Python3 Standard Library
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原文地址:https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Built-in Functions
- 3. Built-in Constants
- 3.1. Constants added by the
site
module
- 3.1. Constants added by the
- 4. Built-in Types
- 4.1. Truth Value Testing
- 4.2. Boolean Operations —
and
,or
,not
- 4.3. Comparisons
- 4.4. Numeric Types —
int
,float
,complex
- 4.5. Iterator Types
- 4.6. Sequence Types —
list
,tuple
,range
- 4.7. Text Sequence Type —
str
- 4.8. Binary Sequence Types —
bytes
,bytearray
,memoryview
- 4.9. Set Types —
set
,frozenset
- 4.10. Mapping Types —
dict
- 4.11. Context Manager Types
- 4.12. Other Built-in Types
- 4.13. Special Attributes
- 5. Built-in Exceptions
- 5.1. Base classes
- 5.2. Concrete exceptions
- 5.3. Warnings
- 5.4. Exception hierarchy
- 6. Text Processing Services
- 6.1.
string
— Common string operations - 6.2.
re
— Regular expression operations - 6.3.
difflib
— Helpers for computing deltas - 6.4.
textwrap
— Text wrapping and filling - 6.5.
unicodedata
— Unicode Database - 6.6.
stringprep
— Internet String Preparation - 6.7.
readline
— GNU readline interface - 6.8.
rlcompleter
— Completion function for GNU readline
- 6.1.
- 7. Binary Data Services
- 7.1.
struct
— Interpret bytes as packed binary data - 7.2.
codecs
— Codec registry and base classes
- 7.1.
- 8. Data Types
- 8.1.
datetime
— Basic date and time types - 8.2.
calendar
— General calendar-related functions - 8.3.
collections
— Container datatypes - 8.4.
collections.abc
— Abstract Base Classes for Containers - 8.5.
heapq
— Heap queue algorithm - 8.6.
bisect
— Array bisection algorithm - 8.7.
array
— Efficient arrays of numeric values - 8.8.
weakref
— Weak references - 8.9.
types
— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types - 8.10.
copy
— Shallow and deep copy operations - 8.11.
pprint
— Data pretty printer - 8.12.
reprlib
— Alternaterepr()
implementation - 8.13.
enum
— Support for enumerations
- 8.1.
- 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- 9.1.
numbers
— Numeric abstract base classes - 9.2.
math
— Mathematical functions - 9.3.
cmath
— Mathematical functions for complex numbers - 9.4.
decimal
— Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic - 9.5.
fractions
— Rational numbers - 9.6.
random
— Generate pseudo-random numbers - 9.7.
statistics
— Mathematical statistics functions
- 9.1.
- 10. Functional Programming Modules
- 10.1.
itertools
— Functions creating iterators for efficient looping - 10.2.
functools
— Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects - 10.3.
operator
— Standard operators as functions
- 10.1.
- 11. File and Directory Access
- 11.1.
pathlib
— Object-oriented filesystem paths - 11.2.
os.path
— Common pathname manipulations - 11.3.
fileinput
— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams - 11.4.
stat
— Interpretingstat()
results - 11.5.
filecmp
— File and Directory Comparisons - 11.6.
tempfile
— Generate temporary files and directories - 11.7.
glob
— Unix style pathname pattern expansion - 11.8.
fnmatch
— Unix filename pattern matching - 11.9.
linecache
— Random access to text lines - 11.10.
shutil
— High-level file operations - 11.11.
macpath
— Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
- 11.1.
- 12. Data Persistence
- 12.1.
pickle
— Python object serialization - 12.2.
copyreg
— Registerpickle
support functions - 12.3.
shelve
— Python object persistence - 12.4.
marshal
— Internal Python object serialization - 12.5.
dbm
— Interfaces to Unix “databases” - 12.6.
sqlite3
— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- 12.1.
- 13. Data Compression and Archiving
- 13.1.
zlib
— Compression compatible with gzip - 13.2.
gzip
— Support for gzip files - 13.3.
bz2
— Support for bzip2 compression - 13.4.
lzma
— Compression using the LZMA algorithm - 13.5.
zipfile
— Work with ZIP archives - 13.6.
tarfile
— Read and write tar archive files
- 13.1.
- 14. File Formats
- 14.1.
csv
— CSV File Reading and Writing - 14.2.
configparser
— Configuration file parser - 14.3.
netrc
— netrc file processing - 14.4.
xdrlib
— Encode and decode XDR data - 14.5.
plistlib
— Generate and parse Mac OS X.plist
files
- 14.1.
- 15. Cryptographic Services
- 15.1.
hashlib
— Secure hashes and message digests - 15.2.
hmac
— Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication - 15.3.
secrets
— Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 15.1.
- 16. Generic Operating System Services
- 16.1.
os
— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces - 16.2.
io
— Core tools for working with streams - 16.3.
time
— Time access and conversions - 16.4.
argparse
— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands - 16.5.
getopt
— C-style parser for command line options - 16.6.
logging
— Logging facility for Python - 16.7.
logging.config
— Logging configuration - 16.8.
logging.handlers
— Logging handlers - 16.9.
getpass
— Portable password input - 16.10.
curses
— Terminal handling for character-cell displays - 16.11.
curses.textpad
— Text input widget for curses programs - 16.12.
curses.ascii
— Utilities for ASCII characters - 16.13.
curses.panel
— A panel stack extension for curses - 16.14.
platform
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 16.15.
errno
— Standard errno system symbols - 16.16.
ctypes
— A foreign function library for Python
- 16.1.
- 17. Concurrent Execution
- 17.1.
threading
— Thread-based parallelism - 17.2.
multiprocessing
— Process-based parallelism - 17.3. The
concurrent
package - 17.4.
concurrent.futures
— Launching parallel tasks - 17.5.
subprocess
— Subprocess management - 17.6.
sched
— Event scheduler - 17.7.
queue
— A synchronized queue class - 17.8.
dummy_threading
— Drop-in replacement for thethreading
module - 17.9.
_thread
— Low-level threading API - 17.10.
_dummy_thread
— Drop-in replacement for the_thread
module
- 17.1.
- 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 18.1.
socket
— Low-level networking interface - 18.2.
ssl
— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects - 18.3.
select
— Waiting for I/O completion - 18.4.
selectors
— High-level I/O multiplexing - 18.5.
asyncio
— Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks - 18.6.
asyncore
— Asynchronous socket handler - 18.7.
asynchat
— Asynchronous socket command/response handler - 18.8.
signal
— Set handlers for asynchronous events - 18.9.
mmap
— Memory-mapped file support
- 18.1.
- 19. Internet Data Handling
- 19.1.
email
— An email and MIME handling package - 19.2.
json
— JSON encoder and decoder - 19.3.
mailcap
— Mailcap file handling - 19.4.
mailbox
— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats - 19.5.
mimetypes
— Map filenames to MIME types - 19.6.
base64
— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings - 19.7.
binhex
— Encode and decode binhex4 files - 19.8.
binascii
— Convert between binary and ASCII - 19.9.
quopri
— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data - 19.10.
uu
— Encode and decode uuencode files
- 19.1.
- 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 20.1.
html
— HyperText Markup Language support - 20.2.
html.parser
— Simple HTML and XHTML parser - 20.3.
html.entities
— Definitions of HTML general entities - 20.4. XML Processing Modules
- 20.5.
xml.etree.ElementTree
— The ElementTree XML API - 20.6.
xml.dom
— The Document Object Model API - 20.7.
xml.dom.minidom
— Minimal DOM implementation - 20.8.
xml.dom.pulldom
— Support for building partial DOM trees - 20.9.
xml.sax
— Support for SAX2 parsers - 20.10.
xml.sax.handler
— Base classes for SAX handlers - 20.11.
xml.sax.saxutils
— SAX Utilities - 20.12.
xml.sax.xmlreader
— Interface for XML parsers - 20.13.
xml.parsers.expat
— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 20.1.
- 21. Internet Protocols and Support
- 21.1.
webbrowser
— Convenient Web-browser controller - 21.2.
cgi
— Common Gateway Interface support - 21.3.
cgitb
— Traceback manager for CGI scripts - 21.4.
wsgiref
— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation - 21.5.
urllib
— URL handling modules - 21.6.
urllib.request
— Extensible library for opening URLs - 21.7.
urllib.response
— Response classes used by urllib - 21.8.
urllib.parse
— Parse URLs into components - 21.9.
urllib.error
— Exception classes raised by urllib.request - 21.10.
urllib.robotparser
— Parser for robots.txt - 21.11.
http
— HTTP modules - 21.12.
http.client
— HTTP protocol client - 21.13.
ftplib
— FTP protocol client - 21.14.
poplib
— POP3 protocol client - 21.15.
imaplib
— IMAP4 protocol client - 21.16.
nntplib
— NNTP protocol client - 21.17.
smtplib
— SMTP protocol client - 21.18.
smtpd
— SMTP Server - 21.19.
telnetlib
— Telnet client - 21.20.
uuid
— UUID objects according to RFC 4122 - 21.21.
socketserver
— A framework for network servers - 21.22.
http.server
— HTTP servers - 21.23.
http.cookies
— HTTP state management - 21.24.
http.cookiejar
— Cookie handling for HTTP clients - 21.25.
xmlrpc
— XMLRPC server and client modules - 21.26.
xmlrpc.client
— XML-RPC client access - 21.27.
xmlrpc.server
— Basic XML-RPC servers - 21.28.
ipaddress
— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 21.1.
- 22. Multimedia Services
- 22.1.
audioop
— Manipulate raw audio data - 22.2.
aifc
— Read and write AIFF and AIFC files - 22.3.
sunau
— Read and write Sun AU files - 22.4.
wave
— Read and write WAV files - 22.5.
chunk
— Read IFF chunked data - 22.6.
colorsys
— Conversions between color systems - 22.7.
imghdr
— Determine the type of an image - 22.8.
sndhdr
— Determine type of sound file - 22.9.
ossaudiodev
— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 22.1.
- 23. Internationalization
- 23.1.
gettext
— Multilingual internationalization services - 23.2.
locale
— Internationalization services
- 23.1.
- 24. Program Frameworks
- 24.1.
turtle
— Turtle graphics - 24.2.
cmd
— Support for line-oriented command interpreters - 24.3.
shlex
— Simple lexical analysis
- 24.1.
- 25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 25.1.
tkinter
— Python interface to Tcl/Tk - 25.2.
tkinter.ttk
— Tk themed widgets - 25.3.
tkinter.tix
— Extension widgets for Tk - 25.4.
tkinter.scrolledtext
— Scrolled Text Widget - 25.5. IDLE
- 25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
- 25.1.
- 26. Development Tools
- 26.1.
typing
— Support for type hints - 26.2.
pydoc
— Documentation generator and online help system - 26.3.
doctest
— Test interactive Python examples - 26.4.
unittest
— Unit testing framework - 26.5.
unittest.mock
— mock object library - 26.6.
unittest.mock
— getting started - 26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
- 26.8.
test
— Regression tests package for Python - 26.9.
test.support
— Utilities for the Python test suite
- 26.1.
- 27. Debugging and Profiling
- 27.1.
bdb
— Debugger framework - 27.2.
faulthandler
— Dump the Python traceback - 27.3.
pdb
— The Python Debugger - 27.4. The Python Profilers
- 27.5.
timeit
— Measure execution time of small code snippets - 27.6.
trace
— Trace or track Python statement execution - 27.7.
tracemalloc
— Trace memory allocations
- 27.1.
- 28. Software Packaging and Distribution
- 28.1.
distutils
— Building and installing Python modules - 28.2.
ensurepip
— Bootstrapping thepip
installer - 28.3.
venv
— Creation of virtual environments - 28.4.
zipapp
— Manage executable python zip archives
- 28.1.
- 29. Python Runtime Services
- 29.1.
sys
— System-specific parameters and functions - 29.2.
sysconfig
— Provide access to Python’s configuration information - 29.3.
builtins
— Built-in objects - 29.4.
__main__
— Top-level script environment - 29.5.
warnings
— Warning control - 29.6.
contextlib
— Utilities forwith
-statement contexts - 29.7.
abc
— Abstract Base Classes - 29.8.
atexit
— Exit handlers - 29.9.
traceback
— Print or retrieve a stack traceback - 29.10.
__future__
— Future statement definitions - 29.11.
gc
— Garbage Collector interface - 29.12.
inspect
— Inspect live objects - 29.13.
site
— Site-specific configuration hook - 29.14.
fpectl
— Floating point exception control
- 29.1.
- 30. Custom Python Interpreters
- 30.1.
code
— Interpreter base classes - 30.2.
codeop
— Compile Python code
- 30.1.
- 31. Importing Modules
- 31.1.
zipimport
— Import modules from Zip archives - 31.2.
pkgutil
— Package extension utility - 31.3.
modulefinder
— Find modules used by a script - 31.4.
runpy
— Locating and executing Python modules - 31.5.
importlib
— The implementation ofimport
- 31.1.
- 32. Python Language Services
- 32.1.
parser
— Access Python parse trees - 32.2.
ast
— Abstract Syntax Trees - 32.3.
symtable
— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables - 32.4.
symbol
— Constants used with Python parse trees - 32.5.
token
— Constants used with Python parse trees - 32.6.
keyword
— Testing for Python keywords - 32.7.
tokenize
— Tokenizer for Python source - 32.8.
tabnanny
— Detection of ambiguous indentation - 32.9.
pyclbr
— Python class browser support - 32.10.
py_compile
— Compile Python source files - 32.11.
compileall
— Byte-compile Python libraries - 32.12.
dis
— Disassembler for Python bytecode - 32.13.
pickletools
— Tools for pickle developers
- 32.1.
- 33. Miscellaneous Services
- 33.1.
formatter
— Generic output formatting
- 33.1.
- 34. MS Windows Specific Services
- 34.1.
msilib
— Read and write Microsoft Installer files - 34.2.
msvcrt
— Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime - 34.3.
winreg
— Windows registry access - 34.4.
winsound
— Sound-playing interface for Windows
- 34.1.
- 35. Unix Specific Services
- 35.1.
posix
— The most common POSIX system calls - 35.2.
pwd
— The password database - 35.3.
spwd
— The shadow password database - 35.4.
grp
— The group database - 35.5.
crypt
— Function to check Unix passwords - 35.6.
termios
— POSIX style tty control - 35.7.
tty
— Terminal control functions - 35.8.
pty
— Pseudo-terminal utilities - 35.9.
fcntl
— Thefcntl
andioctl
system calls - 35.10.
pipes
— Interface to shell pipelines - 35.11.
resource
— Resource usage information - 35.12.
nis
— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) - 35.13.
syslog
— Unix syslog library routines
- 35.1.
- 36. Superseded Modules
- 36.1.
optparse
— Parser for command line options - 36.2.
imp
— Access theimport
internals
- 36.1.
- 37. Undocumented Modules
- 37.1. Platform specific modules
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