JSP指令

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JSP指令简介:JSP指令(directive)是为JSP引擎而设计的,他们并不直接产生任何可见的输出,而只是告诉

引擎如何处理JSP页面中的剩余部分。

    JSP指令的基本语法:

         <%@ 指令 属性名="值"%>

    例如:

         <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
    注意:属性名部分是大小写敏感的

    在目前的JSP2.0当中,定于了page,include和taglib这三个指令,每种指令中又定义了一些各自的属性。

    如果要遭一个JSP页面中设置同一条指令的多个属性,可以使用多条指令语句单独设置每个属性,也可以使用同一条指令

语句设置该指令的多个属性。

        第一种方式:

                 <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

                <%@  import="java.util.*" %>

       第二种方式:

                <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

page指令用于定义JSP页面的各种属性,无论page指令出现在JSP页面的什么地方,它作用的都是整个JSP页面,

为了保持程序的可读性和遵循良好的变成习惯,page指令最好是放在JSP页面的起始位置。

   page指令的完整语法:

      1).language="java"   

      2).extends="package.class"  当前JSP页面翻译成Servlet之后可以继承的类

      3).import="java.util.*"    导入类之后,才可以使用这些类中的方法。

           

            查看jsp的java文件,可以看到jsp页面会自动导入一些包:

             import javax.servlet.*;
             import javax.servlet.http.*;
             import javax.servlet.jsp.*;

    4).session="true|false"  表示当前页面上是否允许使用session.

           允许使用session:           

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>    <%= session.getId() %>  </body></html>
        查看页面输出:

          

       如果不允许使用session:

        在jsp页面加上 <%@ page session="false" %> 之后,再使用session则会报错!!!

    5.1).<%@ page errorPage="/page/error.jsp" %>  出现异常时跳转的页面.

             Jsp1.jsp:

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><%@ page errorPage="/page/error.jsp" %><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>    <%int i=10/0; %>  </body></html>
  error.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>    ERROR PAGE! <br>      </body></html>


浏览器进入该页面时报异常,这时转发进入errorPage.


   5.2.<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>  . 指定当前页面是否为错误处理页面,可以说明当前页面是否可以使用

使用exception这个隐藏变量:

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><%@page isErrorPage="true"%><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>    ERROR PAGE! <br>    ERROR:<%= exception.getMessage()%>  </body></html>

这样再次浏览器测试:


 5.3)需要注意的是若指定isErrorPage="true" ,并使用exception的方法,一般不建议直接访问该错误页面,对于TOMCAT服务器而言,

浏览器不能通过直接输入文件地址的形式访问WEB-INF下的文件,因为WEB-INF下报错的是隐私文件,如果想访问的话,可以通过请求的转发

可以访问:

       将error.jsp放入WEB-INF目录下:

  

修改Jsp1.jsp里的<%@ page errorPage="/WEB-INF/error.jsp" %>

浏览器测试:


OK!!!!

  5.4). 还可以在web.xml文件中配置错误页面:

    不在某一jsp页面指定errorPage,而改为web.xml文件中配置:

   5.4.1).根据错误代码500,404等等:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">  <display-name>MyLab2</display-name>  <welcome-file-list>    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>  </welcome-file-list>  <error-page>    <error-code>500</error-code>    <location>/WEB-INF/error.jsp</location>  </error-page></web-app>
 测试:



  5.4.2)  根据错误类型,例如java.lang.ArithmeticException:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">  <display-name>MyLab2</display-name>  <welcome-file-list>    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>    <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>  </welcome-file-list>  <error-page>    <exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>    <location>/WEB-INF/error.jsp</location>  </error-page></web-app>
测试:



  6). <%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" %>      指定当前JSP页面的响应类型,实际调用的是   

response.setContentType("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1");
  通常情况下,对于JSP页面而言,其取值不需要改变。响应内容为html,表明JSP页面被servlet引擎编译之后,响应的是html。

charset指定返回的页面的字符编码是多少,通常取值为UTF-8。

  7).  <%@ page  pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>   指定当前JSP页面的字符编码,通常和charset一致。

 8).  <%@page isElIgnored="true" %>  指定当前JSP页面是否可以使用EL表达式。通常取值为true.
    

 include指令:   用于通知JSP引擎翻译当前JSP页面 时将其他文件中的内容合并进当前JSP页面转换成的servlet源文件中,

这种在源文件级别进行引入的方式称之为静态引入。当前JSP页面与静态引入的页面紧密结合为一个servlet.

语法:<%@include file="relativeUrl"%>

其中的file属性用于指定被引入文件的相对路径。如果以"/"开头,表示相对于当前WEB应用的根目录。

被引入的文件需要遵守的规则:

   1.被引入的文件必须遵循JSP语法,其中的内容可以包含静态HTML,JSP脚本元素,JSP指令和JSP行为元素等普通JSP页面所具有的一切内容。

   2.被引入的文件可以使用任意的扩展名,即使其扩展名为HTML,JSP引擎也会按照处理JSP页面的方式处理他里面的内容,为了见名知意,

JSP规范建议使用.jspf(jsp fragments) 组我诶静态引入文件的扩展名。

   3.在将JSP文件翻译成servlet源文件时,JSP引擎将合并被引入的文件与当前JSP页面中的指令元素(设置pageEncoding属性的page指令除外),

所以,除了import和pageEncoding属性之外,page指令的其他属性不能再这个页面中有不同的设置值。

测试:

jsp1.jsp中包含jsp2.jsp(静态包含,源码级包含


发现只有jsp1的文件,但是没有jsp2文件,打开jsp1的java文件,发现jsp2的代码都在该文件中:

/* * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat * Version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.6 * Generated at: 2017-09-24 07:45:15 UTC * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to *       the last modified time of the source file after *       generation to assist with modification tracking. */package org.apache.jsp.page;import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;import javax.servlet.jsp.*;import java.util.*;import java.util.*;public final class Jsp1_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;  static {    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(1);    _jspx_dependants.put("/page/Jsp2.jsp", Long.valueOf(1506239106121L));  }  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;  static {    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");    _jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");    _jspx_imports_classes = null;  }  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {    return _jspx_dependants;  }  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {    return _jspx_imports_packages;  }  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {    return _jspx_imports_classes;  }  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {      synchronized (this) {        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();        }      }    }    return _el_expressionfactory;  }  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {      synchronized (this) {        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());        }      }    }    return _jsp_instancemanager;  }  public void _jspInit() {  }  public void _jspDestroy() {  }  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");      return;    }    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;    final java.lang.Object page = this;    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;    try {      response.setContentType("text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1");      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,      null, true, 8192, true);      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;      application = pageContext.getServletContext();      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();      session = pageContext.getSession();      out = pageContext.getOut();      _jspx_out = out;      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");      out.write("<html>\r\n");      out.write("  <head>\r\n");      out.write("    <base href=\"");      out.print(basePath);      out.write("\">\r\n");      out.write("    \r\n");      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");      out.write("    \r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\">    \r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<!--\r\n");      out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");      out.write("\t-->\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("  </head>\r\n");      out.write("  \r\n");      out.write("  <body>\r\n");      out.write("     This is my JSP1 page. <br>\r\n");      out.write("     <!-- jsp1  包含jsp2 -->\r\n");      out.write("     ");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");      out.write("<html>\r\n");      out.write("  <head>\r\n");      out.write("    <base href=\"");      out.print(basePath);      out.write("\">\r\n");      out.write("    \r\n");      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'Jsp2.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");      out.write("    \r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\">    \r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");      out.write("\t<!--\r\n");      out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");      out.write("\t-->\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("  </head>\r\n");      out.write("  \r\n");      out.write("  <body>\r\n");      out.write("    This is my JSP2 page. <br>\r\n");      out.write("  </body>\r\n");      out.write("</html>\r\n");      out.write("\r\n");      out.write("  </body>\r\n");      out.write("</html>\r\n");    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){        out = _jspx_out;        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)          try {            if (response.isCommitted()) {              out.flush();            } else {              out.clearBuffer();            }          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);        else throw new ServletException(t);      }    } finally {      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);    }  }}


):

jsp1.jsp:

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" %><%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>     This is my JSP1 page. <br>     <!-- jsp1  包含jsp2 -->     <%@ include file="Jsp2.jsp" %>  </body></html>
jsp2.jsp:

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html>  <head>    <base href="<%=basePath%>">        <title>My JSP 'Jsp2.jsp' starting page</title>    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"><meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"><!--<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">-->  </head>    <body>    This is my JSP2 page. <br>  </body></html>
浏览器测试:


jsp1.jsp和jsp2.jsp有一点不同的是jsp2,jsp没有:

<%String path = request.getContextPath();String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";%>
是因为若两个页面都有这段JAVA代码的话,相当于jsp1的servlet中的service方法中有两个path变量,两个basePath变量,造成冲突。










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