里

nmcli connection add type team con-name connection-name ifname interface-name [config JSON]# JSON  指定所使用的处理器(runner)。JSON语法 '{"runner":{"name":"METHOD"}}' # METHOD可以是：broadcast、activebackup、roundrobin、loadbalance 或者 lacpnmcli connection add type team-slave con-name connection-name ifname interface-name master team-name## e.g. 创建组接口team0，并把eth1和eth2加入其中，网段为192.168.233.0/24[root@localhost ~]# nmcli d statusDEVICE  TYPE      STATE      CONNECTIONeth0    ethernet  connected  eth0eth1    ethernet  connected  Wired connection 1eth2    ethernet  connected  Wired connection 2lo      loopback  unmanaged  --[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c showNAME                UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICEWired connection 2  34494b9d-f056-4f30-841c-7e6fad3b73d0  802-3-ethernet  eth2Wired connection 1  b7ca472c-67f7-4885-ba3b-1b572d3e0d40  802-3-ethernet  eth1eth0                54bd03bd-1300-409b-974f-d98ed3bb8891  802-3-ethernet  eth0[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c del "Wired connection 2"[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c del "Wired connection 1"[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c showNAME  UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICEeth0  54bd03bd-1300-409b-974f-d98ed3bb8891  802-3-ethernet  eth0[root@localhost ~]# nmcli d statusDEVICE  TYPE      STATE         CONNECTIONeth0    ethernet  connected     eth0eth1    ethernet  disconnected  --eth2    ethernet  disconnected  --lo      loopback  unmanaged     --# 创建组接口，并分配ip地址[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c add type team con-name team0 ifname team0 config '{"runner":{"name":"activebackup"}}' ip4 192.168.233.10/24 gw4 192.168.233.2Connection 'team0' (4e75c1da-6ce5-4cbc-85fe-da5aa289b7d8) successfully added.[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c mod team0 ipv4.dns "114.114.114.114 223.5.5.5"[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c showNAME   UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICEeth0   54bd03bd-1300-409b-974f-d98ed3bb8891  802-3-ethernet  eth0team0  4e75c1da-6ce5-4cbc-85fe-da5aa289b7d8  team            team0# 将网卡接口加入到组接口中[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c add type team-slave ifname eth1 master team0Connection 'team-slave-eth1' (3ef0011b-6b69-4dfb-998b-13bf3d729c9c) successfully added.[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c add type team-slave ifname eth2 master team0Connection 'team-slave-eth2' (fe3fc939-dbff-485e-aef6-9fbf9f807926) successfully added.# 启动组接口[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up team0Connection successfully activated (master waiting for slaves) (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6)# 查看 team0 当前活动的端口，活动端口基于接口的连接[root@localhost ~]# teamnl team0 ports 4: eth2: up 1000Mbit FD 3: eth1: up 1000Mbit FD[root@localhost ~]# nmcli d statusDEVICE  TYPE      STATE      CONNECTIONeth0    ethernet  connected  eth0eth1    ethernet  connected  team-slave-eth1eth2    ethernet  connected  team-slave-eth2team0   team      connected  team0lo      loopback  unmanaged  --[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c showNAME             UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICEeth0             54bd03bd-1300-409b-974f-d98ed3bb8891  802-3-ethernet  eth0team-slave-eth2  fe3fc939-dbff-485e-aef6-9fbf9f807926  802-3-ethernet  eth2team-slave-eth1  3ef0011b-6b69-4dfb-998b-13bf3d729c9c  802-3-ethernet  eth1team0            4e75c1da-6ce5-4cbc-85fe-da5aa289b7d8  team            team0[root@localhost ~]# ip a s team05: team0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP    link/ether 00:0c:29:d0:a2:77 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff    inet 192.168.233.10/24 brd 192.168.233.255 scope global team0       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed0:a277/64 scope link       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever[root@localhost ~]# teamdctl team0 statesetup:  runner: activebackupports:  eth2    link watches:      link summary: up      instance[link_watch_0]:        name: ethtool        link: up  eth1    link watches:      link summary: up      instance[link_watch_0]:        name: ethtool        link: uprunner:  active port: eth1[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c show team0connection.id:                          team0connection.uuid:                        4e75c1da-6ce5-4cbc-85fe-da5aa289b7d8connection.interface-name:              team0connection.type:                        teamconnection.autoconnect:                 yesconnection.autoconnect-priority:        0connection.timestamp:                   1464621245connection.read-only:                   noconnection.permissions:connection.zone:                        --connection.master:                      --connection.slave-type:                  --connection.secondaries:connection.gateway-ping-timeout:        0ipv4.method:                            manualipv4.dns:                               114.114.114.114,223.5.5.5ipv4.dns-search:ipv4.addresses:                         192.168.233.10/24ipv4.gateway:                           192.168.233.2ipv4.routes:ipv4.route-metric:                      -1ipv4.ignore-auto-routes:                noipv4.ignore-auto-dns:                   noipv4.dhcp-client-id:                    --ipv4.dhcp-send-hostname:                yesipv4.dhcp-hostname:                     --ipv4.never-default:                     noipv4.may-fail:                          yesipv6.method:                            autoipv6.dns:ipv6.dns-search:ipv6.addresses:ipv6.gateway:                           --ipv6.routes:ipv6.route-metric:                      -1ipv6.ignore-auto-routes:                noipv6.ignore-auto-dns:                   noipv6.never-default:                     noipv6.may-fail:                          yesipv6.ip6-privacy:                       -1 (unknown)ipv6.dhcp-send-hostname:                yesipv6.dhcp-hostname:                     --team.config:                            {"runner":{"name":"activebackup"}}GENERAL.NAME:                           team0GENERAL.UUID:                           4e75c1da-6ce5-4cbc-85fe-da5aa289b7d8GENERAL.DEVICES:                        team0GENERAL.STATE:                          activatedGENERAL.DEFAULT:                        noGENERAL.DEFAULT6:                       noGENERAL.VPN:                            noGENERAL.ZONE:                           --GENERAL.DBUS-PATH:                      /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/3GENERAL.SPEC-OBJECT:                    /GENERAL.MASTER-PATH:                    --IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         192.168.233.10/24IP4.GATEWAY:                            192.168.233.2IP4.DNS[1]:                             114.114.114.114IP4.DNS[2]:                             223.5.5.5IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         fe80::20c:29ff:fed0:a277/64

测试的话，可以开个ping窗口持续ping，然后禁用team0组中的eth2；理论上ping包是不会丢失的。

# 关闭eth2网卡，看ping状态[root@localhost ~]# nmcli d dis eth2Device 'eth2' successfully disconnected.[root@localhost ~]# teamdctl team0 statesetup:  runner: activebackupports:  eth1    link watches:      link summary: up      instance[link_watch_0]:        name: ethtool        link: uprunner:  active port: eth1[root@localhost ~]# nmcli d con eth2Device 'eth2' successfully activated with 'fe3fc939-dbff-485e-aef6-9fbf9f807926'.[root@localhost ~]# teamdctl team0 statesetup:  runner: activebackupports:  eth1    link watches:      link summary: up      instance[link_watch_0]:        name: ethtool        link: up  eth2    link watches:      link summary: up      instance[link_watch_0]:        name: ethtool        link: uprunner:  active port: eth1[root@localhost ~]# teamnl team0 options queue_id (port:eth2) 0 priority (port:eth2) 0 user_linkup_enabled (port:eth2) false user_linkup (port:eth2) true enabled (port:eth2) false queue_id (port:eth1) 0 priority (port:eth1) 0 user_linkup_enabled (port:eth1) false user_linkup (port:eth1) true enabled (port:eth1) true activeport 3 mcast_rejoin_interval 0 mcast_rejoin_count 1 notify_peers_interval 0 notify_peers_count 1 mode activebackup

作者：无限小BUG
链接：http://www.jianshu.com/p/5d5560e9e26a
來源：简书
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