Android Bitmap加载内存占用彻底分析

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背景

在某个版本应用上线后,偶然测得首页占用的内存非常的大而且一直不能回收掉,经过一轮的排查后最终确定是3张图片引起的!当时每张图片占用了将近20m内存。当时紧急处理好后还一直惦记着此事,后来对Android加载Bitmap的内存占用作了彻底的分析,跟踪了相关的源码,在这里总结一下。

图片加载测试

先抛开结论,现在先直观的看一下加载如下一张图片需要多少内存

这里写图片描述

其中图片的宽高都为300像素

计算内存的方法采用 android.graphics.Bitmap#getByteCount

public final int getByteCount() {    // int result permits bitmaps up to 46,340 x 46,340    return getRowBytes() * getHeight();}

预期占用的内存大小为

图片宽*图片高*表示每个像素点的字节数,即 

这里写图片描述

加载SD卡的图片

加载SD中的图片结果为

这里写图片描述

assets的图片

加载asset目录中的图片结果为

这里写图片描述

加载Resources的图片

  • drawable目录

    这里写图片描述

  • drawable-mdpi目录

    这里写图片描述

  • drawable-hdpi目录

    这里写图片描述

  • drawable-xhdpi目录

    这里写图片描述

  • drawable-xhhdpi目录

    这里写图片描述

  • drawable-xhhhdpi目录

    这里写图片描述

内存占用分析

理论上,300 * 300像素的图片,默认以4byte表示1个像素的情况下,占用的内存为
300 * 300 * 4 = 360000 byte

但是,实际上,只有从SD卡、assets目录、drawable-xhdpi目录下加载图片才等于理论数值,其他数值都不等!

等等!,从图片的大小看,不等于理论值的图片好像被放大或者缩小了?我们可以验证一下,把图片在内存中的实际宽高打印出来

SD卡的

这里写图片描述

drawable-mdpi的

这里写图片描述

发现没有?在drawable-mdpi目录中的图片在加载内存中时的宽高都放大了两倍!!
其实,加载在SD卡和assets目录的图片时,图片的尺寸不会被改变,但是drawable-xxxdpi目录的照片的尺寸会被改变,这里篇幅所限,就不一一截图了,想验证的可以下载demo(文末给出链接)试验一下。至于尺寸改变的原因,下文会讨论,这里卖个关子。

查看源码

正所谓源码面前,了无秘密,欲知原理,还须从源码下手,首先查看BitmapFactory.java文件

BitmapFactory.decodeFile BitmapFactory.decodeResourceStream

这两个方法的重载函数最终都会调用到

private static native Bitmap nativeDecodeStream(InputStream is, byte[] storage,            Rect padding, Options opts);

这是一个本地方法,其相关实现在

frameworks/base/core/jni/android/graphics/BitmapFactory.cpp

打开文件,找到如下的方法,就是本地方法的实现

static jobject nativeDecodeStream(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject is, jbyteArray storage,        jobject padding, jobject options) {    jobject bitmap = NULL;    SkAutoTUnref<SkStream> stream(CreateJavaInputStreamAdaptor(env, is, storage));    if (stream.get()) {        SkAutoTUnref<SkStreamRewindable> bufferedStream(                SkFrontBufferedStream::Create(stream, BYTES_TO_BUFFER));        SkASSERT(bufferedStream.get() != NULL);        bitmap = doDecode(env, bufferedStream, padding, options);    }    return bitmap;}

抓住我们要看的部分,这里还调用了doDecode方法,调到doDecode会发现,bitmap解码的逻辑基本框架都在里面了,分析清楚它的逻辑,我们就能找到答案,方法非常长,有200多行,我把枝干提取出来,并加上注释如下

static jobject doDecode(JNIEnv* env, SkStreamRewindable* stream, jobject padding, jobject options) {    int sampleSize = 1;    SkImageDecoder::Mode decodeMode = SkImageDecoder::kDecodePixels_Mode;    SkColorType prefColorType = kN32_SkColorType;    bool doDither = true;    bool isMutable = false;    float scale = 1.0f;    bool preferQualityOverSpeed = false;    bool requireUnpremultiplied = false;    jobject javaBitmap = NULL;    if (options != NULL) {         //options是BitmapFactory.Options的java对象,这里获取该对象的成员变量值并赋值给本地代码的变量,下面类似格式的方法调用作用相同        sampleSize = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_sampleSizeFieldID);        if (optionsJustBounds(env, options)) {            decodeMode = SkImageDecoder::kDecodeBounds_Mode;        }        // initialize these, in case we fail later on        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, -1);        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, -1);        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID, 0);        jobject jconfig = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_configFieldID);        prefColorType = GraphicsJNI::getNativeBitmapColorType(env, jconfig);        isMutable = env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_mutableFieldID);        doDither = env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_ditherFieldID);        preferQualityOverSpeed = env->GetBooleanField(options,                gOptions_preferQualityOverSpeedFieldID);        requireUnpremultiplied = !env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_premultipliedFieldID);        javaBitmap = env->GetObjectField(options, gOptions_bitmapFieldID);          //java里,inScaled默认true,所以这里总是执行,除非手动设置为false        if (env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_scaledFieldID)) {            const int density = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_densityFieldID);            const int targetDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_targetDensityFieldID);            const int screenDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_screenDensityFieldID);            //重点就是这里了,density、targetDensity、screenDensity的值决定了是否缩放、以及缩放的倍数            if (density != 0 && targetDensity != 0 && density != screenDensity) {                scale = (float) targetDensity / density;            }        }    }    const bool willScale = scale != 1.0f;    ...省略若干行     //真正的decode操作,decodingBitmap是解码的的结果,但如果要缩放,则返回缩放后的bitmap,看后面的代码     SkBitmap decodingBitmap;    if (decoder->decode(stream, &decodingBitmap, prefColorType, decodeMode)                != SkImageDecoder::kSuccess) {        return nullObjectReturn("decoder->decode returned false");    }    int scaledWidth = decodingBitmap.width();    int scaledHeight = decodingBitmap.height();    if (willScale && decodeMode != SkImageDecoder::kDecodeBounds_Mode) {        scaledWidth = int(scaledWidth * scale + 0.5f);        scaledHeight = int(scaledHeight * scale + 0.5f);    }    // update options (if any)    if (options != NULL) {        jstring mimeType = getMimeTypeString(env, decoder->getFormat());        if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {            return nullObjectReturn("OOM in getMimeTypeString()");        }        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_widthFieldID, scaledWidth);        env->SetIntField(options, gOptions_heightFieldID, scaledHeight);        env->SetObjectField(options, gOptions_mimeFieldID, mimeType);    }    // if we're in justBounds mode, return now (skip the java bitmap)    if (decodeMode == SkImageDecoder::kDecodeBounds_Mode) {        return NULL;    }    ...省略若干行     //scale != 1.0f就缩放bitmap,缩放的步骤概扩起来就是申请缩放后的内存,然后把所有的bitmap信息记录复制到outputBitmap变量上;否则直接复制decodingBitmap的内容    if (willScale) {        // This is weird so let me explain: we could use the scale parameter        // directly, but for historical reasons this is how the corresponding        // Dalvik code has always behaved. We simply recreate the behavior here.        // The result is slightly different from simply using scale because of        // the 0.5f rounding bias applied when computing the target image size        const float sx = scaledWidth / float(decodingBitmap.width());        const float sy = scaledHeight / float(decodingBitmap.height());        // TODO: avoid copying when scaled size equals decodingBitmap size        SkColorType colorType = colorTypeForScaledOutput(decodingBitmap.colorType());        // FIXME: If the alphaType is kUnpremul and the image has alpha, the        // colors may not be correct, since Skia does not yet support drawing        // to/from unpremultiplied bitmaps.        outputBitmap->setInfo(SkImageInfo::Make(scaledWidth, scaledHeight,                colorType, decodingBitmap.alphaType()));        if (!outputBitmap->allocPixels(outputAllocator, NULL)) {            return nullObjectReturn("allocation failed for scaled bitmap");        }        // If outputBitmap's pixels are newly allocated by Java, there is no need        // to erase to 0, since the pixels were initialized to 0.        if (outputAllocator != &javaAllocator) {            outputBitmap->eraseColor(0);        }        SkPaint paint;        paint.setFilterLevel(SkPaint::kLow_FilterLevel);        SkCanvas canvas(*outputBitmap);        canvas.scale(sx, sy);        canvas.drawBitmap(decodingBitmap, 0.0f, 0.0f, &paint);    } else {        outputBitmap->swap(decodingBitmap);    }    ...省略若干行     //后面的部分就是返回bitmap对象给java代码了    if (javaBitmap != NULL) {        bool isPremultiplied = !requireUnpremultiplied;        GraphicsJNI::reinitBitmap(env, javaBitmap, outputBitmap, isPremultiplied);        outputBitmap->notifyPixelsChanged();        // If a java bitmap was passed in for reuse, pass it back        return javaBitmap;    }    int bitmapCreateFlags = 0x0;    if (isMutable) bitmapCreateFlags |= GraphicsJNI::kBitmapCreateFlag_Mutable;    if (!requireUnpremultiplied) bitmapCreateFlags |= GraphicsJNI::kBitmapCreateFlag_Premultiplied;    // now create the java bitmap    return GraphicsJNI::createBitmap(env, outputBitmap, javaAllocator.getStorageObj(),            bitmapCreateFlags, ninePatchChunk, ninePatchInsets, -1);}

上面的解析能勾画出大概的逻辑了,其中秘密就在这一小段

//java里,inScaled默认true,所以这里总是执行,除非手动设置为falseif (env->GetBooleanField(options, gOptions_scaledFieldID)) {    const int density = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_densityFieldID);    const int targetDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_targetDensityFieldID);    const int screenDensity = env->GetIntField(options, gOptions_screenDensityFieldID);    //重点就是这里了,density、targetDensity、screenDensity的值决定了是否缩放、以及缩放的倍数    if (density != 0 && targetDensity != 0 && density != screenDensity) {        scale = (float) targetDensity / density;    }}

可以看到,BitmapFactory.Options对象的inScaled、inDensity、inTargetDensity、screenDensity四个值共同决定了bitmap是否被缩放以及缩放的倍数。

下面回到java部分的代码继续分析

为什么在drawable文件夹的图片会被缩放而SD卡、assets的图片不会

现在要解决这个问题就是要看BitmapFactory.Options对象的inScaled、inDensity、inTargetDensity、screenDensity四个值是怎样被赋值了

之前提到过,inScaled默认值为true

public Options() {    inDither = false;    inScaled = true;    inPremultiplied = true;}

decodeFile方法在调用本地方法前调用会decodeStream和decodeStreamInternal

public static Bitmap decodeStream(InputStream is, Rect outPadding, Options opts) {    // we don't throw in this case, thus allowing the caller to only check    // the cache, and not force the image to be decoded.    if (is == null) {        return null;    }    Bitmap bm = null;    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS, "decodeBitmap");    try {        if (is instanceof AssetManager.AssetInputStream) {            final long asset = ((AssetManager.AssetInputStream) is).getNativeAsset();            bm = nativeDecodeAsset(asset, outPadding, opts);        } else {            bm = decodeStreamInternal(is, outPadding, opts);        }        if (bm == null && opts != null && opts.inBitmap != null) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Problem decoding into existing bitmap");        }        setDensityFromOptions(bm, opts);    } finally {        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS);    }    return bm;}private static Bitmap decodeStreamInternal(InputStream is, Rect outPadding, Options opts) {    // ASSERT(is != null);    byte [] tempStorage = null;    if (opts != null) tempStorage = opts.inTempStorage;    if (tempStorage == null) tempStorage = new byte[DECODE_BUFFER_SIZE];    return nativeDecodeStream(is, tempStorage, outPadding, opts);}

可以看到,如果opts直到调用本地方法之前也没有并没有改变,故加载SD卡的图片和assets的图片并不会被缩放(加载assets的图片对应的本地方法为nativeDecodeAsset,最后都会调用doDecode)

decodeResource方法的调用栈为 decodeResource->decodeResourceStream->decodeStream,后面就跟之前的一样了,其中decodeResourceStream方法如下

/** * Decode a new Bitmap from an InputStream. This InputStream was obtained from * resources, which we pass to be able to scale the bitmap accordingly. */public static Bitmap decodeResourceStream(Resources res, TypedValue value,        InputStream is, Rect pad, Options opts) {    if (opts == null) {        opts = new Options();    }    if (opts.inDensity == 0 && value != null) {        final int density = value.density;        if (density == TypedValue.DENSITY_DEFAULT) {            opts.inDensity = DisplayMetrics.DENSITY_DEFAULT;        } else if (density != TypedValue.DENSITY_NONE) {            opts.inDensity = density;        }    }    if (opts.inTargetDensity == 0 && res != null) {        opts.inTargetDensity = res.getDisplayMetrics().densityDpi;    }    return decodeStream(is, pad, opts);}

方法的注释已经提示此方法会缩放bitmap了,哈哈
在这里,opts对象的内容被改变了inDensity和inTargetDensity被赋值了,具体来说inDensity被赋值成资源对应的屏幕dpi值,而inTargetDensity则被赋值为当前设备的屏幕的dpi。

我们知道,android系统去获取资源的时候,会根据屏幕的密度去选取最适合的资源,也就是对应屏幕密度的资源,所以才有了drawable-mdpi、drawable-hdpi、drawable-xhdpi等目录,放在对应目录的资源,加载的时候都会记录其对应的密度等信息,存放在TypedValue的对象里,在decodeResource方法里有如下代码

final TypedValue value = new TypedValue();is = res.openRawResource(id, value);bm = decodeResourceStream(res, value, is, null, opts);

DisplayMetrics类记录了不同屏幕密度的dpi值,如下

public static final int DENSITY_LOW = 120;public static final int DENSITY_MEDIUM = 160;public static final int DENSITY_HIGH = 240;public static final int DENSITY_XHIGH = 320;public static final int DENSITY_XXHIGH = 480;public static final int DENSITY_XXXHIGH = 640public static final int DENSITY_DEFAULT = DENSITY_MEDIUM;

分别是drawable-ldpi、drawable-mdpi、drawable-hdpi、drawable-xhdpi、drawable-xxhdpi、drawable-xxxhdpi目录的dpi值,在这些目录的图片,加载的时候就会被附上对应的值。因为默认的值是DENSITY_MEDIUM,所以drawable目录和drawable-mdpi的图片缩放的大小是一样的

小结

图片被缩放的原因在于资源目录对应着dpi,当加载资源的dpi和屏幕实际的dpi不一样时,进行缩放以使资源显示效果得到优化

图片资源放置选择

前文所述,当我们的图片资源只有一张的时候,该放到哪个目录?放到assets目录似乎是最安全的,不会因图片被放大造成OOM,也不会因图片缩小失真。但是assets目录的资源用起来不方便啊!我认为,在现在屏幕密度基本为720p以上的时代,如果UI设计师只提供了一张图片,就放到xhdpi或者xxhdpi目录吧,不然放在drawable目录会被放大几倍的

总结

本文先通过一个简单的测试引出图片加载时不同地址的图片内存占用不同的问题,继而通过分析源码得出内存占用不同的原因。实际上,利用这个原理也可以手动控制bitmap的大小呢,聪明的读者应该会有所启发了吧!

本文demo下载地址:https://github.com/Axlchen/BitmapLoadingDemo

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