ClassLoader的分析与使用

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深入学习ClassLoader原理与学习自定义ClassLoader的使用

JAVA自带的三个类加载器

Java语言系统自带有三个类加载器:
- Bootstrap ClassLoader 最顶层的加载类,主要加载核心类库,%JRE_HOME%\lib下的rt.jar、resources.jar、charsets.jar和class等。另外需要注意的是可以通过启动jvm时指定-Xbootclasspath和路径来改变Bootstrap ClassLoader的加载目录。比如java -Xbootclasspath/a:path被指定的文件追加到默认的bootstrap路径中。我们可以打开我的电脑,在上面的目录下查看,看看这些jar包是不是存在于这个目录。
- Extention ClassLoader 扩展的类加载器,加载目录%JRE_HOME%\lib\ext目录下的jar包和class文件。还可以加载-D java.ext.dirs选项指定的目录。
- Appclass Loader也称为SystemAppClass 加载当前应用的classpath的所有类。

这三个类加载器各自对应加载的jar包和class文件的位置

    public static void main(String[] args) {        System.out.println("BootstrapClassLoader加载Jar包路径: "+System.getProperty("sun.boot.class.path"));        System.out.println("ExtClassLoader加载Jar包路径: "+System.getProperty("java.ext.dirs"));        System.out.println("AppClassLoader加载Jar包路径: "+System.getProperty("java.class.path"));    }

输出

BootstrapClassLoader加载Jar包路径: /opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/resources.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/rt.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/sunrsasign.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jsse.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jce.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/charsets.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jfr.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/classesExtClassLoader加载Jar包路径: /opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext:/usr/java/packages/lib/extAppClassLoader加载Jar包路径: /opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/charsets.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/deploy.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/cldrdata.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/dnsns.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/jaccess.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/jfxrt.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/localedata.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/nashorn.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/sunec.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/sunjce_provider.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/sunpkcs11.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/ext/zipfs.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/javaws.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jce.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jfr.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jfxswt.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/jsse.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/management-agent.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/plugin.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/resources.jar:/opt/jdk1.8.0_144/jre/lib/rt.jar:/home/duoyi/IdeaProjects/ClassLoaderTest/out/production/ClassLoaderTest:/home/duoyi/idea-IC-172.4155.36/lib/idea_rt.jar

父加载器和父类

查阅ClassLoader源码中构造方法
“`java
private final ClassLoader parent;
private ClassLoader(Void unused, ClassLoader parent) {
this.parent = parent;

}
protected ClassLoader() {
this(checkCreateClassLoader(), getSystemClassLoader());
}
public final ClassLoader getParent() {
if (parent == null)
return null;
return parent;
}

从构造方法可以知道每个类加载器都有一个parent变量来代表父加载器,所以父加载器并不是继承关系上的父类。当调用的是无参的构造方法时,会由系统默认创建一个ClassLoader来作为当前类加载器的parent,实际上默认就是AppClassLoader。  把各ClassLoader的父加载器打印出来看看:```javaClassLoader cl = ClassLoaderTest.class.getClassLoader();System.out.println(cl.toString());System.out.println(cl.getParent().toString());System.out.println(cl.getParent().getParent().toString());<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

输出:

sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@677327b6Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException    at PckA.ClassLoaderTest.main(ClassLoaderTest.java:86)<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

可以看到一般我们继承ClassLoader来实现的自定义ClassLoader的父加载器,都是AppClassLoader,AppClassLoader的父加载器是ExtCLassLoader,但是ExtClassLoader居然不存在父加载器,看构造方法就知道每个ClassLoader都是有父加载器的,这不是互相矛盾了。其实不然,ExtClassLoader的父加载器就是BootstrapClassLoader,但是Bootstrap是通过C++实现的,所以Java无法拿到它的引用,自然为null了。

继承关系图:

### 全盘负责与双亲委托
全盘负责 是指当一个ClassLoader装载一个类时,除非显示地使用另一个ClassLoader,则该类所依赖及引用的类也由这个CladdLoader载入。
真正加载class字节码文件生成Class对象由“双亲委派”机制完成。
“双亲委派”机制加载Class的具体过程是:
1. 源ClassLoader先判断该Class是否已加载,如果已加载,则返回Class对象;如果没有则委托给父类加载器。
1. 父类加载器判断是否加载过该Class,如果已加载,则返回Class对象;如果没有则委托给祖父类加载器。
1. 依此类推,直到始祖类加载器(BootstrapClassLoader)。
1. 始祖类加载器判断是否加载过该Class,如果已加载,则返回Class对象;如果没有则尝试从其对应的类路径下寻找class字节码文件并载入。如果载入成功,则返回Class对象;如果载入失败,则委托给始祖类加载器的子类加载器。
1. 始祖类加载器的子类加载器尝试从其对应的类路径下寻找class字节码文件并载入。如果载入成功,则返回Class对象;如果载入失败,则委托给始祖类加载器的孙类加载器。
1. 依此类推,直到源ClassLoader。
源ClassLoader尝试从其对应的类路径下寻找class字节码文件并载入。如果载入成功,则返回Class对象;如果载入失败,源ClassLoader不会再委托其子类加载器,而是抛出异常。
“双亲委派”机制只是Java推荐的机制,并不是强制的机制。
我们可以继承java.lang.ClassLoader类,实现自己的类加载器。如果想保持双亲委派模型,就应该重写findClass(name)方法;如果想破坏双亲委派模型,可以重写loadClass(name)方法。

自定义ClassLoader

findClass、defineClass和loadClass

通常自定义ClassLoader,我们都要重写findClass方法,在其中调用defineClass来返回我们想要加载的特定的那个类

    /**     * Finds the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.     * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that     * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by     * the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method after checking the     * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation     * throws a <tt>ClassNotFoundException</tt>.     */    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {        throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);    }<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

defineClass就不深究源码了,根据参数就知道,根据类名、bytes[]来重新构造一个Class类,这个bytes就是findClass中找到class文件后,使用流读取进来写入到byte[]中。

    /*     *     * @param  name     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class, or     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known     *              * @param  b     *         The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positions     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format     *         of a valid class file as defined by     *         <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.     *     * @param  off     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data     *     * @param  len     *         The length of the class data     *     * @param  protectionDomain     *         The ProtectionDomain of the class     *              */    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)        throws ClassFormatError    {        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);        String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);        Class<?> c = defineClass1(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, source);        postDefineClass(c, protectionDomain);        return c;    }<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

loadClass 则体现了上述的双亲委托机制,一般来说是无需改动,为什么说一般,因为后面要改..

protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)        throws ClassNotFoundException    {        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {            Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);//源ClassLoader先判断该Class是否已加载            if (c == null) {                long t0 = System.nanoTime();                try {                    if (parent != null) {                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);//父类加载器判断是否加载过该Class                    } else {                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);//父类为null时即为BootstrapClassLoader                    }                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {                }                if (c == null) {                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order                    // to find the class.                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();                    c = findClass(name);//向上查找,向下加载又回到源ClassLoader的findClass方法中                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();                }            }            if (resolve) {                resolveClass(c);            }            return c;        }    }<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

实例

编写要加载的类 Test.java,其中有静态方法main和实例方法fun,尤其要注意这包名:A.B.C

package A.B.C;public class Test {    public static void main(String[] args){        System.out.println("this is main method from Test");    }    public void fun(){        System.out.println("this is fun method from Test");    }}<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

然后将该文件放到 /home/duoyi/Desktop/ClassLoaderDemo/A/B/C 下,在终端里通过javac编译一下得到class文件

编写自定义的ClassLoader类,代码写的很清楚了,也是按照上述流程来:
1. 继承ClassLoader
2. 重写findClass,并在内部通过defineClass创建Class实例
3. 通过反射调用方法

public class ClassLoaderTest extends ClassLoader {    private String mLibPath;    public ClassLoaderTest(String path) {         mLibPath = path;    }    @Override    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {         String fileName = getFileName(name);        File file = new File(mLibPath, fileName);        try {            FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);            ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();            int len = 0;            try {                while ((len = is.read()) != -1) {                    bos.write(len);                }            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            byte[] data = bos.toByteArray();            is.close();            bos.close();            return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);        } catch (IOException e) {             e.printStackTrace();        }        return super.findClass(name);    }    //将包名转换为实际路径    private String getFileName(String name) {        name = name.replaceAll("\\.","/");        return name+".class";    }    public static void main(String[] args) {        ClassLoaderTest classLoaderTest = new ClassLoaderTest("/home/duoyi/Desktop/ClassLoaderDemo");        try {            Class c = classLoaderTest.findClass("A.B.C.Test");            Object obj = c.newInstance();            Method method1 = c.getDeclaredMethod("main",String[].class);            Method method2 = c.getDeclaredMethod("fun",null);            method1.invoke(obj, (Object) new String[]{});            method2.invoke(obj,null);        } catch (Exception e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }    }}<div class="se-preview-section-delimiter"></div>

运行 输出:

this is main method from Testthis is fun method from Test

考一考

不小心篇幅写的太多了,详情请参考这里,检验你对上述知识的了解程度。

## 参考
一看你就懂,超详细java中的ClassLoader详解
类加载机制:全盘负责和双亲委托