D3D11 第一人称相机

本章节将介绍如何实现一个第一人称的向量相机，看起来好像是你正在到处走动。还会学习如何全屏并退出时在不会出错。

在本章会学习如何实现一个简单的第一人称相机，可以使我们通过鼠标向上，向下，向左，向右看，或往前后左右哦移动。不是很难。

这儿我们将会使用一张无缝草的纹理来使得地面纹理带草。

全局声明

这儿会有一大批新的声明变量。可看到有四个新向量，两个新矩阵，以及一对浮点值。前面两个向量表示世界中向前和向右的方向。当计算我们的相机的旋转时，我们会使用这些。后面两个向量为我们相机的向前和享有的方向，会使用它们来让我们的相机在附近移动，所以，当我们按下前进键时，我们要做的只是沿着camForward向量移动，让它看起来我们的相机在往前走。

camRotationMatrix本不必创建，因为我们本可以使用曾经在我们的立方体上使用过的旋转矩阵，但是在这儿不管这些了直接创建了一个。我们会使用它来旋转我们的相机。第二个是另外一个矩阵用来表示我们的地面的世界空间。再一次的，我们本可以随便使用立方体世界矩阵的一个，但是为了更为清晰，就又直接创建了一个新的。

前面的两个浮点型，moveLeftRight和moveBackForward，当我们想要向前或向右移动相机时，将会用于沿着camForward和camRight向量移动。后面两个float型当要看周围时，用于计算相机x和y轴附近的旋转。

XMVECTOR DefaultForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR DefaultRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR camForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR camRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);XMMATRIX camRotationMatrix;XMMATRIX groundWorld;float moveLeftRight = 0.0f;float moveBackForward = 0.0f;float camYaw = 0.0f;float camPitch = 0.0f;

新的函数

新函数原型如下，用于更新我们的相机

void UpdateCamera();

进入全屏

下面是交换链描述符，为了进入全屏，我们必须设置Windowed成员为false。我们就可以进入全屏并通过按下“Alt+Enter”键来退出全屏。

swapChainDesc.BufferDesc = bufferDesc;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd; ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////swapChainDesc.Windowed = false; ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;

函数UpdateCamera()

在我们的DetectInput()函数底部我们会在每帧调用函数UpdateCamera()

void UpdateCamera(){    camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);    camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );    camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);    XMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;    RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);    camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);    camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);    camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);    camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;    camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;    moveLeftRight = 0.0f;    moveBackForward = 0.0f;    camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;        camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );}

旋转相机

在UpdateCamera()的前面三行会更新相机目标。第一行使用一个来自xna数学库的新函数，叫做XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw。该函数有三个参数，第一个是要旋转的pitch角，第二个是要旋转的Yaw角，第三个参数是要旋转的Roll角。它返回一个旋转矩阵。该函数对相机非常有用。可以同时绕着所有轴旋转，Yaw，Pitch，Roll。 Yaw是偏航角绕着Y轴旋转的（左右方向上动），pitch是俯仰角，绕着X轴转的（上下方向上动），且Roll是翻滚角度，绕着Z轴转的，侧手翻转的情形。我们的相机将会看起来像上下货左右，所以我们将会设置函数的yaw和pitch角。由于不使用roll参数，所以我们设置它为0。

下一行设置相机目标向量，是通过带有rotationMatrix的旋转DefaultForward向量来设置的。roatationMatrix是前面创建的。随后规范化我们的向量，因为最后的操作可能使得不止一个目标向量值大于1.0f或小于-1.0f，在这种情况下就不是单位向量了。

camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);

现在我们必须找到我们相机的新的Right和Forward方向了。我们将会使用在Y轴上的旋转矩阵来做这件事情。由于我们的相机是第一人称相机，且我们只需要在X和Z轴上移动，随后我们使用yaw变量旋转该矩阵。yaw变量是随着鼠标的移动而改变的。

XMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);

更新camForward，camUp，和camRight向量

随后我们使用之前定义的RotateYTempMatrix矩阵转换相机的右，上，和前面向量，并旋转默认的右，上和默认的前向量，随后设置结果到右，上和前向量中。

camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);

移动相机

随后我们使用两个值，moveLeftRight和moveBackForward以及两个向量，Right和Forward来更新我们的相机位置。若要移动相机往左或右，我们就使用Right向量乘于LeftRight变量，并将它加到Position上。随后若要往后往前移动，我们就将Forward向量乘于moveBackForward，并将它与Position相加。当direct输入检测到某个按键被按下时，moveLeftRight和moveBackForward值就会被计算（本章节示例按键为A,S,D,W）。

随后，复位变量moveLeftRight和moveBackForward。

camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;moveLeftRight = 0.0f;moveBackForward = 0.0f;

设置camView矩阵

现在我们将相机的Position和目标向量相加，随后使用D3D函数XMMatrixLookAtLH()来更新我们的View矩阵。该函数通过使用相机的position，Target和Up向量来更新我们的View矩阵，View矩阵用于计算我们的WVP矩阵。

    camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;        camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );

DetectInput()函数

当移动鼠标或按下W,S,A,D键时，我们已经使用DetectInput()函数更新我们的相机了。在我们开始检测输入之前注意该行。我们有一个新的变量speed。当我们每帧重置相机位置时，该speed是我们相机移动的速度。当函数调用时，我们将time时间传入，且将它乘以速度speed，因此，我们的相机在一秒内无论该帧每秒是什么都将会移动相同的距离。之后我们检测W,S,A,D是否按下，并相应地更新moveLeftRight和moveBackForward。随后，检测鼠标输入，在那儿我们会根据从最后一帧以来鼠标在x，y轴上移动的距离来更新camYaw和camPitch的值。最后，我们调用函数UpdateCamera()来更新我们的相机。

void DetectInput(double time){    DIMOUSESTATE mouseCurrState;    BYTE keyboardState[256];    DIKeyboard->Acquire();    DIMouse->Acquire();    DIMouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE), &mouseCurrState);    DIKeyboard->GetDeviceState(sizeof(keyboardState),(LPVOID)&keyboardState);    if(keyboardState[DIK_ESCAPE] & 0x80)        PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);    float speed = 15.0f * time;    if(keyboardState[DIK_A] & 0x80)    {        moveLeftRight -= speed;    }    if(keyboardState[DIK_D] & 0x80)    {        moveLeftRight += speed;    }    if(keyboardState[DIK_W] & 0x80)    {        moveBackForward += speed;    }    if(keyboardState[DIK_S] & 0x80)    {        moveBackForward -= speed;    }    if((mouseCurrState.lX != mouseLastState.lX) || (mouseCurrState.lY != mouseLastState.lY))    {        camYaw += mouseLastState.lX * 0.001f;        camPitch += mouseCurrState.lY * 0.001f;        mouseLastState = mouseCurrState;    }    UpdateCamera();    return;}

销毁-退出全屏

由于D3D不能够直接正常的从全屏退出，我们需要在真正退出前做一些额外的事情。我们需要在我们实际开始销毁之前让我们的应用程序退出全屏并进入窗口化模式。可在CleanUp()函数中调用交换链的SetFullScreenState()函数来实现。

void CleanUp(){    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);    PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    //Release the COM Objects we created    SwapChain->Release();    d3d11Device->Release();    d3d11DevCon->Release();    renderTargetView->Release();    squareVertBuffer->Release();    squareIndexBuffer->Release();    VS->Release();    PS->Release();    VS_Buffer->Release();    PS_Buffer->Release();    vertLayout->Release();    depthStencilView->Release();    depthStencilBuffer->Release();    cbPerObjectBuffer->Release();    Transparency->Release();    CCWcullMode->Release();    CWcullMode->Release();    d3d101Device->Release();    keyedMutex11->Release();    keyedMutex10->Release();    D2DRenderTarget->Release();        Brush->Release();    BackBuffer11->Release();    sharedTex11->Release();    DWriteFactory->Release();    TextFormat->Release();    d2dTexture->Release();    cbPerFrameBuffer->Release();    DIKeyboard->Unacquire();    DIMouse->Unacquire();    DirectInput->Release();}

改变光照方向

当然我们不必做这些，但是为了获得草地纹理的全颜色，我们必须确保光线才能够上面直接撞击到它。

light.dir = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);light.ambient = XMFLOAT4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);light.diffuse = XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

声明地面的顶点和索引缓冲

我们的地面是一个简单的矩形。注意我们的纹理坐标。这儿是获得一个重复纹理（为这创建了一个无缝草地纹理），而不是一个覆盖整个地面伸展出去的纹理。

   //Create the vertex buffer    Vertex v[] =    {        // Bottom Face        Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),        Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,   0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),        Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,   0.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),        Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 100.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),    };    DWORD indices[] = {        0,  1,  2,        0,  2,  3,    };    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;    ZeroMemory( &indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc) );    indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;    indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 2 * 3;    indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;    indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;    indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;    iinitData.pSysMem = indices;    d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &squareIndexBuffer);    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;    ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc) );    vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;    vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * 4;    vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;    vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;    vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;     ZeroMemory( &vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData) );    vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;    hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer( &vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &squareVertBuffer);

更新纹理

现在使用一个无缝的草地纹理

hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, L"grass.jpg",    NULL, NULL, &CubesTexture, NULL );

更新场景

本章不使用立方体了，所以我们不会更新它们的世界空间。然而，我们会放大地面到1000个单元宽和长，并将它在Y轴方向往下移动10个单元。

void UpdateScene(double time){    //Reset cube1World    groundWorld = XMMatrixIdentity();    //Define cube1's world space matrix    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 500.0f, 10.0f, 500.0f );    Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f );    //Set cube1's world space using the transformations    groundWorld = Scale * Translation;    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////}

改变背景颜色

这里将背景色改为深灰色

float bgColor[4] = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f };

代码实例：

#include "stdafx.h"#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx11.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx10.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "D3D10_1.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "DXGI.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "D2D1.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "dwrite.lib")///////////////**************new**************////////////////////#pragma comment (lib, "dinput8.lib")#pragma comment (lib, "dxguid.lib")///////////////**************new**************////////////////////#include <windows.h>#include "Resource.h"#include <d3d11.h>#include <d3dx11.h>#include <d3dx10.h>#include <xnamath.h>#include <D3D10_1.h>#include <DXGI.h>#include <D2D1.h>#include <sstream>#include <dwrite.h>///////////////**************new**************////////////////////#include <dinput.h>///////////////**************new**************//////////////////////全局描述符IDXGISwapChain* SwapChain;ID3D11Device* d3d11Device;ID3D11DeviceContext* d3d11DevCon;ID3D11RenderTargetView* renderTargetView;//索引缓冲ID3D11Buffer* squareIndexBuffer;//深度值-20170927ID3D11DepthStencilView* depthStencilView;ID3D11Texture2D* depthStencilBuffer;//着色器ID3D11Buffer* squareVertBuffer;ID3D11VertexShader* VS;ID3D11PixelShader* PS;ID3D11PixelShader* D2D_PS;ID3D10Blob* VS_Buffer;ID3D10Blob* PS_Buffer;ID3D10Blob* D2D_PS_Buffer;ID3D11InputLayout* vertLayout;///ID3D11Buffer* cbPerObjectBuffer;ID3D11BlendState* Transparency;ID3D11RasterizerState* CCWcullMode;ID3D11RasterizerState* CWcullMode;ID3D11ShaderResourceView* CubesTexture;ID3D11SamplerState* CubesTexSamplerState;ID3D11Buffer* cbPerFrameBuffer;ID3D10Device1 *d3d101Device;IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex11;IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex10;ID2D1RenderTarget *D2DRenderTarget;ID2D1SolidColorBrush *Brush;ID3D11Texture2D *BackBuffer11;ID3D11Texture2D *sharedTex11;ID3D11Buffer *d2dVertBuffer;ID3D11Buffer *d2dIndexBuffer;ID3D11ShaderResourceView *d2dTexture;IDWriteFactory *DWriteFactory;IDWriteTextFormat *TextFormat;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////IDirectInputDevice8* DIKeyboard;IDirectInputDevice8* DIMouse;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////std::wstring printText;/////LPCTSTR WndClassName = "firstwindow";HWND hwnd = NULL;HRESULT hr;const int Width = 800; //设置宽const int Height = 800; // 设置高///////////////**************new**************////////////////////DIMOUSESTATE mouseLastState;LPDIRECTINPUT8 DirectInput;float rotx = 0;float rotz = 0;float scaleX = 1.0f;float scaleY = 1.0f;XMMATRIX Rotationx;XMMATRIX Rotationz;///////////////**************new**************///////////////////////四个空间以及相机属性XMMATRIX WVP;//立方体XMMATRIX cube1World;XMMATRIX cube2World;////XMMATRIX World;XMMATRIX camView;XMMATRIX camProjection;XMMATRIX d2dWorld;XMVECTOR camPosition;XMVECTOR camTarget;XMVECTOR camUp;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////XMVECTOR DefaultForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR DefaultRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR camForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);XMVECTOR camRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);XMMATRIX camRotationMatrix;XMMATRIX groundWorld;float moveLeftRight = 0.0f;float moveBackForward = 0.0f;float camYaw = 0.0f;float camPitch = 0.0f;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////XMMATRIX Rotation;XMMATRIX Scale;XMMATRIX Translation;float rot = 0.01f;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////double countsPerSecond = 0.0;__int64 CounterStart = 0;int frameCount = 0;int fps = 0;__int64 frameTimeOld = 0;double frameTime;///////////////**************new**************//////////////////////Function Prototypes//bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance);void CleanUp();bool InitScene();void DrawScene();bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter);void InitD2DScreenTexture();///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void UpdateScene(double time);///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void UpdateCamera();///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt);//void RenderText(std::wstring text);void StartTimer();double GetTime();double GetFrameTime();// 初始化窗口bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int ShowWnd,int width, int height,bool windowed);//初始化消息循环函数int messageloop();//初始化窗口回调过程。Windows API是事件驱动型的编程模型。在该函数中捕获Windows消息，比如一个按键按下（也叫事件）以及程序操作流程。///////////////**************new**************////////////////////bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance);void DetectInput(double time);///////////////**************new**************////////////////////LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);///new//创建效果常量缓冲的结构体struct cbPerObject{XMMATRIX WVP;XMMATRIX World;};cbPerObject cbPerObj;struct Light{Light(){ZeroMemory(this, sizeof(Light));}XMFLOAT3 dir;    float pad;XMFLOAT4 ambient;XMFLOAT4 diffuse;};Light light;struct cbPerFrame{Light light;};cbPerFrame constbuffPerFrame;//顶点结构体以及顶点布局（输入布局）struct Vertex{Vertex(){}Vertex(float x, float y, float z,float u, float v,float nx, float ny, float nz):pos(x, y, z), texCoord(u, v), normal(nx, ny, nz){}XMFLOAT3 pos;XMFLOAT2 texCoord;XMFLOAT3 normal;};D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] ={{"POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0},{ "TEXCOORD", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },{ "NORMAL", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 20, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 }};UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE(layout);//主函数，传入应用程序句柄hInstance,前一个应用程序句柄hPrevInstance，传给函数处理的命令行lpCmdLine以及窗口显示方式的nShowCmdint WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine,int nShowCmd){//创建并注册窗口if (!InitializeWindow(hInstance, nShowCmd, Width, Height, true)){MessageBox(0, "Window Initialization - Failed","Error", MB_OK);return 0;}/////newif (!InitializeDirect3d11App(hInstance)) // 初始化D3D{MessageBox(0, "Direct3D Initialization - Failed","Error", MB_OK);return 0;}if(!InitScene())//Initialize our scene{MessageBox(0, "Scene Initialization - Failed","Error", MB_OK);return 0;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////if(!InitDirectInput(hInstance)){MessageBox(0, "Direct Input Initialization - Failed","Error", MB_OK);return 0;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////messageloop();CleanUp();//ReleaseObjects();return 0;}// windowed 若为true则为窗口模式显示，若为false则为全屏模式显示bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int ShowWnd,int width, int height,bool windowed){/*typedef struct _WNDCLASS{UINT cbSize;UINT style;WNDPROC lpfnWndProc;int cbClsExtra;int cbWndExtra;HANDLE hInstance;HICON hIcon;HCURSOR hCursor;HBRUSH hbrBackground;LPCTSTR lpszMenuName;LPCTSTR lpszClassName;}WNDCLASS;*/WNDCLASSEX wc;wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); //window类的大小/********windows类风格*CS_CLASSDC 一个使用该类创建的在所有窗口间共享的设备上下文*CS_DBLCLKS 在窗口上使能双击功能*CS_HREDRAW 若窗口的宽度有改变或者窗口水平地移动，窗口将会刷新*CS_NOCLOSE 窗口菜单上禁止关闭选项*CS_OWNDC   为每个窗口创建自己的设备上下文。正好与CS_CLASSDC相反*CS_PARENTDC 这会设置创建的子窗口的剪裁四边形到父窗口，这允许子窗口能够在父窗口上绘画*CS_VERDRAW 若在窗口的高度或窗口在垂直方向有移动窗口会重绘**/wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;//lpfnWndProc是一个指向处理窗口消息函数的指针，设置窗口处理函数的函数名WndProcwc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;//cbClsExtra是WNDCLASSEX之后额外申请的字节数wc.cbClsExtra = NULL;//cbWndExtra指定窗口实例之后所申请的字节数wc.cbWndExtra = NULL;//当前窗口应用程序的句柄，通过给函数GetModuleHandle()函数第一个参数传入NULL可获取当前窗口应用程序。wc.hInstance = hInstance;//hIcon用来指定窗口标题栏左上角的图标。以下是一些标准图标：/**IDI_APPLICATION 默认应用程序图标*IDI_HAND 手形状的图标*IDI_EXCLAMATION 感叹号图标*IDI_INFORMATION 星号图标*IDI_QUESTION 问号图标*IDI_WINLOGO 若使用的是XP则是默认应用程序图标，否则是窗口logo*/    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);/*定义光标图标*IDC_APPSTARTING 标准箭头以及小型沙漏光标*IDC_ARROW 标准箭头光标*IDC_CROSS 十字线光标*IDC_HAND 手型光标*IDC_NO 斜线圈光标*IDC_WAIT 沙漏光标*/wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);//hbrBackground是一个刷子的句柄，可使得背景黑色。    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 2);//附加到窗口的菜单名字，不需要的话设置为NULLwc.lpszMenuName = NULL;//对类进行命名wc.lpszClassName = WndClassName;//指定任务栏的图标，使用上面的IDI＿图标    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);//注册类。若失败则会获得一个错误，若成功，则继续创建窗口if (!RegisterClassEx(&wc)){MessageBox(NULL, "Error registering class","Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);return 1;}//创建窗口hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, WndClassName, "First person camera", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, width,height, NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);if (!hwnd){MessageBox(NULL, "Error registering class", "Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);return 1;}//BOOL ShowWindow(HWND hWnd, int nCmdShow);//BOOL UpdateWindow(HWND hWnd);ShowWindow(hwnd, ShowWnd);UpdateWindow(hwnd);// 发送WM_PAINT消息到窗口过程，若窗口客户区没有任何东西要显示，则不发送消息。返回true，继续运行到mainloop中去。return true;}bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance){//声明缓冲DXGI_MODE_DESC bufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&bufferDesc, sizeof(DXGI_MODE_DESC));bufferDesc.Width = Width;bufferDesc.Height = Height;bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;bufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;bufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;bufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;//声明交换链DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC));swapChainDesc.BufferDesc = bufferDesc;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////swapChainDesc.Windowed = true; ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;//创建DXGI factory来枚举显卡IDXGIFactory1 *DXGIFactory;HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory1), (void **)&DXGIFactory);//使用第一个显卡IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter;hr = DXGIFactory->EnumAdapters1(0, &Adapter);DXGIFactory->Release();//创建D3D11设备和交换链//hr = D3D11C//创建交换链D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(Adapter, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, NULL, D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT, NULL, NULL,D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &SwapChain, &d3d11Device, NULL, &d3d11DevCon);//初始化D2D D3D10.1和DirectWriteInitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(Adapter);//释放Adapter接口Adapter->Release();//创建后缓冲ID3D11Texture2D* BackBuffer;SwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (void**)&BackBuffer);//创建渲染目标d3d11Device->CreateRenderTargetView(BackBuffer, NULL, &renderTargetView);BackBuffer->Release();//创建深度模板缓冲D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc;depthStencilDesc.Width = Width;depthStencilDesc.Height = Height;depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;depthStencilDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;depthStencilDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;depthStencilDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL; //绑定到OMdepthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags = 0;//创建深度模板视图d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&depthStencilDesc, NULL, &depthStencilBuffer);d3d11Device->CreateDepthStencilView(depthStencilBuffer, NULL, &depthStencilView);return true;}bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter){//创建D3D101设备hr = D3D10CreateDevice1(Adapter, D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,D3D10_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3, D3D10_1_SDK_VERSION, &d3d101Device);//创建共享纹理，D3D101将会渲染它D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC sharedTexDesc;ZeroMemory(&sharedTexDesc, sizeof(sharedTexDesc));sharedTexDesc.Width = Width;sharedTexDesc.Height = Height;sharedTexDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;// DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;// DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;sharedTexDesc.MipLevels = 1;sharedTexDesc.ArraySize = 1;sharedTexDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;sharedTexDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;sharedTexDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE | D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;sharedTexDesc.MiscFlags = D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_SHARED_KEYEDMUTEX;hr = d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&sharedTexDesc, NULL, &sharedTex11);//为共享纹理获取key互斥量（为D3D11）hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void **)&keyedMutex11);//获取共享句柄需要在D3D10.1中打开共享纹理IDXGIResource *sharedResource10;HANDLE sharedHandle10;hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIResource), (void **)&sharedResource10);hr = sharedResource10->GetSharedHandle(&sharedHandle10);sharedResource10->Release();//在D3D10.1中为共享纹理打开界面IDXGISurface1 *sharedSurface10;hr = d3d101Device->OpenSharedResource(sharedHandle10, __uuidof(IDXGISurface1), (void **)(&sharedSurface10));hr = sharedSurface10->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void **)&keyedMutex10);//创建D2D factoryID2D1Factory *D2DFactory;hr = D2D1CreateFactory(D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED, __uuidof(ID2D1Factory), (void **)&D2DFactory);D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_PROPERTIES renderTargetProperties;ZeroMemory(&renderTargetProperties, sizeof(renderTargetProperties));renderTargetProperties.type = D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_TYPE_HARDWARE;renderTargetProperties.pixelFormat = D2D1::PixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, D2D1_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED);hr = D2DFactory->CreateDxgiSurfaceRenderTarget(sharedSurface10, &renderTargetProperties, &D2DRenderTarget);sharedSurface10->Release();D2DFactory->Release();//创建立体彩色画笔绘制一些东西hr = D2DRenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush(D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), &Brush);//DirectWritehr = DWriteCreateFactory(DWRITE_FACTORY_TYPE_SHARED, __uuidof(IDWriteFactory), reinterpret_cast<IUnknown **>(&DWriteFactory));hr = DWriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(L"Script",NULL,        DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_REGULAR,DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,24.0f,L"en-us",        &TextFormat);    hr = TextFormat->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING);    hr = TextFormat->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR);    d3d101Device->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D10_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST);    return true;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance){    hr = DirectInput8Create(hInstance,        DIRECTINPUT_VERSION,        IID_IDirectInput8,        (void**)&DirectInput,        NULL);     hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysKeyboard,        &DIKeyboard,        NULL);    hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysMouse,        &DIMouse,        NULL);    hr = DIKeyboard->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIKeyboard);    hr = DIKeyboard->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_FOREGROUND | DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE);    hr = DIMouse->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIMouse);    hr = DIMouse->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_EXCLUSIVE | DISCL_NOWINKEY | DISCL_FOREGROUND);    return true;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void UpdateCamera(){camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);XMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;moveLeftRight = 0.0f;moveBackForward = 0.0f;camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );}void DetectInput(double time){    DIMOUSESTATE mouseCurrState;    BYTE keyboardState[256];    DIKeyboard->Acquire();    DIMouse->Acquire();    DIMouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE), &mouseCurrState);    DIKeyboard->GetDeviceState(sizeof(keyboardState),(LPVOID)&keyboardState);    if(keyboardState[DIK_ESCAPE] & 0x80)        PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);float speed = 15.0f * time;if(keyboardState[DIK_A] & 0x80){moveLeftRight -= speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_D] & 0x80){moveLeftRight += speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_W] & 0x80){moveBackForward += speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_S] & 0x80){moveBackForward -= speed;}if((mouseCurrState.lX != mouseLastState.lX) || (mouseCurrState.lY != mouseLastState.lY)){camYaw += mouseLastState.lX * 0.001f;camPitch += mouseCurrState.lY * 0.001f;mouseLastState = mouseCurrState;}UpdateCamera();    return;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void CleanUp(){///////////////**************new**************////////////////////SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);///////////////**************new**************////////////////////SwapChain->Release();d3d11Device->Release();d3d11DevCon->Release();renderTargetView->Release();squareVertBuffer->Release();squareIndexBuffer->Release();//triangleVertBuffer->Release();VS->Release();PS->Release();VS_Buffer->Release();PS_Buffer->Release();vertLayout->Release();depthStencilView->Release();depthStencilBuffer->Release();//cbPerObjectBuffer->Release();//释放不裁剪对象//noCull->Release();//释放混合对象#if 1Transparency->Release();CCWcullMode->Release();CWcullMode->Release();#endif//释放线框//WireFrame->Release();d3d101Device->Release();keyedMutex11->Release();keyedMutex10->Release();D2DRenderTarget->Release();Brush->Release();//BackBuffer11->Release();sharedTex11->Release();DWriteFactory->Release();    TextFormat->Release();d2dTexture->Release();/// newcbPerFrameBuffer->Release();    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    DIKeyboard->Unacquire();    DIMouse->Unacquire();    DirectInput->Release();    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////}void InitD2DScreenTexture(){//创建顶点缓冲Vertex v[] ={//字体面Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),};DWORD indices[] = {//字体面0, 1, 2,0, 2, 3,};D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc));indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 2 * 3;indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;iinitData.pSysMem = indices;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &d2dIndexBuffer);D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc));vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * 4;vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData));vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &d2dVertBuffer);//从纹理D2D，创建一个着色器资源视图//因此，能够使用它来创建一个矩形纹理，用于覆盖场景d3d11Device->CreateShaderResourceView(sharedTex11, NULL, &d2dTexture);}//void ReleaseObjects()//{//释放创建的COM对象//SwapChain->Release();//d3d11Device->Release();//d3d11DevCon->Release();//}bool InitScene(){//InitD2DScreenTexture();//编译着色器hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile("Effects.fx", 0, 0, "VS", "vs_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &VS_Buffer, 0, 0);hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile("Effects.fx", 0, 0, "PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &PS_Buffer, 0, 0);/// newhr = D3DX11CompileFromFile("Effects.fx", 0, 0, "D2D_PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &D2D_PS_Buffer, 0, 0);//创建着色器对象hr = d3d11Device->CreateVertexShader(VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &VS);hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &PS);///newhr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &D2D_PS);//设置顶点和像素着色器d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////light.dir = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);light.ambient = XMFLOAT4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);light.diffuse = XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);//Create the vertex bufferVertex v[] ={// Bottom FaceVertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,   0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,   0.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 100.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),};DWORD indices[] = {0,  1,  2,0,  2,  3,};D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc));indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 12 * 3;indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;iinitData.pSysMem = indices;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &squareIndexBuffer);D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc));vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * 24;vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData));vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &squareVertBuffer);//设置顶点缓冲//UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);//UINT offset = 0;//d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &squareVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);//创建输入布局d3d11Device->CreateInputLayout(layout, numElements, VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(),VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), &vertLayout);//设置输入布局d3d11DevCon->IASetInputLayout(vertLayout);//设置图元拓扑d3d11DevCon->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);//创建视口D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;ZeroMemory(&viewport, sizeof(D3D11_VIEWPORT));viewport.TopLeftX = 0;viewport.TopLeftY = 0;viewport.Width = Width;viewport.Height = Height;viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;//设置视口d3d11DevCon->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);//创建缓冲用来发送到效果文件的cbufferD3D11_BUFFER_DESC cbbd;ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerObject);cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerObjectBuffer);//创建缓冲用于每帧发送cbuffer到着色器文件ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerFrame);cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerFrameBuffer);//相机信息//相机信息camPosition = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 5.0f, -8.0f, 0.0f );//camPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f);camTarget = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);camUp = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);//设置视图矩阵camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH(camPosition, camTarget, camUp);//设置投影矩阵camProjection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(0.4f*3.14f, (float)Width / Height, 1.0f, 1000.0f);D3D11_BLEND_DESC blendDesc;    ZeroMemory( &blendDesc, sizeof(blendDesc) );    D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC rtbd;    ZeroMemory( &rtbd, sizeof(rtbd) );    rtbd.BlendEnable             = true;    rtbd.SrcBlend                 = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_COLOR;    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    rtbd.DestBlend                 = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    rtbd.BlendOp                 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;    rtbd.SrcBlendAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_ONE;    rtbd.DestBlendAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO;    rtbd.BlendOpAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;    rtbd.RenderTargetWriteMask     = D3D10_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;    blendDesc.AlphaToCoverageEnable = false;    blendDesc.RenderTarget[0] = rtbd;//加载图像纹理//hr = //#if 1hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, "grass.jpg",NULL, NULL, &CubesTexture, NULL);//配置采样状态D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC sampDesc;ZeroMemory(&sampDesc, sizeof(sampDesc));sampDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;sampDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.ComparisonFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;sampDesc.MinLOD = 0;sampDesc.MaxLOD = D3D11_FLOAT32_MAX;//创建采样状态hr = d3d11Device->CreateSamplerState(&sampDesc, &CubesTexSamplerState);d3d11Device->CreateBlendState(&blendDesc, &Transparency);//创建逆时针和顺时针状态D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC cmdesc;ZeroMemory(&cmdesc, sizeof(D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC));cmdesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;cmdesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = true;hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CCWcullMode);cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CWcullMode);return true;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void StartTimer(){    LARGE_INTEGER frequencyCount;    QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequencyCount);    countsPerSecond = double(frequencyCount.QuadPart);    QueryPerformanceCounter(&frequencyCount);    CounterStart = frequencyCount.QuadPart;}double GetTime(){    LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;    QueryPerformanceCounter(¤tTime);    return double(currentTime.QuadPart-CounterStart)/countsPerSecond;}double GetFrameTime(){    LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;    __int64 tickCount;    QueryPerformanceCounter(¤tTime);    tickCount = currentTime.QuadPart-frameTimeOld;    frameTimeOld = currentTime.QuadPart;    if(tickCount < 0.0f)        tickCount = 0.0f;    return float(tickCount)/countsPerSecond;}///////////////**************new**************///////////////////////////////////**************new**************////////////////////void UpdateScene(double time)    ///////////////**************new**************//////////////////////void UpdateScene(){//Reset cube1WorldgroundWorld = XMMatrixIdentity();//Define cube1's world space matrix///////////////**************new**************////////////////////Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 500.0f, 10.0f, 500.0f );Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f );//Set cube1's world space using the transformationsgroundWorld = Scale * Translation;///////////////**************new**************////////////////////cube2World = Rotation * Scale;}///////////////**************new**************////////////////////void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt)//void RenderText(std::wstring text){//释放D3D11设备    d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(D2D_PS, 0, 0);keyedMutex11->ReleaseSync(0);//使用D3D10.1设备keyedMutex10->AcquireSync(0, 5);//绘制D2D内容D2DRenderTarget->BeginDraw();//清空D2D背景色D2DRenderTarget->Clear(D2D1::ColorF(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));//创建字符串std::wostringstream printString;    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    printString << text << inInt;   //printString << text;    ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////    printText = printString.str();//设置字体颜色    D2D1_COLOR_F FontColor = D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);//设置D2D绘制要用到的画笔颜色Brush->SetColor(FontColor);//创建D2D渲染区域D2D1_RECT_F layoutRect = D2D1::RectF(0, 0, Width, Height);//绘制文本D2DRenderTarget->DrawText(printText.c_str(),wcslen(printText.c_str()),        TextFormat,layoutRect,Brush);D2DRenderTarget->EndDraw();//释放D3D10.1设备keyedMutex10->ReleaseSync(1);//使用D3D11设备keyedMutex11->AcquireSync(1, 5);//使用着色器资源表示d2d渲染目标来创建一个矩形纹理，该矩形是被渲染进屏幕空间的。使用α混合以便整个D2D//渲染目标的背景为不可见的，且只有使用D2D绘制的东西才可见（文本）。//为D2D渲染目标纹理对象设置混合状态d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(Transparency, NULL, 0xffffffff);   //Set d2d's pixel shader so lighting calculations are not done  //  d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(D2D_PS, 0, 0);//设置d2d索引缓冲 d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer(d2dIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);//设置d2d顶点缓冲UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);UINT offset = 0;d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &d2dVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);WVP = XMMatrixIdentity();///new//cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource(cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources(0, 1, &d2dTexture);d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers(0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState);d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(CWcullMode);//画第二个立方体d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed(6, 0, 0);}void DrawScene(){//将更新的颜色填充后缓冲//D3DXCOLOR bgColor(red, green, blue, 1.0f);float bgColor[4] = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f };d3d11DevCon->ClearRenderTargetView(renderTargetView, bgColor);//刷新深度模板视图d3d11DevCon->ClearDepthStencilView(depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH | D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);//newconstbuffPerFrame.light = light;d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource(cbPerFrameBuffer, 0, NULL, &constbuffPerFrame, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &cbPerFrameBuffer);//复位顶点和像素着色器//d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);//d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);//使能默认光栅化状态//d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(NULL);//绘制使用背面裁剪的对象//关闭背面裁剪   // d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(noCull);d3d11DevCon->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &renderTargetView, depthStencilView );d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(0, 0, 0xffffffff);d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);    //Set the cubes index buffer//设置立方体的索引缓冲d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer(squareIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);//设置立方体的顶点缓冲UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);UINT offset = 0;d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &squareVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);//设置WVP矩阵并将它送到效果文件中的常量缓冲中WVP = groundWorld * camView * camProjection;cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(groundWorld);d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &CubesTexture );d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(CCWcullMode);d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( 6, 0, 0 );RenderText(L"FPS: ", fps);//Present the backbuffer to the screenSwapChain->Present(0, 0);}int messageloop(){MSG msg;ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));//清除结构体被设为NULL。while (true){//使用PeekMessage()检查是否有消息传进来/*LPMSG lpMsg 消息结构体的指针*HWND hWnd 发送消息的窗口句柄。若设为NULL，那么它会从当前程序中接收来自任何一个窗口的消息*UINT wMsgFilterMin 指定消息范围内第一个要检查的消息的值。若wMsgFilterMin和wMsgFilterMax都设为0，那么PeekMessage将会检查素有的消息*UINT wMsgFilterMax 指定消息范围内最后一个要检测的消息的值*UINT wRemoveMsg 指定消息的处理方式。若设置为PM_REMOVE，则在读取之后会被删除*/if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)                break;//若消息为窗口消息，则解析并分发它。TranslateMessage()将会让窗口做一些解析，类似键盘的虚拟键值转换到字符形式。//而DispatchMessage()则发送消息到窗口过程WndProc。TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}else //若没有窗口消息，则运行游戏 ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////{  frameCount++;  if(GetTime() > 1.0f)            {                fps = frameCount;                frameCount = 0;                StartTimer();            }                frameTime = GetFrameTime();            ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////            DetectInput(frameTime);            ///////////////**************new**************////////////////////            UpdateScene(frameTime);DrawScene();}}return msg.wParam;}//窗口消息处理函数//HWND hwnd 获取消息的窗口句柄//UINT msg 消息的内容/**WM_ACTIVE 当窗口激活时发送的消息*WM_CLOSE 当窗口关闭时发送的消息*WM_CREATE 当窗口创建时发送的消息*WM_DESTROY 当窗口销毁时发送的消息*///wParam和lParam时消息的额外信息。使用wParam来检测键盘输入消息LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam){// 这是事件检测消息的地方，若escape键被按下，会显示一个消息框，询问是否真的退出。若点击yes，则程序关闭。若不点击，则消息框关闭。若消息包含WM_DESTROY// 则意味着窗口正在被销毁，返回0并且程序关闭switch (msg){case WM_KEYDOWN:if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE){if (MessageBox(0, "Are you sure you want to exit?","Really?", MB_YESNO | MB_ICONASTERISK) == IDYES){DestroyWindow(hwnd);}return 0;}break;case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);return 0;break;default:break;}//调用默认窗口过程函数return DefWindowProc(hwnd,msg,wParam,lParam);}

草地图片：

效果如下：移动鼠标可切换上下左右视角，按下A,S,W,D可向左，后，前，右移动

参考网址