运维之思科篇 -----6.思科项目练习

来源：互联网发布：学安卓软件开发教程编辑：程序博客网时间：2024/06/05 09:42

总结：

问题分析

项目需求

项目技术

技术内容

命令操作

1.一层技术

2.二层技术

3.三层技术

1.中继

2.生成树协议

3.以太通道

4.三层交换

5.HSRP

6.RIP协议

7.NAT

网络结构层次

接入层：用于将终端设备接入网络

汇聚层：用于VLAN间通信，路由用户数据到外网

核心层：连接外网

案例1：配置目前网络环境
案例2：项目阶段练习

1 案例1：配置目前网络环境

1.1 问题

一家新创建的IT公司，公司位于北京有80多台服务器

目前网络环境使用技术，通过端口映射技术将web服务器发布给Internet：

三层交换：汇聚接入层交换机
默认路由：实现到互联网数以万计网络访问的简化配置
静态路由：实现公司内部网络互通
NAT端口映射：实现企业内部Web服务器的发布

1.2 方案

通过端口映射技术将web服务器发布给Internet，公司现有网络环境拓扑如图-1所示：

图-1

现有网络连接说明如表-1所示：

表－1 网络连接说明

1.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：根据表-1为设备配置IP地址，并为三层交换机开启路由功能

1）MS1配置vlan1与f0/1接口的IP地址并开启路由功能

Switch(config)#hostname MS1
MS1(config)#ip routing 
MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.252 255.255.255.0 
MS1(config-if)#no shutdown 
MS1(config-if)#exit
MS1(config-if)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
MS1(config-if)#no switchport
MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
MS1(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤二：为路由器配置IP地址，添加接口模块

1）为路由器添加接口模块并进入路由器接口配置IP地址

Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 61.159.62.129 255.255.255.248
R1(config-if)#no shutdown

步骤三：配置MS1和路由器的静态路由

MS1(config-if)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

步骤四：测试server1与R1接口IP的连通性

PC>ping 192.168.2.2
Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
PC>ping 61.159.62.129
Pinging 61.159.62.129 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=254
Reply from 61.159.62.129: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Ping statistics for 61.159.62.129:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 2ms, Average = 0ms

步骤五：R1配置端口映射

R1(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.8 80 61.159.62.131 80 
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config)#interface f1/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside

步骤六：在PC7上查看是映射结果，如图-2所示

图-2

2 案例2：项目阶段练习

2.1 问题

现有网络问题分析：

接入层交换机只与同一个三层交换机相连，存在单点故障而影响网络通信。
互联网连接单一服务商

现有网络需求：

随着企业发展，为了保证网络的高可用性，需要使用很多的冗余技术。
保证局域网络不会因为线路故障而导致的网络故障。
保证客户端机器不会因为使用单一网关而出现的单点失败。
保证到互联网的高可用接入使用冗余互联网连接。
提高网络链路带宽。

2.2 方案

基于项目的需求，需要用到如下技术：

STP：解决二层环路带来的广播风暴并链路冗余问题
以太网通道：提高网络链路带宽
RIP路由协议：实现网络路径的自动学习
HSRP：实现网关冗余

重新规划后的网络拓扑如图-3：

图-3

重新规划后网络连接说明如表-2与表-3所示：

表－2 网络连接说明

表－3 网络连接说明（续）

2.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：静态路由升级动态路由。

1）R1删除静态路由并配置rip

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
R1(config)#router rip 
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary 
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R1(config-router)#default-information originate

2）MS1上删除静态路由并配置rip

MS1(config)#no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
MS1(config)#router rip 
MS1(config-router)#version 2
MS1(config-router)#no auto-summary 
MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0

3）在MS1上查看路由表

MS1#show ip route 
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:01, FastEthernet0/1

步骤二：配置SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4与MS1的接口为Trunk模式并做以太网通道。

1）SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4上做与MS1之间的trunk与以太网通道

Switch(config)#hostname SW1
SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/5-6
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW1(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on
Switch(config)#hostname SW2
SW2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/7-8
SW2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW2(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on 
Switch(config)#hostname SW3
SW3(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/9-10
SW3(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW3(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on 
Switch(config)#hostname SW4
SW4(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/11-12
SW4(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW4(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on

2）MS1与SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间做以太网通道并启用trunk

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/5-6

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on

MS1(config-if-range)#exit

MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/7-8

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q

MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

MS1(config-if-range)#exit

MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/9-10

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on

MS1(config-if-range)#exit

MS1(config-if-range)#interface range fastEthernet 0/11-12

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q

MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk on

MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on

步骤三：添加MS2并配置与MS1、SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间的太网通道。

1）在MS1上配置与MS2的以太网通道

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/13-15
MS1(config-if-range)#channel-group 5 mode on
MS1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
MS1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

2）在MS2并配置与MS1、SW1、SW2、SW3、SW4之间的太网通道

MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/10-12
MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 5 mode on
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
MS2(config-if-range)#exit
MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/2-3
MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
MS2(config-if-range)#exit
MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/4-5
MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode on
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
MS2(config-if-range)#exit
MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/6-7
MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 3 mode on
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
MS2(config-if-range)#exit
MS2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/8-9
MS2(config-if-range)#channel-group 4 mode on
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
MS2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk

3）在MS1上查看以太网通道

MS1>show etherchannel port-channel 
Channel-group listing:
----------------------
Group: 1
----------
Port-channels in the group:
---------------------------
Port-channel: Po1
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
Logical slot/port = 2/1 Number of ports = 2
GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel 
Protocol = PAGP
Port Security = Disabled
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state No of bits
------+------+------+------------------+-----------
0 00 Fa0/5 On 0
0 00 Fa0/6 On 0
Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/6
Group: 2
----------
Port-channels in the group:
---------------------------
Port-channel: Po2
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
Logical slot/port = 2/2 Number of ports = 2
GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel 
Protocol = PAGP
Port Security = Disabled
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state No of bits
------+------+------+------------------+-----------
0 00 Fa0/7 On 0
0 00 Fa0/8 On 0
Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/8
Group: 3
----------
Port-channels in the group:
---------------------------
Port-channel: Po3
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
Logical slot/port = 2/3 Number of ports = 2
GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel 
Protocol = PAGP
Port Security = Disabled
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state No of bits
------+------+------+------------------+-----------
0 00 Fa0/9 On 0
0 00 Fa0/10 On 0
Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/10
Group: 4
----------
Port-channels in the group:
---------------------------
Port-channel: Po4
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:05m:21s
Logical slot/port = 2/4 Number of ports = 2
GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel 
Protocol = PAGP
Port Security = Disabled
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state No of bits
------+------+------+------------------+-----------
0 00 Fa0/11 On 0
0 00 Fa0/12 On 0
Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:05m:21s Fa0/12
Group: 5
----------
Port-channels in the group:
---------------------------
Port-channel: Po5
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 00d:00h:08m:11s
Logical slot/port = 2/5 Number of ports = 3
GC = 0x00000000 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel 
Protocol = PAGP
Port Security = Disabled
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state No of bits
------+------+------+------------------+-----------
0 00 Fa0/13 On 0
0 00 Fa0/14 On 0
0 00 Fa0/15 On 0
Time since last port bundled: 00d:00h:08m:11s Fa0/15

步骤四：MS1与MS2配置STP

1）在MS1和MS2上配置stp

MS1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary 
MS2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary

2）在MS1和MS2上查看stp

MS1# show spanning-tree vlan 1
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24577
Address 0004.9A70.6B06
This bridge is the root    
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 24577 (priority 24576 sys-id-ext 1)
Address 0004.9A70.6B06
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Po1 Desg FWD 9 128.27 Shr
Po2 Desg FWD 9 128.28 Shr
Po3 Desg FWD 9 128.29 Shr
Po4 Desg FWD 9 128.30 Shr
Po5 Desg FWD 8 128.31 Shr
MS2#show spanning-tree vlan 1 
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 24577
Address 0004.9A70.6B06
Cost 8
Port 31(Port-channel 5)
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 28673 (priority 28672 sys-id-ext 1)
Address 0006.2A05.A2BA
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Po1 Desg FWD 9 128.27 Shr
Po2 Desg FWD 9 128.28 Shr
Po3 Desg FWD 9 128.29 Shr
Po4 Desg FWD 9 128.30 Shr
Po5 Root FWD 8 128.31 Shr

步骤五：HSRP配置

1）MS1配置HSRP

MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
MS1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254
MS1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 200
MS1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

2）MS2配置HSRP开启路由功能

MS2(config)#ip routing
MS2(config)#interface vlan 1
MS2(config)#ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
MS2(config)#no shutdown
MS2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254 
MS2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 195
MS2(config-if)#standby 1 preempt

3）配置MS1交换机的HSRP的端口跟踪，关闭跟踪接口，并在MS1和MS2上查看HSRP状态

MS1(config)# MS1(config)#interface vlan 1
MS1(config-if)#standby 1 track fastEthernet 0/1
MS1(config-if)#exit
MS1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
MS1(config-if)#shutdown
MS1#show standby brief 
P indicates configured to preempt.
|
Interface   Grp    Pri  P    State       Active          Standby    Virtual IP
Vl1          1      190  P    Standby    192.168.1.253   local     192.168.1.254
MS2#show standby brief 
P indicates configured to preempt.
Interface    Grp    Pri   P     State     Active   Standby           Virtual IP
Vl1            1     195   P     Active    local    192.168.1.252     192.168.1.254

步骤六：MS2连接R1并配置rip

1)为R1与MS2相连接的接口配置IP地址并配置rip

R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/24
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#router rip 
R1(config-router)# version 2
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
MS2(config-if)#exit
MS2(config)#router rip 
MS2(config-router)#version 2
MS2(config-router)#no auto-summary 
MS2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

步骤七：添加路由器R2，为R2配置默认路由，R2与MS1、MS2、Internet相连并为配置IP与动态路由

1)配置R2的IP地址、rip、默认路由。

Router(config)hostname R2
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 61.159.62.130 255.255.255.248
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fastEthernet 1/0
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
R2(config-router)#no auto-summary 
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.5.0
R2(config-router)#default-information originate

2）MS2配置IP地址添加动态路由条目

MS2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
MS2(config-if)#no switchport
MS2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
MS2(config-if)#no shutdown
MS2(config-if)#exit
MS2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
MS2(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0

3）MS1配置IP地址添加动态路由条目

MS1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/24
MS1(config-if)#no switchport
MS1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
MS1(config-if)#no shutdown
MS1(config-if)#exit
MS1(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
MS1(config-router)#network 192.168.5.0

4)在客户端测试网络的联通性

SERVER>ipconfig 
FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
Link-local IPv6 Address.........: FE80::201:96FF:FEA8:404B
IP Address......................: 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.254
SERVER>ping 192.168.2.1
Pinging 192.168.2.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
SERVER>ping 192.168.3.1
Pinging 192.168.3.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Ping statistics for 192.168.3.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 2, Lost = 2 (50% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
SERVER>ping 192.168.4.1
Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
SERVER>ping 192.168.5.1
Pinging 192.168.5.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=255
Reply from 192.168.5.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=255
Ping statistics for 192.168.5.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
SERVER>ping 192.168.2.2
Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 11ms, Average = 3ms
SERVER>ping 192.168.3.2
Pinging 192.168.3.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=254
Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
Ping statistics for 192.168.3.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms

5）关闭MS1

MS1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-24
MS1(config-if-range)#shutdown

6）在外网测试是否可以访问web服务器如图-4所示

图-4

步骤八：在R2上配置端口映射

1）在R2上配置端口映射，指定NAT进口

R2(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.8 80 61.159.62.131 80
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip nat inside 
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip nat inside 
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
R2(config-if)#ip nat outside

2）关闭R1（如图-5所示）测试外网是否可以正常访问web服务器（因为模拟器有BUG所以需要填加一台Internet主机IP：61.159.62.133测试如图-6所示）

图-5

图-6

可以访问web服务器证明项目升级成功。

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