Critical Fields List

A 2002 U.S. Department of State Visa Office cable to consular sections around the world (still accessible online)noted the following critical field categories. As such information isnow considered classified, an updated list is not available for publicdissemination; thus, it is likely that field categories have beenammended and expanded.

It is possiblethat even loose associations with the critical fields indicated below(e.g., student studying in physics) will result in additional securityclearances and dealyed visa processing. Accordingly, visa applicantsshould be prepared to provide additional documentation regarding their area of study and research when applying for a visa.

A. Conventional Munitions: Technologies associated with:

• Warheads and other large caliber projectiles
• Reactive armor and warhead defeat systems
• Fusing and arming systems
• Electronic countermeasures and systems
• New or novel explosives and formulations
• Automated explosive detection methods and equipment

B. Nuclear Technology:Technologies associated with production and use of nuclear material forboth peaceful and military applications.  Included are technologies for:

• Enrichment of fissile material
• Reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuel to recover produced plutonium
• Production of heavy water for moderator material
• Plutonium and tritium handling

Also,certain associated technologies related to nuclear physics and/ornuclear engineering.  Includes materials, equipment or technologyassociate with:

• Power reactors, breeder and production reactors
• Fissile or special nuclear materials
• Uraniumenrichment, including gaseous diffusion, centrifuge, aerodynamic,chemical, Electromagnetic Isotopic Separation (EMIS), Laser IsotopeSeparation (LIS)
• Spent fuel reprocessing, plutonium, mixed oxide nuclear research
• Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)
• Magnetic confinement fusion
• Laser fusion, high power lasers, plasma
• Nuclear fuel fabrication including Mixed Oxide (uranium-plutonium) fuels (MOX)
• Heavy water production
• Tritium production and use
• Hardening technology

C. Rocket Systems(including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles andsounding rockets) and Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) (including cruisemissiles, target drones, and reconnaissance drones): Technologiesassociated with rocket systems and UAV systems.  The technology neededto develop a satellite launch vehicle is virtually identical to thatneeded to build a ballistic missile.

D. Rocket System and Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Subsystems:Propulsion technologies include solid rocket motor stages, and liquidpropellant engines.  Other critical subsystems include re-entryvehicles, guidance sets, thrust vector controls and warhead safing,arming and fusing.  Many of these technologies are dual-use. Technologies include:

• Liquid and solid rocket propulsion systems
• Missile propulsion and systems integration
• Individual rocket stages or staging/separation mechanism
• Aerospace thermal (such as super alloys) and high-performance structures
• Propulsion systems test facilities

E. Navigation, Avionics and Flight Control Useable in Rocket Systems and Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV):These capabilities directly determine the delivery, accuracy, andlethality of both unguided and guided weapons.  The long-term costs todesign, build and apply these technologies have been a limitingproliferation factor.  Technologies include those associated with:

• Internal navigation systems
• Tracking and terminal homing devices
• Accelerometers and gyroscopes
• Rocket and UAV and flight control systems
• Global Positioning System (GPS)

F. Chemical, Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering:The technology used to produce chemical and biological weapons isinherently dual-use.  The same technologies that could be applied todevelop and produce chemical and biological weapons are sued widely bycivilian research laboratories and industry; these technologies arerelatively common in many countries.  Advanced biotechnology has thepotential to support biological weapons research.  In the biologicalarea, look for interest in technologies associated with:

• Aerobiology (study of microorganisms found in the air or in aerosol form)
• Biochemistry
• Pharmacology
• Immunology
• Virology
• Bacteriology
• Mycology
• Microbiology
• Growth and culture of microorganisms
• Pathology (study of diseases)
• Toxicology
• Study of toxins
• Virulence factors
• Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology
• Identification of nucleic acid sequences associated with pathogenecity
• Freeze-drying (lyophilization)
• Fermentation technology
• Cross-filtration equipment
• High “DOP-rated filters” (e.g., HEPA filters, ULPA filters)
• Microencapsulation
• Aerosol sprayers and technology, aerosol and aerosolization technology
• Spray or drum drying technology
• Milling equipment or technology intended for the production of micron-sized particles
• Technology for eliminating electrostatic charges of small particles
• Flight training
• Crop-dusting, aerosol dissemination
• Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology
• Fuses, detonators, and other munitions technology
• Submunitions technology
• Computer modeling of dissemination or contagion
• Chemical absorption (nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protection). 

In the chemical area, look for:

• Organo-phosphate chemistry
• Neurochemistry
• Chemical engineering
• Chemical Separation technology
• Pharmaceutical production technology
• Pesticide production technology
• Toxicology
• Pharmacology
• Neurology
• Immunology
• Detection of toxic chemical aerosols
• Chemical absorption (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC) protection)
• Production of glass-lined steel reactors/vessels, pipes, flanges, and other equipment
• Aerosol sprayers and technology
• Flight training
• Crop-dusting, aerosol dissemination
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology
• Fuses, detonators, and other munitions technology
• Submunitions technology
• Computer modeling of dissemination

G. Remote Sensing, Imaging and Reconnaissance:Satellite and aircraft remote sensing technologies are inherentlydual-use; increasingly sophisticated technologies can be used forcivilian imagery projects or for military and intelligencereconnaissance activities.  Drones and remotely piloted vehicles alsoaugment satellite capabilities.  Key-word associated technologies are:

• Remote sensing satellites
• High resolution multi-spectral, electro-optical and radar data/imagery
• Imagery instruments, cameras, optics, and synthetic aperture radar systems
• Ground receiving stations and data/image processing systems
• Photogrammetry
• Imagery data and information products
• Piloted aircraft
• Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV)
• Remotely-piloted vehicles; and drones

H. Advanced Computer/Microelectronic Technology:Advanced computers and software play a useful (but not necessarilycritical) role in the development and deployment of missiles andmissile systems, and in the development and production of nuclearweapons.  Advanced computer capabilities are also used inover-the-horizon targeting, airborne early warning targeting,Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) processors.  These technologies areassociated with:

• Supercomputing, hybrid computing
• Speech processing/recognition systems
• Neural networks
• Data fusion
• Quantum wells, resonant tunneling
• Superconductivity
• Advance optoelectronics
• Acoustic wave devices,
• Superconducting electron devices
• Flash discharge type x-ray systems
• Frequency synthesizers
• Microcomputer compensated crystal oscillators

I. Materials Technology:The metallic, ceramic and composite materials are primarily related tostructural functions in aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, underseavehicles, and propulsion devices.  Polymers provide seals and sealantsfor containment of identified fluids and lubricants for variousvehicles and devices.  High density graphite is used in missilenosetips, jet vanes and nozzle throats.  Selected specialty materials(i.e., stealth and the performance of these materials) provide criticalcapabilities that exploit electromagnetic absorption, magnetic, orsuperconductivity characteristics.  These technologies are associatedwith:

• Advanced metals and alloys
• Non-composite ceramic materials
• Ceramic, cermet, organic and carbon materials
• Polymeric materials
• Synthetics fluids
• Hot isostatic
• Densifications
• Intermetallic
• Organometals
• Liquid and solid lubricant
• Magnetic metals and superconductive conductors

J. Information Security:Technologies associated with cryptography and cryptographic systems toensure secrecy for communications, video, data and related software.

K. Laser and Directed Energy Systems Technology:Lasers have critical military applications, including incorporation inguided ordinance such as laser guided bombs and ranging devices. Directed energy technologies are used to generate electromagneticradiation or particle beams and to project that energy on a specifictarget.  Kinetic energy technologies are those used to impart a highvelocity to a mass and direct it to a target.  Directed energy andkinetic energy technologies have potential utility in counteringmissiles and other applications.  Look for technologies associated with:

• Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS)
• Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS)
• High Energy Lasers (HEL) (i.e., laser welders)
• Low Energy Lasers (LEL)
• Semiconductor lasers
• Free electron lasers
• Directed Energy (DE) systems
• Kinetic Energy (KE) systems
• Particle beam, beam rider, electromagnetic guns, Optoelectronics/electro-oPtics (Europe)
• Optical tracking (i.e., target designators)
• High energy density
• High-speed pulse generation, pulsed power
• Hypersonic and/or hypervelocity
• Magnetohydrodynamics

L. Sensors and Sensor Technology:Sensors provide real-time information and data, and could provide asignificant military advantage in a conflict.  Marine acoustics iscritical in anti-submarine warfare; gravity meters are essential formissile launch calibration.  Look for technologies associated with:

• Marine acoustics
• Optical sensors
• Night vision devices, image intensification devices
• Gravity meters
• High speed photographic equipment
• Magnetometers

M. Marine Technology:Marine technologies are often associated with submarines and other deepsubmersible vessels; propulsion systems designed for undersea use andnavigation and quieting systems are associated with reducingdetectability and enhancing operations survivability.  Look fortechnologies associated with:

• Submarines and submersibles
• Undersea robots
• Marine propulsion systems
• Signature recognition
• Acoustic and non-acoustic detection
• Acoustic, wake, radar and magnetic signature reduction
• Magnetohydrodynamics
• Stirling engines and other air independent propulsion systems

N. Robotics: Technologies associate with:

• Artificial intelligence
• Automation
• Computer-controlled machine tools
• Pattern recognition technologies

O. Urban Planning:Expertise in construction or design of systems or technologiesnecessary to sustain modern urban societies (PLEASE NOTE: UrbanPlanning may not fall under the purview of INA section 212 (a)(3)(a),U.S. technology transfer laws, or any other U.S. law or regulation. However, Urban Planning is a special interest item and posts arerequested to refer such visa application requests to CA/VO/L/C forfurther review.)  Look for technologies/skills associated with:

• Architecture
• Civil Engineering
• Community development
• Environmental planning
• Geography
• Housing
• Landscape architecture
• Land use and comprehensive planning
• Urban design