Linux笔记（5）：UNIX 命令

1.

1.1 Listing files and directories

 ls (list) 

1.2 Making Directories

 mkdir (make directory) 

1.3 Changing to a different directory

 cd (change directory)

1.4 The directories . and ..

 % cd .  % cd .. 

1.5 Pathnames（路径名）

pwd (print working directory) 

1.6新建文件

touch a.txt

Command Meaning ls list files and directories ls -a list all files and directories mkdir make a directory cd directory change to named directory cd change to home-directory cd ~ change to home-directory cd .. change to parent directory pwd display the path of the current directory

2.

2.1 Copying Files

 cp (copy)

% cp /vol/examples/tutorial/science.txt .

Note: Don’t forget the dot . at the end. Remember, in UNIX, the dot means the current directory.

2.2 Moving files

 mv (move) mv file1 file2 moves (or renames) file1 to file2  % mv science.bak backups/.

2.3 Removing files and directories

rm (remove)(删除文件)rmdir (remove directory)（删除空文件夹）

2.4 Displaying the contents of a file on the screen

clear (clear screen)    % clear cat (concatenate)    % cat science.txt less    % less science.txt head    % head science.txt    % head -5 science.txt tail    % tail science.txt 

2.5 Searching the contents of a file

2.5.1 less

 % less science.txt

then, still in less, type a forward slash [/] followed by the word to search

/science

2.5.2 grep

% grep -i science science.txt 

2.5.3 wc (word count)

% grep -i science science.txt 

A handy little utility is the wc command, short for word count. To do a word count on science.txt, type

% wc -w science.txt

To find out how many lines the file has, type

% wc -l science.txt 

Command Meaning cp file1 file2 copy file1 and call it file2 mv file1 file2 move or rename file1 to file2 rm file remove a file rmdir directory remove a directory cat file display a file less file display a file a page at a time head file display the first few lines of a file tail file display the last few lines of a file grep ‘keyword’ file search a file for keywords wc file count number of lines/words/characters in file

Linux中more和less命令用法 http://www.cnblogs.com/aijianshi/p/5750911.html

3.

3.1 Redirection (重定向)

% cat

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ catdddddd

3.2 Redirecting the Output(重定向输出)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat > list1pearbananaapple

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat list1pearbananaapple

3.2.1 Appending to a file (附加到文件)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat >> list1peachgrapeorangekuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat list1pearbananaapplepeachgrapeorange

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat > list2orangekuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat list1 list2 >biglistkuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat biglistpearbananaapplepeachgrapeorangeorange

3.3 Redirecting the Input (重定向输入)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sort(排序)dogcatbirdape # ^D (Control D to stop) apebirdcatdog

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sort < biglist #(对列表biglist排序)applebananagrapeorange# ^D (Control D to stop) orangepeachpear

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sort < biglist > slist   #(对biglist排序并保存到slist)kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ cat slistapplebananagrapeorangeorangepeachpear

3.4 Pipes

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ whokuo      :0           2017-09-20 14:32 (:0)kuo      pts/1        2017-09-20 14:41 (:0)

Command Meaning command > file redirect standard output to a file command >> file append standard output to a file command < file redirect standard input from a file command1 l command2 pipe the output of command1 to the input of command cat file1 file2 > file0 concatenate file1 and file2 to file0 sort sort data who list users currently logged in

4.

4.1 Wildcards（通配符 *）

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls list*list1  list2kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls *listbiglist  slistkuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls ?listslist

4.2 Filename conventions (文件名约定)

Good filenames Bad filenames project.txt project my_big_program.c my big program.c fred_dave.doc fred & dave.doc

4.3 Getting Help

% man wc % whatis wc    #（gives a one-line description of the command, but omits any information about options etc.）% apropos keyword

Command Meaning * match any number of characters ? match one character man command read the online manual page for a command whatis command brief description of a command apropos keyword match commands with keyword in their man pages

5.

5.1 File system security (access rights) (文件系统安全（访问权限）)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls -l总用量 28-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 55  9月 20 16:51 a.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  6  9月 20 16:37 a.txt~-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:28 biglist-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  0  9月 20 16:01 c.tat-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 37  9月 20 18:27 list1-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  7  9月 20 18:28 list2-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 88  9月 20 18:34 names.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:32 slist

5.2 Changing access rights(更改访问权限)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ chmod go-rwx biglistkuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls -l总用量 28-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 55  9月 20 16:51 a.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  6  9月 20 16:37 a.txt~-rw------- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:28 biglist-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  0  9月 20 16:01 c.tat-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 37  9月 20 18:27 list1-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  7  9月 20 18:28 list2-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 88  9月 20 18:34 names.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:32 slist

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ chmod a+rw biglistkuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ls -l总用量 28-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 55  9月 20 16:51 a.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  6  9月 20 16:37 a.txt~-rw-rw-rw- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:28 biglist-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  0  9月 20 16:01 c.tat-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 37  9月 20 18:27 list1-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo  7  9月 20 18:28 list2-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 88  9月 20 18:34 names.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 kuo kuo 44  9月 20 18:32 slist

5.3 Processes and Jobs (流程和工作)

1.PS 显示正在工作的进程

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ps  PID TTY          TIME CMD 2533 pts/1    00:00:00 bash 7467 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

2.Running background processes(运行后台进程)

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 10#前台运行休眠10skuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 10 &[1] 7491#后台运行休眠10skuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 1000hhffff#后台运行休眠10s^Z[1]   已完成               sleep 10#Crtl+z 停止前台运行[2]+  已停止               sleep 1000kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ bg[2]+ sleep 1000 &#bg 转到后台运行

5.4 Listing suspended and background processes （列出暂停和后台进程）

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 1000 ^Z# ^Z 是暂停前台进程[1]+  已停止               sleep 1000kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ bg# bg 后台运行进程[1]+ sleep 1000 &kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs# jobs 显示后台进程[1]+  运行中               sleep 1000 &kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ fg %1# fg%1 将后台进程1转到前台sleep 1000dddddd^Z# ^Z 是暂停进程[1]+  已停止               sleep 1000kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs[1]+  已停止               sleep 1000kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ bg[1]+ sleep 1000 &kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ fg %1sleep 1000^C# ^C是杀死进程kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobskuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ 

5.5 Killing a process（杀死一个进程）

1.

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 100 ^Z[1]+  已停止               sleep 100kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ bg[1]+ sleep 100 &kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ kill %1# kill%1 杀死进程1kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs[1]+  已终止               sleep 100kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs

2.

kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ sleep 100 &[1] 7579kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs[1]+  运行中               sleep 100 &kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ps  PID TTY          TIME CMD 2533 pts/1    00:00:00 bash 7579 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep 7580 pts/1    00:00:00 pskuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ kill 7579# kill 7579 使用（PID）号杀死进程kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobs[1]+  已终止               sleep 100kuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ jobskuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ ps  PID TTY          TIME CMD 2533 pts/1    00:00:00 bash 7581 pts/1    00:00:00 pskuo@kuo-Inspiron-7420:~/unixstuff/backups$ 

Command Meaning ls -lag list access rights for all files chmod [options] file change access rights for named file command & run command in background ^C kill the job running in the foreground ^Z suspend the job running in the foreground bg background the suspended job jobs list current jobs fg %1 foreground job number 1 kill %1 kill job number 1 ps list current processes kill 26152 kill process number 26152

6.环境变量

% echo $OSTYPE

More examples of environment variables are

USER (your login name)HOME (the path name of your home directory)HOST (the name of the computer you are using)ARCH (the architecture of the computers processor)DISPLAY (the name of the computer screen to display X windows)PRINTER (the default printer to send print jobs)PATH (the directories the shell should search to find a command)

转自：UNIX Tutorial for Beginners