吴恩达Coursera深度学习课程 DeepLearning.ai 编程作业（1-3）

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吴恩达Coursera课程 DeepLearning.ai 编程作业系列，本文为《神经网络与深度学习》部分的第三周“浅层神经网络”的课程作业（做了无用部分的删减）。

另外，本节课程笔记在此：《吴恩达Coursera深度学习课程 DeepLearning.ai 提炼笔记（1-3）》，如有任何建议和问题，欢迎留言。

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Planar data classification with one hidden layer

1 - Packages

Let’s first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.
- numpy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.
- sklearn provides simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis.
- matplotlib is a library for plotting graphs in Python.
- testCases_v2 provides some test examples to assess the correctness of your functions
- planar_utils provide various useful functions used in this assignment

# Package importsimport numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom testCases_v2 import *import sklearnimport sklearn.datasetsimport sklearn.linear_modelfrom planar_utils import plot_decision_boundary, sigmoid, load_planar_dataset, load_extra_datasets%matplotlib inlinenp.random.seed(1) # set a seed so that the results are consistent

2 - Dataset

First, let’s get the dataset you will work on. The following code will load a “flower” 2-class dataset into variables X and Y.

def load_planar_dataset():    np.random.seed(1)    m = 400 # 样本数量    N = int(m/2) # 每个类别的样本量    D = 2 # 维度数    X = np.zeros((m,D)) # 初始化X    Y = np.zeros((m,1), dtype='uint8') # 初始化Y    a = 4 # 花儿的最大长度    for j in range(2):        ix = range(N*j,N*(j+1))        t = np.linspace(j*3.12,(j+1)*3.12,N) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # theta        r = a*np.sin(4*t) + np.random.randn(N)*0.2 # radius        X[ix] = np.c_[r*np.sin(t), r*np.cos(t)]        Y[ix] = j    X = X.T    Y = Y.T    return X, YX, Y = load_planar_dataset()

Visualize the dataset using matplotlib. The data looks like a “flower” with some red (label y=0) and some blue (y=1) points. Your goal is to build a model to fit this data.

# Visualize the data:plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=Y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral);

You have:
- a numpy-array (matrix) X that contains your features (x1, x2)
- a numpy-array (vector) Y that contains your labels (red:0, blue:1).

Lets first get a better sense of what our data is like.

Exercise: How many training examples do you have? In addition, what is the shape of the variables X and Y?

Hint: How do you get the shape of a numpy array? (help)

### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)shape_X = X.shapeshape_Y = Y.shapem = X.shape[1]  # training set size### END CODE HERE ###print ('The shape of X is: ' + str(shape_X))print ('The shape of Y is: ' + str(shape_Y))print ('I have m = %d training examples!' % (m))

The shape of X is: (2, 400)The shape of Y is: (1, 400)I have m = 400 training examples!

3 - Simple Logistic Regression

Before building a full neural network, lets first see how logistic regression performs on this problem. You can use sklearn’s built-in functions to do that. Run the code below to train a logistic regression classifier on the dataset.

# Train the logistic regression classifierclf = sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegressionCV();clf.fit(X.T, Y.T);

You can now plot the decision boundary of these models. Run the code below.

# Plot the decision boundary for logistic regressionplot_decision_boundary(lambda x: clf.predict(x), X, Y)plt.title("Logistic Regression")# Print accuracyLR_predictions = clf.predict(X.T)print ('Accuracy of logistic regression: %d ' % float((np.dot(Y,LR_predictions) + np.dot(1-Y,1-LR_predictions))/float(Y.size)*100) +       '% ' + "(percentage of correctly labelled datapoints)")

Accuracy of logistic regression: 47 % (percentage of correctly labelled datapoints)

plot_decision_boundary:

def plot_decision_boundary(model, X, y):    # Set min and max values and give it some padding    x_min, x_max = X[0, :].min() - 1, X[0, :].max() + 1    y_min, y_max = X[1, :].min() - 1, X[1, :].max() + 1    h = 0.01    # Generate a grid of points with distance h between them    xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))    # Predict the function value for the whole grid    Z = model(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])    Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)    # Plot the contour and training examples    plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)    plt.ylabel('x2')    plt.xlabel('x1')    plt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)

Interpretation: The dataset is not linearly separable, so logistic regression doesn’t perform well. Hopefully a neural network will do better. Let’s try this now!

4 - Neural Network model

Logistic regression did not work well on the “flower dataset”. You are going to train a Neural Network with a single hidden layer.

Here is our model:

Mathematically:

For one example x(i):

z[1](i)=W[1]x(i)+b[1](i)(1)

a[1](i)=tanh(z[1](i))(2)

z[2](i)=W[2]a[1](i)+b[2](i)(3)

y^(i)=a[2](i)=σ(z[2](i))(4)

y(i)prediction={10if a[2](i)>0.5otherwise (5)

Given the predictions on all the examples, you can also compute the cost J as follows:

J=−1m∑i=0m(y(i)log(a[2](i))+(1−y(i))log(1−a[2](i)))(6)

Reminder: The general methodology to build a Neural Network is to:
1. Define the neural network structure ( # of input units, # of hidden units, etc).
2. Initialize the model’s parameters
3. Loop:
- Implement forward propagation
- Compute loss
- Implement backward propagation to get the gradients
- Update parameters (gradient descent)

You often build helper functions to compute steps 1-3 and then merge them into one function we call nn_model(). Once you’ve built nn_model() and learnt the right parameters, you can make predictions on new data.

4.1 - Defining the neural network structure

Exercise: Define three variables:
- n_x: the size of the input layer
- n_h: the size of the hidden layer (set this to 4)
- n_y: the size of the output layer

Hint: Use shapes of X and Y to find n_x and n_y. Also, hard code the hidden layer size to be 4.

# GRADED FUNCTION: layer_sizesdef layer_sizes(X, Y):    """    Arguments:    X -- input dataset of shape (input size, number of examples)    Y -- labels of shape (output size, number of examples)    Returns:    n_x -- the size of the input layer    n_h -- the size of the hidden layer    n_y -- the size of the output layer    """    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)    n_x = X.shape[0] # size of input layer    n_h = 4    n_y = Y.shape[0]# size of output layer    ### END CODE HERE ###    return (n_x, n_h, n_y)

X_assess, Y_assess = layer_sizes_test_case()(n_x, n_h, n_y) = layer_sizes(X_assess, Y_assess)print("The size of the input layer is: n_x = " + str(n_x))print("The size of the hidden layer is: n_h = " + str(n_h))print("The size of the output layer is: n_y = " + str(n_y))

The size of the input layer is: n_x = 5The size of the hidden layer is: n_h = 4The size of the output layer is: n_y = 2

4.2 - Initialize the model’s parameters

Exercise: Implement the function initialize_parameters().

Instructions:
- Make sure your parameters’ sizes are right. Refer to the neural network figure above if needed.
- You will initialize the weights matrices with random values.
- Use: np.random.randn(a,b) * 0.01 to randomly initialize a matrix of shape (a,b).
- You will initialize the bias vectors as zeros.
- Use: np.zeros((a,b)) to initialize a matrix of shape (a,b) with zeros.

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parametersdef initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):    """    Argument:    n_x -- size of the input layer    n_h -- size of the hidden layer    n_y -- size of the output layer    Returns:    params -- python dictionary containing your parameters:                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)    """    np.random.seed(2) # we set up a seed so that your output matches ours although the initialization is random.    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    W1 = np.random.randn(n_h, n_x)    b1 = np.zeros((n_h, 1))    W2 = np.random.randn(n_y, n_h)    b2 = np.zeros((n_y, 1))    ### END CODE HERE ###    assert (W1.shape == (n_h, n_x))    assert (b1.shape == (n_h, 1))    assert (W2.shape == (n_y, n_h))    assert (b2.shape == (n_y, 1))    parameters = {"W1": W1,                  "b1": b1,                  "W2": W2,                  "b2": b2}    return parameters

n_x, n_h, n_y = initialize_parameters_test_case()parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))

W1 = [[-0.41675785 -0.05626683] [-2.1361961   1.64027081] [-1.79343559 -0.84174737] [ 0.50288142 -1.24528809]]b1 = [[ 0.] [ 0.] [ 0.] [ 0.]]W2 = [[-1.05795222 -0.90900761  0.55145404  2.29220801]]b2 = [[ 0.]]

4.3 - The Loop

Question: Implement forward_propagation().

Instructions:
- Look above at the mathematical representation of your classifier.
- You can use the function sigmoid(). It is built-in (imported) in the notebook.
- You can use the function np.tanh(). It is part of the numpy library.
- The steps you have to implement are:
1. Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary “parameters” (which is the output of initialize_parameters()) by using parameters[".."].
2. Implement Forward Propagation. Compute Z[1],A[1],Z[2] and A[2] (the vector of all your predictions on all the examples in the training set).
- Values needed in the backpropagation are stored in “cache“. The cache will be given as an input to the backpropagation function.

# GRADED FUNCTION: forward_propagationdef forward_propagation(X, parameters):    """    Argument:    X -- input data of size (n_x, m)    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters (output of initialization function)    Returns:    A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation    cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2"    """    # Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary "parameters"    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    W1 = parameters["W1"]    b1 = parameters["b1"]    W2 = parameters["W2"]    b2 = parameters["b2"]    ### END CODE HERE ###    # Implement Forward Propagation to calculate A2 (probabilities)    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    Z1 = np.dot(W1, X) + b1    A1 = np.tanh(Z1)    Z2 = np.dot(W2, A1) + b2     A2 = sigmoid(Z2)    ### END CODE HERE ###    assert(A2.shape == (1, X.shape[1]))    cache = {"Z1": Z1,             "A1": A1,             "Z2": Z2,             "A2": A2}    return A2, cache

X_assess, parameters = forward_propagation_test_case()A2, cache = forward_propagation(X_assess, parameters)# Note: we use the mean here just to make sure that your output matches ours. print(np.mean(cache['Z1']) ,np.mean(cache['A1']),np.mean(cache['Z2']),np.mean(cache['A2']))

0.262818640198 0.091999045227 -1.30766601287 0.212877681719

Exercise: Implement compute_cost() to compute the value of the cost J.

Instructions:
- There are many ways to implement the cross-entropy loss. To help you, we give you how we would have implemented
−∑i=0my(i)log(a[2](i)):

logprobs = np.multiply(np.log(A2),Y)cost = - np.sum(logprobs)                # no need to use a for loop!

(you can use either np.multiply() and then np.sum() or directly np.dot()).

# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_costdef compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters):    """    Computes the cross-entropy cost given in equation (13)    Arguments:    A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation, of shape (1, number of examples)    Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters W1, b1, W2 and b2    Returns:    cost -- cross-entropy cost given equation (13)    """    m = Y.shape[1] # number of example    # Compute the cross-entropy cost    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)    logprobs = np.multiply(np.log(A2), Y) + np.multiply(np.log(1-A2), (1-Y))    cost = -(1.0/m)*np.sum(logprobs)    ### END CODE HERE ###    cost = np.squeeze(cost)     # makes sure cost is the dimension we expect.                                 # E.g., turns [[17]] into 17     assert(isinstance(cost, float))    return cost

A2, Y_assess, parameters = compute_cost_test_case()print("cost = " + str(compute_cost(A2, Y_assess, parameters)))

cost = 0.693058761039

Using the cache computed during forward propagation, you can now implement backward propagation.

Question: Implement the function backward_propagation().

Instructions:
Backpropagation is usually the hardest (most mathematical) part in deep learning. To help you, here again is the slide from the lecture on backpropagation. You’ll want to use the six equations on the right of this slide, since you are building a vectorized implementation.

• Tips:
  
  • To compute dZ1 you’ll need to compute g[1]′(Z[1]). Since g[1](.) is the tanh activation function, if a=g[1](z) then g[1]′(z)=1−a2. So you can compute
    g[1]′(Z[1]) using (1 - np.power(A1, 2)).

# GRADED FUNCTION: backward_propagationdef backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X, Y):    """    Implement the backward propagation using the instructions above.    Arguments:    parameters -- python dictionary containing our parameters     cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2".    X -- input data of shape (2, number of examples)    Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)    Returns:    grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients with respect to different parameters    """    m = X.shape[1]    # First, retrieve W1 and W2 from the dictionary "parameters".    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)    W1 = parameters["W1"]    W2 = parameters["W2"]    ### END CODE HERE ###    # Retrieve also A1 and A2 from dictionary "cache".    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)    A1 = cache["A1"]    A2 = cache["A2"]    ### END CODE HERE ###    # Backward propagation: calculate dW1, db1, dW2, db2.     ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 6 lines of code, corresponding to 6 equations on slide above)    dZ2 = A2 - Y    dW2 = 1.0/m*np.dot(dZ2, A1.T)    db2 = 1.0/m*np.sum(dZ2, axis=1, keepdims=True)    dZ1 = np.dot(W2.T, dZ2)*(1-np.power(A1, 2))    dW1 = 1.0/m*np.dot(dZ1, X.T)    db1 = 1.0/m*np.sum(dZ1, axis=1, keepdims=True)    ### END CODE HERE ###    grads = {"dW1": dW1,             "db1": db1,             "dW2": dW2,             "db2": db2}    return grads

parameters, cache, X_assess, Y_assess = backward_propagation_test_case()grads = backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X_assess, Y_assess)print ("dW1 = "+ str(grads["dW1"]))print ("db1 = "+ str(grads["db1"]))print ("dW2 = "+ str(grads["dW2"]))print ("db2 = "+ str(grads["db2"]))

dW1 = [[ 0.00301023 -0.00747267] [ 0.00257968 -0.00641288] [-0.00156892  0.003893  ] [-0.00652037  0.01618243]]db1 = [[ 0.00176201] [ 0.00150995] [-0.00091736] [-0.00381422]]dW2 = [[ 0.00078841  0.01765429 -0.00084166 -0.01022527]]db2 = [[-0.16655712]]

Question: Implement the update rule. Use gradient descent. You have to use (dW1, db1, dW2, db2) in order to update (W1, b1, W2, b2).

General gradient descent rule: θ=θ−α∂J∂θ where α is the learning rate and θ represents a parameter.

Illustration: The gradient descent algorithm with a good learning rate (converging) and a bad learning rate (diverging). Images courtesy of Adam Harley.

# GRADED FUNCTION: update_parametersdef update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate = 1.2):    """    Updates parameters using the gradient descent update rule given above    Arguments:    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters     grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients     Returns:    parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters     """    # Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary "parameters"    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    W1 = parameters["W1"]    b1 = parameters["b1"]    W2 = parameters["W2"]    b2 = parameters["b2"]    ### END CODE HERE ###    # Retrieve each gradient from the dictionary "grads"    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    dW1 = grads["dW1"]    db1 = grads["db1"]    dW2 = grads["dW2"]    db2 = grads["db2"]    ## END CODE HERE ###    # Update rule for each parameter    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)    W1 = W1 - learning_rate*dW1    b1 = b1 - learning_rate*db1    W2 = W2 - learning_rate*dW2    b2 = b2 - learning_rate*db2    ### END CODE HERE ###    parameters = {"W1": W1,                  "b1": b1,                  "W2": W2,                  "b2": b2}    return parameters

parameters, grads = update_parameters_test_case()parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads)print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))

W1 = [[-0.00643025  0.01936718] [-0.02410458  0.03978052] [-0.01653973 -0.02096177] [ 0.01046864 -0.05990141]]b1 = [[ -1.02420756e-06] [  1.27373948e-05] [  8.32996807e-07] [ -3.20136836e-06]]W2 = [[-0.01041081 -0.04463285  0.01758031  0.04747113]]b2 = [[ 0.00010457]]

4.4 - Integrate parts 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 in nn_model()

Question: Build your neural network model in nn_model().

Instructions: The neural network model has to use the previous functions in the right order.

# GRADED FUNCTION: nn_modeldef nn_model(X, Y, n_h, num_iterations = 10000, print_cost=False):    """    Arguments:    X -- dataset of shape (2, number of examples)    Y -- labels of shape (1, number of examples)    n_h -- size of the hidden layer    num_iterations -- Number of iterations in gradient descent loop    print_cost -- if True, print the cost every 1000 iterations    Returns:    parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.    """    np.random.seed(3)    n_x = layer_sizes(X, Y)[0]    n_y = layer_sizes(X, Y)[2]    # Initialize parameters, then retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2. Inputs: "n_x, n_h, n_y". Outputs = "W1, b1, W2, b2, parameters".    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 5 lines of code)    parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)    W1 = parameters["W1"]    b1 = parameters["b1"]    W2 = parameters["W2"]    b2 = parameters["b2"]    ### END CODE HERE ###    # Loop (gradient descent)    for i in range(0, num_iterations):        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)        # Forward propagation. Inputs: "X, parameters". Outputs: "A2, cache".        A2, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)        # Cost function. Inputs: "A2, Y, parameters". Outputs: "cost".        cost = compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters)        # Backpropagation. Inputs: "parameters, cache, X, Y". Outputs: "grads".        grads = backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X, Y)        # Gradient descent parameter update. Inputs: "parameters, grads". Outputs: "parameters".        parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate = 1.2)        ### END CODE HERE ###        # Print the cost every 1000 iterations        if print_cost and i % 1000 == 0:            print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))    return parameters

X_assess, Y_assess = nn_model_test_case()parameters = nn_model(X_assess, Y_assess, 4, num_iterations=10000, print_cost=True)print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))

Cost after iteration 0: 0.041960Cost after iteration 1000: 0.000266Cost after iteration 2000: 0.000134Cost after iteration 3000: 0.000090Cost after iteration 4000: 0.000068Cost after iteration 5000: 0.000054Cost after iteration 6000: 0.000045Cost after iteration 7000: 0.000039Cost after iteration 8000: 0.000034Cost after iteration 9000: 0.000030W1 = [[-0.89587042  1.18044635] [-2.14783312  1.70666862] [-1.50260821 -1.21347886] [ 0.80826745 -1.65434514]]b1 = [[ 0.19050922] [ 0.01614166] [-0.34103273] [-0.25208981]]W2 = [[-2.90757381 -3.18177289  0.36186225  4.50758023]]b2 = [[ 0.24451252]]

4.5 Predictions

Question: Use your model to predict by building predict().
Use forward propagation to predict results.

Reminder: predictions = yprediction=1{activation > 0.5}={1if activation>0.5 0otherwise

As an example, if you would like to set the entries of a matrix X to 0 and 1 based on a threshold you would do: X_new = (X > threshold)

# GRADED FUNCTION: predictdef predict(parameters, X):    """    Using the learned parameters, predicts a class for each example in X    Arguments:    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters     X -- input data of size (n_x, m)    Returns    predictions -- vector of predictions of our model (red: 0 / blue: 1)    """    # Computes probabilities using forward propagation, and classifies to 0/1 using 0.5 as the threshold.    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)    A2, cache = forward_propagation(X, parameters)    predictions = (A2 > 0.5)    ### END CODE HERE ###    return predictions

parameters, X_assess = predict_test_case()predictions = predict(parameters, X_assess)print("predictions mean = " + str(np.mean(predictions)))

predictions mean = 0.666666666667

It is time to run the model and see how it performs on a planar dataset. Run the following code to test your model with a single hidden layer of nh hidden units.

# Build a model with a n_h-dimensional hidden layerparameters = nn_model(X, Y, n_h = 4, num_iterations = 10000, print_cost=True)# Plot the decision boundaryplot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), X, Y)plt.title("Decision Boundary for hidden layer size " + str(4))

Cost after iteration 0: 1.127380Cost after iteration 1000: 0.288553Cost after iteration 2000: 0.276386Cost after iteration 3000: 0.268077Cost after iteration 4000: 0.263069Cost after iteration 5000: 0.259617Cost after iteration 6000: 0.257070Cost after iteration 7000: 0.255105Cost after iteration 8000: 0.253534Cost after iteration 9000: 0.252245<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fed8a9dbc50>

# Print accuracypredictions = predict(parameters, X)print ('Accuracy: %d' % float((np.dot(Y,predictions.T) + np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100) + '%')

Accuracy: 91%

Accuracy is really high compared to Logistic Regression. The model has learnt the leaf patterns of the flower! Neural networks are able to learn even highly non-linear decision boundaries, unlike logistic regression.

Now, let’s try out several hidden layer sizes.

4.6 - Tuning hidden layer size (optional/ungraded exercise)

Run the following code. It may take 1-2 minutes. You will observe different behaviors of the model for various hidden layer sizes.

# This may take about 2 minutes to runplt.figure(figsize=(16, 32))hidden_layer_sizes = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 20, 50]for i, n_h in enumerate(hidden_layer_sizes):    plt.subplot(5, 2, i+1)    plt.title('Hidden Layer of size %d' % n_h)    parameters = nn_model(X, Y, n_h, num_iterations = 5000)    plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), X, Y)    predictions = predict(parameters, X)    accuracy = float((np.dot(Y,predictions.T) + np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100)    print ("Accuracy for {} hidden units: {} %".format(n_h, accuracy))

Accuracy for 1 hidden units: 61.5 %Accuracy for 2 hidden units: 70.5 %Accuracy for 3 hidden units: 66.25 %Accuracy for 4 hidden units: 90.75 %Accuracy for 5 hidden units: 91.0 %Accuracy for 20 hidden units: 91.5 %Accuracy for 50 hidden units: 90.75 %

Interpretation:
- The larger models (with more hidden units) are able to fit the training set better, until eventually the largest models overfit the data.
- The best hidden layer size seems to be around n_h = 5. Indeed, a value around here seems to fits the data well without also incurring noticable overfitting.
- You will also learn later about regularization, which lets you use very large models (such as n_h = 50) without much overfitting.

Optional questions:

Note: Remember to submit the assignment but clicking the blue “Submit Assignment” button at the upper-right.

Some optional/ungraded questions that you can explore if you wish:
- What happens when you change the tanh activation for a sigmoid activation or a ReLU activation?
- Play with the learning_rate. What happens?
- What if we change the dataset? (See part 5 below!)

You’ve learnt to:
- Build a complete neural network with a hidden layer
- Make a good use of a non-linear unit
- Implemented forward propagation and backpropagation, and trained a neural network
- See the impact of varying the hidden layer size, including overfitting.

Nice work!

5) Performance on other datasets

If you want, you can rerun the whole notebook (minus the dataset part) for each of the following datasets.

def load_extra_datasets():      N = 200    noisy_circles = sklearn.datasets.make_circles(n_samples=N, factor=.5, noise=.3)    noisy_moons = sklearn.datasets.make_moons(n_samples=N, noise=.2)    blobs = sklearn.datasets.make_blobs(n_samples=N, random_state=5, n_features=2, centers=6)    gaussian_quantiles = sklearn.datasets.make_gaussian_quantiles(mean=None, cov=0.5, n_samples=N, n_features=2, n_classes=2, shuffle=True, random_state=None)    no_structure = np.random.rand(N, 2), np.random.rand(N, 2)    return noisy_circles, noisy_moons, blobs, gaussian_quantiles, no_structure

# Datasetsnoisy_circles, noisy_moons, blobs, gaussian_quantiles, no_structure = load_extra_datasets()datasets = {"noisy_circles": noisy_circles,            "noisy_moons": noisy_moons,            "blobs": blobs,            "gaussian_quantiles": gaussian_quantiles}### START CODE HERE ### (choose your dataset)dataset = "noisy_moons"### END CODE HERE ###X, Y = datasets[dataset]X, Y = X.T, Y.reshape(1, Y.shape[0])# make blobs binaryif dataset == "blobs":    Y = Y%2# Visualize the dataplt.scatter(X[0, :], X[1, :], c=Y, s=40, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral);