数据库常用语法详解

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  • 数据库常用语法详解
    • 一写sql思路
    • 二基本语法
      • limit rownum 限定行数
      • order by 分组
      • show 展现表
      • innot in 行中包含不包含的字段
      • concat 展示以逗号连接的列名
      • as 后面跟表别名有时可省略
      • - 加减乘除可直接对列做运算
      • sqrt avgsum平方根平均数总和
      • upper lower展现大小写字母的列名
      • Sbuquerise 子查询
      • like 模糊查询
      • min 最小值
      • joining tables 表关联
      • inner joinleft joinright join 内左右
      • unionunion all 将表合在一起并去重不去重
    • 三数据的增删改
    • 四表的增删改
      • Data types
          • Numeric
          • 1 Date and Time
          • 2 String
          • 3 Primary Key
    • 五AlterDropRename a Table
      • People
          • alter table People add DateOfBirth date
          • alter table People drop column DateOfBirth
          • drop table People 删除表
          • alter table People change Firstname name varchar100 更新表名
    • 六View
          • create views List as select FirstNameSalary from Employees
          • create or replace view List as select FirstNameLastNameSalary from Employees
          • drop view List 删除
    • 七日期函数
        • 例1查询出生日期为198809-15的客户
    • 八索引index
    • 九存储过程procedure
    • 十游标cursor

数据库常用语法详解

一、写sql思路:

1.select(列名);展现字段。

2.from 表名;查询字段在哪些表。

3.where 筛选(行);多表关联、字段约束。

4.group by 分组;聚合函数。

5.having 分组后的过滤;对聚合函数结果约束。

6.order by/desc;升序/降序。

7.distinct;去重。 select distinct column_name 1,column_name 2 from table_name ;

二、基本语法

1. limitrownum —限定行数

1.1 查询前n行数据。

select * from student limit n;

1.2 查询表中的n-m行。

select * from student limit n,m ;

####1.3:查询t_account表中第20-100行的姓名(分页查询)###

select * from(select t.name,rownum rm from t_account t where rownum <= 100)where rm >=20;

2. order by —分组

2.1 按照姓名,年龄排序。

select * from student order by Name,Age ;

3. show —展现表

show student ;

4. in/not in —行中包含/不包含的字段

select * from student t where name in('张三','李四')

5. concat —展示以‘逗号’连接的列名

select concat (FirstName, ’ , ’ ,City) from customers ;

6. as —后面跟表别名,有时可省略

select concat (FirstName, ’ , ’ ,City) as new_column from customers ;

7. + - * / —加减乘除(可直接对列做运算)

select ID , FirstName , LastName ,Salary + 500 as Salary from Employees ;

8. sqrt /avgsum—平方根/平均数/总和

select Salary,sqrt(Salary) from employees ;

9. upper / lower—展现大/小写字母的列名

select FirstName , upper(LastName) as LastName from enployees ;

10. Sbuquerise —子查询

select FirstName,Salary from employees where Salary >(select avg(Salary) from employees) order by Salary desc ;

11. like% —模糊查询

查询姓名以A开头的人。

select * from employess where FirstName likeA%’ ;

12. min —最小值

select name,min(cost) from items where name like%boxes of frogsand seller_id in(68,6,18) ;

13. joining tables —表关联

select customer.ID , customers.Name , orders.Name ,oders.Amount from customers,oders where customers.ID = oders.Coustomer_ID order by customers.ID ;

14. inner join/left join/right join —内/左/右

15. unionunion all —将表合在一起并去重/不去重

select column_name(s) from table1 union select column_name(s) from table2 ;

三、数据的增删改

增:

insert into 表名(列名1,列名2) values(值1,值2)`;

删:

delect 表名 where 筛选条件;也可以直接delect 表名 ;

改:

update 表名 set 更新后的列名1=更新后的值1,更新后的列名2=更新后的值2 where 筛选条件;

例:

update Employees set Salary = 5000 , FirstName = ‘Robert’ where ID = 1 ;

四、表的增删改

增:

creat table Users (

   UsersID int,   FirstName varchar(100)     

);

删:

drop table 表名;

改:

after table 表名 modify 字段名 字段类型;

1.Data types

Numeric

int(整数)\ float(小数)\ double(小数)

1.1 Date and Time

date(YYYY-MM-DD)

time(HH:MM:SS)

datetime(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)

timestamp(mindnight,January 1,1970)

1.2 String

char

varchar

blob -

text

1.3 Primary Key

creat table Users(

   UserID int,   FirstName varchar(100),   primary key (UserID)  

);

五、Alter,Drop,Rename a Table

People

ID FirstName LastName City 1 John Smith New York 2 David Williams Los Angeles 3 Chloe Anderson Chicago
alter table People add DateOfBirth date ;
ID FirstName LastName City DateOfBirth 1 John Smith New York NULL 2 David Williams Los Angeles NULL 3 Chloe Anderson Chicago NULL
alter table People drop column DateOfBirth ;
ID FirstName LastName City 1 John Smith New York 2 David Williams Los Angeles 3 Chloe Anderson Chicago
drop table People ;(删除表)
alter table People change Firstname name varchar(100) ;(更新表名)
ID name LastName City 1 John Smith New York 2 David Williams Los Angeles 3 Chloe Anderson Chicago

六、View

FirstName LastName Age Salary 1 Emily Adams 34 2 Chloe Anderson 27 3 Daniel Harris 30
create views List as select FirstName,Salary from Employees ;
FirstName Salary Emily 5000 Chloe 10000 Daniel 6500
create or replace view List as select FirstName,LastName,Salary from Employees ;
FirstName LastName Salary Emily Adams 5000 Chloe Anderson 10000 Daniel Harris 6500
drop view List ;(删除)

七、日期函数

函数名 语法 描述 sysdate sysdate 当前时间 last_day last_day(sysdate) 本月最后一天 add_months add_months(日期,n) 推后n个月 to_char to_char(日期,格式) to_date to_date(时间字符串,时间格式)

例1:查询出生日期为“1988—09-15”的客户

1.select * from t_customer where t.birthday = to_date(‘1988-09-15’,yyyy-MM-dd) ;

2.select * from t_customer where to_char(t.birthday,’yyyy-MM-dd’) = ‘1988-09-15’ ;

八、索引(index)

九、存储过程(procedure)

十、游标(cursor)