ORACLE 10g命令大全
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ORACLE 10g命令大全
构件与体系结构
常用的环境变量
ORACLE_HOME：将要安装oracle软件的目录，指向oracle二进制文件应该安装到的位置。
ORACLE_BASE：主机服务器上用于oracle软件的顶级目录
ORACLE_SID：定义一个unix用户会话应该连接到服务器上的那个实例，不能多于8个字符。
ORACLE_OWNER
ORACLE_TERM
DISPLAY
SHLIB_PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH：指定oracle共享对象库的位置.在unix系统上，这个变量通常指向$ORACLE_HOME/lib或者是$ORACLE_HOME/lib32目录
ORA_NLS33
NLS_LANG
PATH：告诉操作系统在unix那些目录中查找可执行文件
TMPDIR
TNS_ADMIN：保存oracle net配置文件的位置
DBCA_RAW_CONFIG
TERM
CLASSPATH
TWO_TASK：指定一个将要用在unix系统上的默认oracle net连接串—如果用户没有指定任何连接串
OFA模型
用于unix文件系统和安装点的命名约定
用于目录路径的命名约定
用于数据文件的命名约定
用于oracle相关文件的标准位置
Oracle企业管理框架
网格控制
必须管理许多的数据库、应用服务器、web服务器和其他构件的企业可以采用em grid control
Em grid control是一个基于web的用户界面，它与oracle企业内所有构件进行通讯并集中管理这些构件。
Dba可以从一个统一的位置使用em grid control来监视和管理整个计算环境，其中包括主机、数据库、监听器、应用服务器、http服务器和web应用软件。
oracle管理服务器
是一个基于java的web构件，该构件是dba用来监视和控制oracle企业框架内各个受管理目标的实际界面
oracle储存库
已收集到并与受管理目标有关的配置和监视信息被存储到一个oracle管理储存库中。Oracle管理储存库由oracle的两个表空间组成，这两个表空间含有与em内所管理的管理员、目标和应用软件有关的信息。
Oracle管理代理程序与oracle管理服务进行通信，以便将数据放入到oracle管理存储库中。Oracle管理储存库经过精心组织，以便让oracle管理服务内的检索和显示变得更为容易。
受管理目标
包括数据库、应用服务器、web服务器、应用软件以及像oraclenet监听器和connection manager连接管理器之类的oracle代理程序。
oracle数据库控制
em db console是oracle企业管理框架内的一个构件，它基于web并用来管理oracledb 10g release,em 数据库控制允许dba监视和管理单个oracle数据库实例或单个rac环境。
应用服务器控制
是em的一个构件，它基于web并用来监视oracle application server10g，应用服务器控制允许dba监视和管理单个oracleapplication server实例，一组oracle application server实例和oracle application server集群。
创建数据库
用户帐户：
1． Sys用户拥有构成该数据目录的所有内部oracle表。
2． System是一个含有辅助管理表和视图的辅助支持用户。
3． Dbsnmp是由em工具用来监视和收集数据库性能统计数据的一个数据库账号
4． Sysman对em工具来说，sysman等价与sys,不仅能够创建和修改其它em管理员账号，还能够管理数据库实例本身。
ASM存储器
自动存储管理
Oracle 10g引进的一种新型存储机制。它依靠oracle来维护企业的数据库存储器，被设计用来解除磁盘和存储器管理的负担，可以使用ASM来定义用于文件管理的磁盘组。
磁盘组类似于某些操作系统中卷组的概念。
Oracle在asm专门用来跟踪磁盘组分配的一个辅助数据内管理数据库的存储器定义。
Dbca数据库模板
数据库模板是用xml文件格式保存在本地磁盘上的数据库配置的定义。
Dbca能够使用两种类型的模板：种子模板和非种子模板。
种子模板指含有定义信息和实际的数据文件与重做日志文件的模板定义。
种子模板的优点是dbca生成定义文件中所包含的数据文件和重做日志文件的一个副本。这些预建的数据库文件含有所有模式信息，而这些有助于一个较快速的数据库创建过程。种子模板带有一个.dbc扩展名。相关联的预定义重做日志文件和数据文件存储为带有一个.djf扩展名的文件。当使用一个种子模板时，读者可以修改数据库名称、数据文件位置、控制文件和重做日志文件的数量以及初始化参数。
模板将含有关源数据库中指定的结构信息及物理数据文件。使用这种模板创建的数据库和源数据库相同。用户定义的方案及数据将是模板的一部分。
非种子模板含有自定义的数据库定义。和种子模板不同的是，非种子模板不含有预配置的数据文件和重做日志。非种子模板还有一个.dbt扩展名。该模板将含有关源数据库的结构信息，其中包括源数据库中的数据库选项，表空间，数据文件以及指定的初始化参数。用户定义的方案及其数据不作为已创建模板的一部分。
常用的数据库模板包括：
1． Data warehouse
2． General purpose
3． Transaction processing
模板定义的细节：
部分
描述
Common Options(常见选项)
显示那些选项将会得到创建
Initalization Parameters(初始化参数)
显示常用的初始化参数和他们的设置
Character sets字符集
要用到的字符集
Control files控制文件
控制文件的名称和位置
Tablespaces表空间
表空间的名称和类型
Datafile数据文件
每个表空间的数据文件名和他们的大小
Redo log groups重做日志组
组成员与大小
字符集
数据库字符集
字符集是在计算机屏幕上显示字符时所使用的编码方案。所选的字符集确定了可以在数据库中表示的语言。而且还会影响：
创建数据库方案的方式
开发用于处理字符数据的应用程序的方式
数据库与操作系统一起工作的方式
性能
存储字符数据所需的存储空间
Oracle数据库对以下项使用数据库字符集：
以 CHAR数据类型 (CHAR、VARCHAR2、CLOB和 LONG)存储的数据
标识符，如表名、列名和PL/SQL变量输入并存储 SQL和 PL/SQL程序源代码
下表说明了可以在此页选择的字符集选项：
选项
说明
使用默认值
如果对于所有数据库用户和数据库应用程序只需要支持操作系统当前使用的语言，请选择此选项。
使用 Unicode (AL32UTF8)
如果对于数据库用户和数据库应用程序需要支持多种语言，请选择此选项。有关通过 Unicode支持多语种数据库的信息，请参阅 Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide。
从字符集列表中选择
如果希望 Oracle数据库使用除操作系统使用的默认字符集以外的其它字符集，请选择此选项。
有关下拉列表所列的字符集的说明，请参阅 Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide。
国家字符集
国家字符集是一个备用字符集，利用此字符集可以在没有Unicode数据库字符集的数据库中存储Unicode字符。
选择国家字符集的其它原因如下：
对于频繁的字符处理操作，不同的字符编码方案可能更为理想
使用国家字符集时编程更容易您对国家字符集的选择不会影响您的数据库字符集。
有关选择国家字符集的详细信息，请参阅 Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide。
默认语言
默认语言设置可以确定数据库如何支持与区域设置相关的信息，例如：日和月份的名称及其缩写 A.M.、P.M.、A.D.和 B.C.的等价表示方法的符号指定 ORDER BY SQL子句时字符数据的默认排序方式书写方向 (从左向右或从右向左)肯定答复和否定答复字符串(例如，YES和 NO)从下拉菜单中选择默认语言。
默认日期格式
有关 Oracle数据库中支持的语言的完整列表，以及与区域设置相关的信息细节，请参阅 Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide。默认日期格式小时、日、月和年的显示方式有很多种，您可以选择符合本国习惯的方式。例如，英国使用 DD-MON-YYYY格式显示日期，而日本通常使用YYYY-MM-DD格式来显示日期。从下拉菜单中选择默认日期格式。注：还可以配置 Oracle数据库，使其支持各种时区和夏时制。有关详细信息，请参阅 Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide。
管理命令
Emctl start agent
TZ set to PRC
Oracle EnterpriseManager 10g DatabaseControl Release 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 1996,2005 Oracle Corporation. All rightsreserved.
Starting agent ...started.
Emctl stop agent
TZ set to PRC
Oracle EnterpriseManager 10g DatabaseControl Release 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 1996,2005 Oracle Corporation. All rightsreserved.
Stopping agent ...stopped.
emctl start dbconsole
启动主机服务器上的em进程。
Oracle Enterprise Manager 10gDatabase Control Release 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 1996, 2005 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
http://linux:1158/em/console/aboutApplication
Starting Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Database Control ...OracleDBConsolehndss
服务正在启动 ..........................
OracleDBConsolehndss服务已经启动成功。
emctl stop dbconsole
TZ set to PRC
Oracle EnterpriseManager 10g DatabaseControl Release 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 1996,2005 Oracle Corporation. All rightsreserved.
http://hnint:1158/em/console/aboutApplication
Stopping OracleEnterprise Manager 10g DatabaseControl ...
... Stopped.
emctl status dbconsole
TZ set to PRC
Oracle EnterpriseManager 10g DatabaseControl Release 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 1996,2005 Oracle Corporation. All rightsreserved.
http://hnint:1158/em/console/aboutApplication
Oracle EnterpriseManager 10g isrunning.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Logs are generatedin directory /usr/local/oracle/app/hnint_hnbak/sysman/log
isqlplusctl start
iSQL*Plus 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 2003,2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
iSQL*Plus instanceon port 5560 is already running ...
isqlplusctl stop
iSQL*Plus 10.2.0.1.0
Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Stopping iSQL*Plus ...
iSQL*Plus stopped.
Oradim
输入以下命令之一:
通过指定以下选项创建实例:
-NEW -SID sid | -SRVC srvc |-ASMSID sid | -ASMSRVC srvc [-SYSPWD pass]
[-STARTMODE auto|manual][-SRVCSTART system|demand] [-PFILE file | -SPFILE]
[-SHUTMODEnormal|immediate|abort] [-TIMEOUT secs] [-RUNAS osusr/ospass]
通过指定以下选项编辑实例:
-EDIT -SID sid | -ASMSID sid[-SYSPWD pass]
[-STARTMODE auto|manual][-SRVCSTART system|demand] [-PFILE file | -SPFILE]
[-SHUTMODEnormal|immediate|abort] [-SHUTTYPE srvc|inst] [-RUNAS osusr/ospass]
通过指定以下选项删除实例:
-DELETE -SID sid | -ASMSIDsid | -SRVC srvc | -ASMSRVC srvc
通过指定以下选项启动服务和实例:
-STARTUP -SID sid | -ASMSIDsid [-SYSPWD pass]
[-STARTTYPE srvc|inst|srvc,inst][-PFILE filename | -SPFILE]
通过指定以下选项关闭服务和实例:
-SHUTDOWN -SID sid | -ASMSIDsid [-SYSPWD pass]
[-SHUTTYPE srvc|inst|srvc,inst][-SHUTMODE normal|immediate|abort]
通过指定以下参数查询帮助: -? | -h | -help
Orapwd
ORAPWDFILE=<FILENAME> PASSWORD =<PASSWORD> ENTRIES=<MAX_USERS> force=<y/n>
各命令参数的含义为：
---- FILENAME：密码文件名；
---- PASSWORD：设置INTERNAL／SYS帐号的口令；
---- MAX_USERS：密码文件中可以存放的最大用户数，对应于允许以SYSDBA／SYSOPER权限登录数据库的最大用户数。由于在以后的维护中，若用户数超出了此限制，则需要重建密码文件，所以此参数可以根据需要设置得大一些。
force=<y/n>是否覆盖原来的文件
Shutdown
Normal
1. 从shutdown normal命令发布起,禁止建立任何新的oracle连接。
2. 数据库将等到所有用户都被断开后再继续关闭过程。
等待当前所有已连接的用户断开与数据库的连接
Transactional
1. 从shutdown transactional命令发布起,禁止建立任何新的oracle连接。
2. 从shutdown transactional命令发布起,禁止启动任何新的事务。
3. 一旦数据库上所有的活动事务执行完毕，所有的客户连接将被断开。
完成事务处理后断开所有已连接的用户
Immediate
1. 从shutdown immediate命令发布起，禁止建立任何新的oracle连接
2. 未提交的事务被回退。因此，处于一个事务中间的用户将失去所有未提交的劳动成果。
3. oracle不等待客户断开连接。任何未完成的事务均被回退，而且他们的数据库连接被终止
回退活动事务处理并断开所有已连接的用户
Abort
中止数据库实例,立即关闭
异常关闭是最主动的关闭类型，并且有如下这些特征：
1. 从shutdown abort命令发布起，禁止建立任何新的oracle连接
2. 当前正在运行的sql语句被终止，无论他们处于什么状态。
3. 未提交的工作被回退
4. oracle在shutdown abort命令发布时刻立即断开所有客户连接。
Startup
Nomount
启动实例但不安装数据库，当数据库以这个模式启动时，参数文件被读取，后台进程和内存结构被启动，但他们不被附加或与数据库的磁盘结构进行通信。这种模式下，数据库是不可使用的。
可以执行的任务是：运行一个创建基础数据库的脚本和重建控制文件。
在nomount启动模式下，只能访问到那些与sga区相关的数据词典视图，包括：
V$sga、V$parameter、V$option、V$process、v$instance、v$version、v$session
这些视图中的信息都是从sga中获得，与数据库无关。
Mount
执行nomount的所有工作，另外附加数据结构并与这些数据结构进行交互。这时，oracle从控制文件中获得信息。
可以执行的任务是：
1. 执行数据库的完全恢复操作
2. 重命名数据文件
3. 改变数据库的归档状态。
4. 添加、删除或重命名重做日志
在mount启动模式下，只能访问到那些与控制文件相关的数据字典视图，包括v$database、v$thread、v$datafile、v$logfile、v$controlfile等，这些信息都是从控制文件中获得。
Open
这个选项把数据库变成对所有用户都是可用的。
Force
Restrict
启动数据库并把它置于open模式，直给拥有restrictedsession权限的用户赋予访问权。
Alter systemdisable restricted session;
另外，启动时，oracle会首先搜索$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora,如果不存在，再搜索$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile.ora,如果不存在，再搜索$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init$ORACLE_SID.ora,如果还不存在，则开始报错，提示找不到参数文件。
http://127.0.0.1:1158/em
主目录
一般信息
状态 启动
开始运行时间 2005-11-9下午01时31分42秒 CST
实例名 hndss
版本 10.2.0.1.0
主机 linux
监听程序 LISTENER_linux
主机 CPU
活动会话数
SQL响应时间
诊断概要
空间概要
高可用性
预警
相关预警
作业活动
oracle enterprise manager grid control可以用来管理每个oracle数据库，
也可以使用oracle enterprise manager database control可以管理本地数据库。
Expdp/impdp
建立逻辑路径
createor replace directory dumpdir as 'c:\';
grant read,write on directory dumpdir to scott;
倒入/出
expdp newdr/123456@hncrm directory=test dumpfile=test_score1.dmplogfile=tes
t.log parallel=2 schemas=newdr
错误
ORA-00054
resourcebusy and acquire with NOWAIT specified
资源正忙，要求指定NOWAIT
ORA-00600
internalerror code,arguments:[num],[?],[?],[?],[?]
产生原因：这种错误通常为ORACLE的内部错误，只对OSS和ORACLE开发有用。ORA-600的错误经常伴随跟踪文件的状态转储（系统状态和进程状态），系统状态存储将包括ORACLE RDBMS持有的当前对象的信息，进程状态转储则将显示特殊进程持有的对象，当进程符合了某错误条件时，经常是由于一些信息取自它持有的一个块，如果我们知道这些错误进程持有的块，就容易跟踪问题的来源。
解决方法：一般来说出现这个错误我们本身是无法解决的，只有从提高系统本身各方面来解决这个内部问题，如增加硬件设备，调整系统性能，使用OPS（当然OPS从某种意义上说并不是一种好的解决方式）等。ORA-600错误的第一个变量用于标记代码中错误的位置（代码中的每个部分的第一变量都不一样），从第二个到第五个变量显示附加信息，告诉OSS代码在哪里出现了错误。
一个报错例子如下：
ORA-00600:internal error code, arguments: [1237], [], [], [], [], [], [], []
相应的英文如下：
Cause:Thisis a catchall(包罗万象的) internal error message for Oracle program exceptions.Itindicates that a process has met a low-level,unexpected condition.Variouscauses of this message include:
Time-outs（超时）
Filecorruption(文件太老)
Faileddata checks in memory（内存检索失败）
Hardware,memory,orI/O errors（硬件、内存或者磁盘错误）
Incorrectlyrestored files（错误的重建文件）
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
1
Service Layer
The service layer has within it a variety of service related components which are associated with in memory related activities in the SGA such as, for example : the management of Enqueues, System Parameters, System state objects (these objects track the use of structures in the SGA by Oracle server processes), etc.. In the main, this layer provides support to allow process communication and provides support for locking and the management of structures to support multiple user processes connecting and interacting within the SGA.
Note : vos - Virtual Operating System provides features to support the functionality above. As the name suggests it provides base functionality in much the same way as is provided by an Operating System.
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
1
vos
Component notifier
100
vos
Debug
300
vos
Error
500
vos
Lock
700
vos
Memory
900
vos
System Parameters
1100
vos
System State object
1110
vos
Generic Linked List management
1140
vos
Enqueue
1180
vos
Instance Locks
1200
vos
User State object
1400
vos
Async Msgs
1700
vos
license Key
1800
vos
Instance Registration
1850
vos
I/O Services components
2000
Cache Layer
Where errors are generated in this area, it is advisable to check whether the error is repeatable and whether the error is perhaps associated with recovery or undo type operations; where this is the case and the error is repeatable, this may suggest some kind of hardware or physical issue with a data file, control file or log file. The Cache layer is responsible for making the changes to the underlying files and well as managing the related memory structures in the SGA.
Note : rcv indicates recovery. It is important to remember that the Oracle cache layer is effectively going through the same code paths as used by the recovery mechanism.
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
2000
server/rcv
Cache Op
2100
server/rcv
Control File mgmt
2200
server/rcv
Misc (SCN etc.)
2400
server/rcv
Buffer Instance Hash Table
2600
server/rcv
Redo file component
2800
server/rcv
Db file
3000
server/rcv
Redo Application
3200
server/cache
Buffer manager
3400
server/rcv
Archival & media recovery component
3600
server/rcv
recovery component
3700
server/rcv
Thread component
3800
server/rcv
Compatibility segment
It is important to consider when the error occurred and the context in which the error was generated. If the error does not reproduce, it may be an in memory issue.
4000
Transaction Layer
Primarily the transaction layer is involved with maintaining structures associated with the management of transactions. As with the cache layer , problems encountered in this layer may indicate some kind of issue at a physical level. Thus it is important to try and repeat the same steps to see if the problem recurs.
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
4000
server/txn
Transaction Undo
4100
server/txn
Transaction Undo
4210
server/txn
Transaction Parallel
4250
server/txn
Transaction List
4300
space/spcmgmt
Transaction Segment
4400
txn/lcltx
Transaction Control
4450
txn/lcltx
distributed transaction control
4500
txn/lcltx
Transaction Block
4600
space/spcmgmt
Transaction Table
4800
dict/rowcache
Query Row Cache
4900
space/spcmgmt
Transaction Monitor
5000
space/spcmgmt
Transaction Extent
It is important to try and determine what the object involved in any reproducible problem is. Then use the analyze command. For more information, please refer to the analyze command as detailed in the context of <<Note:28814.1>; in addition, it may be worth using the dbverify as discussed in <<Note:35512.1>.
6000
Data Layer
The data layer is responsible for maintaining and managing the data in the database tables and indexes. Issues in this area may indicate some kind of physical issue at the object level and therefore, it is important to try and isolate the object and then perform an anlayze on the object to validate its structure.
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
6000
ram/data
ram/analyze
ram/index
data, analyze command and index related activity
7000
ram/object
lob related errors
8000
ram/data
general data access
8110
ram/index
index related
8150
ram/object
general data access
Again, it is important to try and determine what the object involved in any reproducible problem is. Then use the analyze command. For more information, please refer to the analyze command as detailed in the context of <<Note:28814.1>; in addition, it may be worth using the dbverify as discussed in <<Note:35512.1>.
12000
User/Oracle Interface & SQL Layer Components
This layer governs the user interface with the Oracle server. Problems generated by this layer usually indicate : some kind of presentation or format error in the data received by the server, i.e. the client may have sent incomplete information; or there is some kind of issue which indicates that the data is received out of sequence
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
12200
progint/kpo
progint/opi
lob related
errors at interface level on server side, xa , etc.
12300
progint/if
OCI interface to coordinating global transactions
12400
sqlexec/rowsrc
table row source access
12600
space/spcmgmt
operations associated with tablespace : alter / create / drop operations ; operations associated with create table / cluster
12700
sqlexec/rowsrc
bad rowid
13000
dict/if
dictionary access routines associated with kernel compilation
13080
ram/index
kernel Index creation
13080
sqllang/integ
constraint mechanism
13100
progint/opi
archival and Media Recovery component
13200
dict/sqlddl
alter table mechanism
13250
security/audit
audit statement processing
13300
objsupp/objdata
support for handling of object generation and object access
14000
dict/sqlddl
sequence generation
15000
progint/kpo
logon to Oracle
16000
tools/sqlldr
sql loader related
You should try and repeat the issue and with the use of sql trace , try and isolate where exactly the issue may be occurring within the application.
14000
System Dependent Component internal error values
This layer manages interaction with the OS. Effectively it acts as the glue which allows the Oracle server to interact with the OS. The types of operation which this layer manages are indicated as follows.
Ora-600 Base
Functionality
Description
14000
osds
File access
14100
osds
Concurrency management;
14200
osds
Process management;
14300
Osds
Exception-handler or signal handler management
14500
Osds
Memory allocation
15000
security/dac,
security/logon
security/ldap
local user access validation; challenge / response activity for remote access validation; auditing operation; any activities associated with granting and revoking of privileges; validation of password with external password file
15100
dict/sqlddl
this component manages operations associated with creating, compiling (altering), renaming, invalidating, and dropping procedures, functions, and packages.
15160
optim/cbo
cost based optimizer layer is used to determine optimal path to the data based on statistical information available on the relevant tables and indexes.
15190
optim/cbo
cost based optimizer layer. Used in the generation of a new index to determine how the index should be created. Should it be constructed from the table data or from another index.
15200
dict/shrdcurs
used to in creating sharable context area associated with shared cursors
15230
dict/sqlddl
manages the compilation of triggers
15260
dict/dictlkup
dict/libcache
dictionary lookup and library cache access
15400
server/drv
manages alter system and alter session operations
15410
progint/if
manages compilation of pl/sql packages and procedures
15500
dict/dictlkup
performs dictionary lookup to ensure semantics are correct
15550
sqlexec/execsvc
sqlexec/rowsrc
hash join execution management;
parallel row source management
15600
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation
15620
repl/snapshots
manages the creation of snapshot or materialized views as well as related snapshot / MV operations
15640
repl/defrdrpc
layer containing various functions for examining the deferred transaction queue and retrieving information
15660
jobqs/jobq
manages the operation of the Job queue background processes
15670
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation
15700
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation; specifically mechanism for starting up and shutting down query slaves
15800
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation
15810
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation; specifically functions for creating mechanisms through which Query co-ordinator can communicate with PQ slaves;
15820
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation
15850
sqlexec/execsvc
component provides support for the execution of SQL statements
15860
sqlexec/pq
component provides support for Parallel Query operation
16000
loader
sql Loader direct load operation;
16150
loader
this layer is used for 'C' level call outs to direct loader operation;
16200
dict/libcache
this is part of library Cache operation. Amongst other things it manages the dependency of SQL objects and tracks who is permitted to access these objects;
16230
dict/libcache
this component is responsible for managing access to remote objects as part of library Cache operation;
16300
mts/mts
this component relates to MTS (Multi Threaded Server) operation
16400
dict/sqlddl
this layer contains functionality which allows tables to be loaded / truncated and their definitions to be modified. This is part of dictionary operation;
16450
dict/libcache
this layer layer provides support for multi-instance access to the library cache; this functionality is applicable therefore to OPS environments;
16500
dict/rowcache
this layer provides support to load / cache Oracle's dictionary in memory in the library cache;
16550
sqlexec/fixedtab
this component maps data structures maintained in the Oracle code to fixed tables such that they can be queried using the SQL layer;
16600
dict/libcache
this layer performs management of data structures within the library cache;
16651
dict/libcache
this layer performs management of dictionary related information within library Cache;
16701
dict/libcache
this layer provides library Cache support to support database creation and forms part of the bootstrap process;
17000
dict/libcache
this is the main library Cache manager. This Layer maintains the in memory representation of cached sql statements together will all the necessary support that this demands;
17090
generic/vos
this layer implementations error management operations: signalling errors, catching errors, recovering from errors, setting error frames, etc.;
17100
generic/vos
Heap manager. The Heap manager manages the storage of internal data in an orderly and consistent manner. There can be many heaps serving various purposes; and heaps within heaps. Common examples are the SGA heap, UGA heap and the PGA heap. Within a Heap there are consistency markers which aim to ensure that the Heap is always in a consistent state. Heaps are use extensively and are in memory structures - not on disk.
17200
dict/libcache
this component deals with loading remote library objects into the local library cache with information from the remote database.
17250
dict/libcache
more library cache errors ; functionality for handling pipe operation associated with dbms_pipe
17270
dict/instmgmt
this component manages instantiations of procedures, functions, packages, and cursors in a session. This provides a means to keep track of what has been loaded in the event of process death;
17300
generic/vos
manages certain types of memory allocation structure. This functionality is an extension of the Heap manager.
17500
generic/vos
relates to various I/O operations. These relate to async i/o operation, direct i/o operation and the management of writing buffers from the buffer cache by potentially a number of database writer processes;
17625
dict/libcache
additional library Cache supporting functions
17990
plsql
plsql 'standard' package related issues
18000
txn/lcltx
transaction and savepoint management operations
19000
optim/cbo
cost based optimizer related operations
20000
ram/index
bitmap index and index related errors.
20400
ram/partnmap
operations on partition related objects
20500
server/rcv
server recovery related operation
21000
repl/defrdrpc,
repl/snapshot,
repl/trigger
replication related features
23000
oltp/qs
AQ related errors.
24000
dict/libcache
operations associated with managing stored outlines
25000
server/rcv
tablespace management operations
Internal Errors Categorised by mnemonic
The following table details mnemonics error stems which are possible. Ifyou have encountered : ora-600[kkjsrj:1] for example, you should lookdown the Error Mnemonic column (errors in alphabetical order) until you findthe matching stem. In this case, kkj indicates that something unexpectedhas occurred in job queue operation.
Error Mnemonic(s)
Functionality
Description
ain ainp
ram/index
ain - alter index; ainp - alter index partition management operation
apacb
optim/rbo
used by optimizer in connect by processing
atb atbi atbo ctc ctci cvw
dict/sqlddl
alter table , create table (IOT) or cluster operations as well as create view related operations (with constraint handling functionality)
dbsdrv
sqllang/parse
alter / create database operation
ddfnet
progint/distrib
various distributed operations on remote dictionary
delexe
sqlexec/dmldrv
manages the delete statement operation
dix
ram/index
manages drop index or validate index operation
dtb
dict/sqlddl
manages drop table operation
evaa2g evah2p evaa2g
dbproc/sqlfunc
various functions involves in evaluating operand outcomes such as : addition , average, OR operator, bites AND , bites OR, concatenation, as well as Oracle related functions : count(), dump() , etc. The list is extensive.
expcmo expgon
dbproc/expreval
handles expression evaluation with respect to two operands being equivalent
gra
security/dac
manages the granting and revoking of privilege rights to a user
gslcsq
plsldap
support for operations with an LDAP server
insexe
sqlexec/dmldrv
handles the insert statement operation
jox
progint/opi
functionality associated with the Java compiler and with the Java runtime environment within the Server
k2c k2d
progint/distrib
support for database to database operation in distributed environements as well as providing, with respect to the 2-phase commit protocol, a globally unique Database id
k2g k2l
txn/disttx
support for the 2 phase commit protocol protocol and the coordination of the various states in managing the distributed transaction
k2r k2s k2sp
progint/distrib
k2r - user interface for managing distributed transactions and combining distributed results ; k2s - handles logging on, starting a transaction, ending a transaction and recovering a transaction; k2sp - management of savepoints in a distributed environment.
k2v
txn/disttx
handles distributed recovery operation
kad
cartserv/picklercs
handles OCIAnyData implementation
kau
ram/data
manages the modification of indexes for inserts, updates and delete operations for IOTs as well as modification of indexes for IOTs
kcb kcbb kcbk kcbl kcbs kcbt kcbw kcbz
cache
manages Oracle's buffer cache operation as well as operations used by capabilities such as direct load, has clusters , etc.
kcc kcf
rcv
manages and coordinates operations on the control file(s)
kcit
context/trigger
internal trigger functionality
kck
rcv
compatibility related checks associated with the compatible parameter
kcl
cache
background lck process which manages locking in a RAC or parallel server multiple instance environment
kco kcq kcra kcrf kcrfr kcrfw kcrp kcrr kcs kct kcv
rcv
various buffer cache operation such as quiesce operation , managing fast start IO target, parallel recovery operation , etc.
kd
ram/data
support for row level dependency checking and some log miner operations
kda
ram/analyze
manages the analyze command and collection of statistics
kdbl kdc kdd
ram/data
support for direct load operation, cluster space management and deleting rows
kdg
ram/analyze
gathers information about the underlying data and is used by the analyze command
kdi kdibc3 kdibco kdibh kdibl kdibo kdibq kdibr kdic kdici kdii kdil kdir kdis kdiss kdit kdk
ram/index
support of the creation of indexes on tables an IOTs and index look up
kdl kdlt
ram/object
lob and temporary lob management
kdo
ram/data
operations on data such as inserting a row piece or deleting a row piece
kdrp
ram/analyze
underlying support for operations provided by the dbms_repair package
kds kdt kdu
ram/data
operations on data such as retrieving a row and updating existing row data
kdv kdx
ram/index
functionality for dumping index and managing index blocks
kfh kfp kft
rcv
support for writing to file header and transportable tablespace operations
kgaj kgam kgan kgas kgat kgav kgaz
argusdbg/argusdbg
support for Java Debug Wire Protocol (JDWP) and debugging facilites
kgbt kgg kgh kghs kghx kgkp
vos
kgbt - support for BTree operations; kgg - generic lists processing; kgh - Heap Manager : managing the internal structures withing the SGA / UGA / PGA and ensures their integrity; kghs - Heap manager with Stream support; kghx - fixed sized shared memory manager; kgkp - generic services scheduling policies
kgl kgl2 kgl3 kgla kglp kglr kgls
dict/libcache
generic library cache operation
kgm kgmt
ilms
support for inter language method services - or calling one language from another
kgrq kgsk kgski kgsn kgss
vos
support for priority queue and scheduling; capabilities for Numa support; Service State object manager
kgupa kgupb kgupd0 kgupf kgupg kgupi kgupl kgupm kgupp kgupt kgupx kguq2 kguu
vos
Service related activities activities associated with for Process monitor (PMON); spawning or creating of background processes; debugging; managing process address space; managing the background processes; etc.
kgxp
vos
inter process communication related functions
kjak kjat kjb kjbl kjbm kjbr kjcc kjcs kjctc kjcts kjcv kjdd kjdm kjdr kjdx kjfc kjfm kjfs kjfz kjg kji kjl kjm kjp kjr kjs kjt kju kjx
ccl/dlm
dlm related functionality ; associated with RAC or parallel server operation
kjxgf kjxgg kjxgm kjxgn kjxgna kjxgr
ccl/cgs
provides communication & synchronisation associated with GMS or OPS related functionality as well as name service and OPS Instance Membership Recovery Facility
kjxt
ccl/dlm
DLM request message management
kjzc kjzd kjzf kjzg kjzm
ccl/diag
support for diagnosibility amongst OPS related services
kkb
dict/sqlddl
support for operatoins which load/change table definitions
kkbl kkbn kkbo
objsupp/objddl
support for tables with lobs , nested tables and varrays as well as columns with objects
kkdc kkdl kkdo
dict/dictlkup
support for constraints, dictionary lookup and dictionary support for objects
kke
optim/cbo
query engine cost engine; provides support functions that provide cost estimates for queries under a number of different circumstances
kkfd
sqlexec/pq
support for performing parallel query operation
kkfi
optim/cbo
optimizer support for matching of expressions against functional ndexes
kkfr kkfs
sqlexec/pq
support for rowid range handling as well as for building parallel query query operations
kkj
jobqs/jobq
job queue operation
kkkd kkki
dict/dbsched
resource manager related support. Additionally, provides underlying functions provided by dbms_resource_manager and dbms_resource_manager_privs packages
kklr
dict/sqlddl
provides functions used to manipulate LOGGING and/or RECOVERABLE attributes of an object (non-partitioned table or index or partitions of a partitioned table or index)
kkm kkmi
dict/dictlkup
provides various semantic checking functions
kkn
ram/analyze
support for the analyze command
kko kkocri
optim/cbo
Cost based Optimizer operation : generates alternative execution plans in order to find the optimal / quickest access to the data. Also , support to determine cost and applicability of scanning a given index in trying to create or rebuild an index or a partition thereof
kkpam kkpap
ram/partnmap
support for mapping predicate keys expressions to equivalent partitions
kkpo kkpoc kkpod
dict/partn
support for creation and modification of partitioned objects
kkqg kkqs kkqs1 kkqs2 kkqs3 kkqu kkqv kkqw
optim/vwsubq
query rewrite operation
kks kksa kksh kksl kksm
dict/shrdcurs
support for managing shared cursors/ shared sql
kkt
dict/sqlddl
support for creating, altering and dropping trigger definitions as well as handling the trigger operation
kkxa
repl/defrdrpc
underlying support for dbms_defer_query package operations
kkxb
dict/sqlddl
library cache interface for external tables
kkxl
dict/plsicds
underlying support for the dbms_lob package
kkxm
progint/opi
support for inter language method services
kkxs
dict/plsicds
underlying support for the dbms_sys_sql package
kkxt
repl/trigger
support for replication internal trigger operation
kkxwtp
progint/opi
entry point into the plsql compiler
kky
drv
support for alter system/session commands
kkz kkzd kkzf kkzg kkzi kkzj kkzl kkzo kkzp kkzq kkzr kkzu kkzv
repl/snapshot
support for snapshots or Materialized View validation and operation
kla klc klcli klx
tools/sqlldr
support for direct path sql loader operation
kmc kmcp kmd kmm kmr
mts/mts
support for Multi Threaded server operation (MTS) : manange and operate the virtual circuit mechanism, handle the dispatching of massages, administer shared servers and for collecting and maintaining statistics associated with MTS
knac knafh knaha knahc knahf knahs
repl/apply
replication apply operation associated with Oracle streams
kncc
repl/repcache
support for replication related information stored and maintained in library cache
kncd knce
repl/defrdrpc
replication related enqueue and dequeue of transction data as well as other queue related operations
kncog
repl/repcache
support for loading replicaiton object group information into library cache
kni
repl/trigger
support for replication internal trigger operation
knip knip2 knipi knipl knipr knipu knipu2 knipx
repl/intpkg
support for replication internal package operation.
kno
repl/repobj
support for replication objects
knp knpc knpcb knpcd knpqc knps
repl/defrdrpc
operations assocaied with propagating transactions to a remote node and coordination of this activity.
knst
repl/stats
replication statistics collection
knt kntg kntx
repl/trigger
support for replication internal trigger operation
koc
objmgmt/objcache
support for managing ADTs objects in the OOCI heap
kod
objmgmt/datamgr
support for persistent storage for objects : for read/write objects, to manage object IDs, and to manage object concurrency and recovery.
koh
objmgmt/objcache
object heap manager provides memory allocation services for objects
koi
objmgmt/objmgr
support for object types
koka
objsupp/objdata
support for reading images, inserting images, updating images, and deleting images based on object references (REFs).
kokb kokb2
objsupp/objsql
support for nested table objects
kokc
objmgmt/objcache
support for pinning , unpinning and freeing objects
kokd
objsupp/datadrv
driver on the server side for managing objects
koke koke2 koki
objsupp/objsql
support for managing objects
kokl
objsupp/objdata
lob access
kokl2
objsupp/objsql
lob DML and programmatic interface support
kokl3
objsupp/objdata
object temporary LOB support
kokle kokm
objsupp/objsql
object SQL evaluation functions
kokn
objsupp/objname
naming support for objects
koko
objsupp/objsup
support functions to allow oci/rpi to communicate with Object Management Subsystem (OMS).
kokq koks koks2 koks3 koksr
objsupp/objsql
query optimisation for objects , semantic checking and semantic rewrite operations
kokt kokt2 kokt3
objsupp/objddl
object compilation type manager
koku kokv
objsupp/objsql
support for unparse object operators and object view support
kol kolb kole kolf kolo
objmgmt/objmgr
support for object Lob buffering , object lob evaluation and object Language/runtime functions for Opaque types
kope2 kopi2 kopo kopp2 kopu koputil kopz
objmgmt/pickler
8.1 engine implementation, implementation of image ops for 8.1+ image format together with various pickler related support functions
kos
objsupp/objsup
object Stream interfaces for images/objects
kot kot2 kotg
objmgmt/typemgr
support for dynamic type operations to create, delete, and update types.
koxs koxx
objmgmt/objmgt
object generic image Stream routines and miscellaneous generic object functions
kpcp kpcxlt
progint/kpc
Kernel programmatic connection pooling and kernel programmatic common type XLT translation routines
kpki
progint/kpki
kernel programatic interface support
kpls
cartserv/corecs
support for string formatting operations
kpn
progint/kpn
support for server to server communication
kpoal8 kpoaq kpob kpodny kpodp kpods kpokgt kpolob kpolon kpon
progint/kpo
support for programmatic operations
kpor
progint/opi
support for streaming protocol used by replication
kposc
progint/kpo
support for scrollable cursors
kpotc
progint/opi
oracle side support functions for setting up trusted external procedure callbacks
kpotx kpov
progint/kpo
support for managing local and distributed transaction coordination.
kpp2 kpp3
sqllang/parse
kpp2 - parse routines for dimensions;
kpp3 - parse support for create/alter/drop summary statements
kprb kprc
progint/rpi
support for executing sql efficiently on the Oracle server side as well as for copying data types during rpi operations
kptsc
progint/twotask
callback functions provided to all streaming operation as part of replication functionality
kpu kpuc kpucp
progint/kpu
Oracle kernel side programmatic user interface, cursor management functions and client side connection pooling support
kqan kqap kqas
argusdbg/argusdbg
server-side notifiers and callbacks for debug operations.
kql kqld kqlp
dict/libcache
SQL Library Cache manager - manages the sharing of sql statements in the shared pool
kqr
dict/rowcache
row cache management. The row cache consists of a set of facilities to provide fast access to table definitions and locking capabilities.
krbi krbx krby krcr krd krpi
rcv
Backup and recovery related operations :
krbi - dbms_backup_restore package underlying support.; krbx - proxy copy controller; krby - image copy; krcr - Recovery Controlfile Redo; krd - Recover Datafiles (Media & Standby Recovery); krpi - support for the package : dbms_pitr
krvg krvt
rcv/vwr
krvg - support for generation of redo associated with DDL; krvt - support for redo log miner viewer (also known as log miner)
ksa ksdp ksdx kse ksfd ksfh ksfq ksfv ksi ksim ksk ksl ksm ksmd ksmg ksn ksp kspt ksq ksr kss ksst ksu ksut
vos
support for various kernel associated capabilities
ksx
sqlexec/execsvc
support for query execution associated with temporary tables
ksxa ksxp ksxr
vos
support for various kernel associated capabilities in relation to OPS or RAC operation
kta
space/spcmgmt
support for DML locks and temporary tables associated with table access
ktb ktbt ktc
txn/lcltx
transaction control operations at the block level : locking block, allocating space within the block , freeing up space, etc.
ktec ktef ktehw ktein ktel kteop kteu
space/spcmgmt
support for extent management operations :
ktec - extent concurrency operations; ktef - extent format; ktehw - extent high water mark operations; ktein - extent information operations; ktel - extent support for sql loader; kteop - extent operations : add extent to segment, delete extent, resize extent, etc. kteu - redo support for operations changing segment header / extent map
ktf
txn/lcltx
flashback support
ktfb ktfd ktft ktm
space/spcmgmt
ktfb - support for bitmapped space manipulation of files/tablespaces; ktfd - dictionary-based extent management; ktft - support for temporary file manipulation; ktm - SMON operation
ktp ktpr ktr ktri
txn/lcltx
ktp - support for parallel transaction operation; ktpr - support for parallel transaction recovery; ktr - kernel transaction read consistency;
ktri - support for dbms_resumable package
ktsa ktsap ktsau ktsb ktscbr ktsf ktsfx ktsi ktsm ktsp ktss ktst ktsx ktt kttm
space/spcmgmt
support for checking and verifying space usage
ktu ktuc ktur ktusm
txn/lcltx
internal management of undo and rollback segments
kwqa kwqi kwqic kwqid kwqie kwqit kwqj kwqm kwqn kwqo kwqp kwqs kwqu kwqx
oltp/qs
support for advanced queuing :
kwqa - advanced queue administration; kwqi - support for AQ PL/SQL trusted callouts; kwqic - common AQ support functions; kwqid - AQ dequeue support; kwqie - AQ enqueu support ; kwqit - time management operation ; kwqj - job queue scheduler for propagation; kwqm - Multiconsumer queue IOT support; kwqn - queue notifier; kwqo - AQ support for checking instType checking options; kwqp - queueing propagation; kwqs - statistics handling; kwqu - handles lob data. ; kwqx - support for handling transformations
kwrc kwre
oltp/re
rules engine evaluation
kxcc kxcd kxcs
sqllang/integ
constraint processing
kxdr
sqlexec/dmldrv
DML driver entrypoint
kxfp kxfpb kxfq kxfr kxfx
sqlexec/pq
parallel query support
kxhf kxib
sqlexec/execsvc
khhf- support for hash join file and memory management; kxib - index buffering operations
kxs
dict/instmgmt
support for executing shared cursors
kxti kxto kxtr
dbproc/trigger
support for trigger operation
kxtt
ram/partnmap
support for temporary table operations
kxwph
ram/data
support for managing attributes of the segment of a table / cluster / table-partition
kza
security/audit
support for auditing operations
kzar
security/dac
support for application auditing
kzck
security/crypto
encryption support
kzd
security/dac
support for dictionary access by security related functions
kzec
security/dbencryption
support inserting and retrieving encrypted objects into and out of the database
kzfa kzft
security/audit
support for fine grained auditing
kzia
security/logon
identification and authentication operations
kzp kzra kzrt kzs kzu kzup
security/dac
security related operations associated with privileges
msqima msqimb
sqlexec/sqlgen
support for generating sql statments
ncodef npi npil npixfr
progint/npi
support for managing remote network connection from within the server itself
oba
sqllang/outbufal
operator buffer allocate for various types of operators : concatenate, decode, NVL, etc. the list is extensive.
ocik
progint/oci
OCI oracle server functions
opiaba opidrv opidsa opidsc opidsi opiexe opifch opiino opilng opipar opipls opirip opitsk opix
progint/opi
OPI Oracle server functions - these are at the top of the server stack and are called indirectly by ythe client in order to server the client request.
orlr
objmgmt/objmgr
support for C langauge interfaces to user-defined types (UDTs)
orp
objmgmt/pickler
oracle's external pickler / opaque type interfaces
pesblt pfri pfrsqc
plsql/cox
pesblt - pl/sql built in interpreter; pfri - pl/sql runtime; pfrsqc - pl/sql callbacks for array sql and dml with returning
piht
plsql/gen/utl
support for pl/sql implementation of utl_http package
pirg
plsql/cli/utl_raw
support for pl/sql implementation of utl_raw package
pism
plsql/cli/utl_smtp
support for pl/sql implementation of utl_smtp package
pitcb
plsql/cli/utl_tcp
support for pl/sql implementation of utl_tcp package
piur
plsql/gen/utl_url
support for pl/sql implementation of utl_url package
plio
plsql/pkg
pl/sql object instantiation
plslm
plsql/cox
support for NCOMP processing
plsm pmuc pmuo pmux
objmgmt/pol
support for pl/sql handling of collections
prifold priold
plsql/cox
support to allow rpc forwarding to an older release
prm
sqllang/param
parameter handling associated with sql layer
prsa prsc prssz
sqllang/parse
prsa - parser for alter cluster command; prsc - parser for create database command; prssz - support for parse context to be saved
psdbnd psdevn
progint/dbpsd
psdbnd - support for managing bind variables; psdevn - support for pl/sql debugger
psdicd
progint/plsicds
small number of ICD to allow pl/sql to call into 'C' source
psdmsc psdpgi
progint/dbpsd
psdmsc - pl/sql system dependent miscellaneous functions ; psdpgi - support for opening and closing cursors in pl/sql
psf
plsql/pls
pl/sql service related functions for instantiating called pl/sql unit in library cache
qbadrv qbaopn
sqllang/qrybufal
provides allocation of buffer and control structures in query execution
qcdl qcdo
dict/dictlkup
qcdl - query compile semantic analysis; qcdo - query compile dictionary support for objects
qci
dict/shrdcurs
support for SQL language parser and semantic analyser
qcop qcpi qcpi3 qcpi4 qcpi5
sqllang/parse
support for query compilation parse phase
qcs qcs2 qcs3 qcsji qcso
dict/dictlkup
support for semantic analysis by SQL compiler
qct qcto
sqllang/typeconv
qct - query compile type check operations; qcto - query compile type check operators
qcu
sqllang/parse
various utilities provided for sql compilation
qecdrv
sqllang/qryedchk
driver performing high level checks on sql language query capabilities
qerae qerba qerbc qerbi qerbm qerbo qerbt qerbu qerbx qercb qercbi qerco qerdl qerep qerff qerfi qerfl qerfu qerfx qergi qergr qergs qerhc qerhj qeril qerim qerix qerjm qerjo qerle qerli qerlt qerns qeroc qeroi qerpa qerpf qerpx qerrm qerse qerso qersq qerst qertb qertq qerua qerup qerus qervw qerwn qerxt
sqlexec/rowsrc
row source operators :
qerae - row source (And-Equal) implementation; qerba - Bitmap Index AND row source; qerbc - bitmap index compaction row source; qerbi - bitmap index creation row source; qerbm - QERB Minus row source; qerbo - Bitmap Index OR row source; qerbt - bitmap convert row source; qerbu - Bitmap Index Unlimited-OR row source; qerbx - bitmap index access row source; qercb - row source: connect by; qercbi - support for connect by; qerco - count row source; qerdl - row source delete; qerep - explosion row source; qerff - row source fifo buffer; qerfi - first row row source; qerfl - filter row source definition; qerfu - row source: for update; qerfx - fixed table row source; qergi - granule iterator row source; qergr - group by rollup row source; qergs - group by sort row source; qerhc - row sources hash clusters; qerhj - row source Hash Join; qeril - In-list row source; qerim - Index Maintenance row source; qerix - Index row source; qerjo - row source: join; qerle - linear execution row source implementation; qerli - parallel create index; qerlt - row source populate Table; qerns - group by No Sort row source; qeroc - object collection iterator row source; qeroi - extensible indexing query component; qerpa - partition row sources; qerpf - query execution row source: prefetch; qerpx - row source: parallelizer; qerrm - remote row source; qerse - row source: set implementation; qerso - sort row source; qersq - row source for sequence number; qerst - query execution row sources: statistics; qertb - table row source; qertq - table queue row source; qerua - row source : union-All;
qerup - update row source; qerus - upsert row source ; qervw - view row source; qerwn - WINDOW row source; qerxt - external table fetch row source
qes3t qesa qesji qesl qesmm qesmmc
sqlexec/execsvc
run time support for sql execution
qkacon qkadrv qkajoi qkatab qke qkk qkn qkna qkne
sqlexec/rwsalloc
SQL query dynamic structure allocation routines
qks3t
sqlexec/execsvc
query execution service associated with temp table transformation
qksmm qksmms qksop
sqllang/compsvc
qksmm - memory management services for the SQL compiler; qksmms - memory management simulation services for the SQL compiler; qksop - query compilation service for operand processing
qkswc
sqlexec/execsvc
support for temp table transformation associated for with clause.
qmf
xmlsupp/util
support for ftp server; implements processing of ftp commands
qmr qmrb qmrs
xmlsupp/resolver
support hierarchical resolver
qms
xmlsupp/data
support for storage and retrieval of XOBs
qmurs
xmlsupp/uri
support for handling URIs
qmx qmxsax
xmlsupp/data
qmx - xml support; qmxsax - support for handling sax processing
qmxtc
xmlsupp/sqlsupp
support for ddl and other operators related to the sql XML support
qmxtgx
xmlsupp
support for transformation : ADT -> XML
qmxtsk
xmlsupp/sqlsupp
XMLType support functions
qsme
summgmt/dict
summary management expression processing
qsmka qsmkz
dict/dictlkup
qsmka - support to analyze request in order to determine whether a summary could be created that would be useful; qsmkz - support for create/alter summary semantic analysis
qsmp qsmq qsmqcsm qsmqutl
summgmt/dict
qsmp - summary management partition processing; qsmq - summary management dictionary access; qsmqcsm - support for create / drop / alter summary and related dimension operations; qsmqutl - support for summaries
qsms
summgmt/advsvr
summary management advisor
qxdid
objsupp/objddl
support for domain index ddl operations
qxidm
objsupp/objsql
support for extensible index dml operations
qxidp
objsupp/objddl
support for domain index ddl partition operations
qxim
objsupp/objsql
extensible indexing support for objects
qxitex qxopc qxope
objsupp/objddl
qxitex - support for create / drop indextype; qxope - execution time support for operator callbacks; qxope - execution time support for operator DDL
qxopq qxuag qxxm
objsupp/objsql
qxopq - support for queries with user-defined operators; qxuag - support for user defined aggregate processing; qxxm - queries involving external tables
rfmon rfra rfrdb rfrla rfrm rfrxpt
drs
implements 9i data guard broker monitor
rnm
dict/sqlddl
manages rename statement operation
rpi
progint/rpi
recursive procedure interface which handles the the environment setup where multiple recursize statements are executed from one top level statement
rwoima
sqlexec/rwoprnds
row operand operations
rwsima
sqlexec/rowsrc
row source implementation/retrieval according to the defining query
sdbima
sqlexec/sort
manages and performs sort operation
selexe
sqlexec/dmldrv
handles the operation of select statement execution
skgm
osds
platform specific memory management rountines interfacing with O.S. allocation functions
smbima sor
sqlexec/sort
manages and performs sort operation
sqn
dict/sqlddl
support for parsing references to sequences
srdima srsima stsima
sqlexec/sort
manages and performs sort operation
tbsdrv
space/spcmgmt
operations for executing create / alter / drop tablespace and related supporting functions
ttcclr ttcdrv ttcdty ttcrxh ttcx2y
progint/twotask
two task common layer which provides high level interaction and negotiation functions for Oracle client when communicating with the server. It also provides important function of converting client side data / data types into equivalent on the server and vice versa
uixexe ujiexe updexe upsexe
sqlexec/dmldrv
support for : index maintenance operations, the execution of the update statement and associated actions connected with update as well as the upsert command which combines the operations of update and insert
vop
optim/vwsubq
view optimisation related functionality
xct
txn/lcltx
support for the management of transactions and savepoint operations
xpl
sqlexec/expplan
support for the explain plan command
xty
sqllang/typeconv
type checking functions
zlke
security/ols/intext
label security error handling component
ttcgcshnd-1
Quote:
When using pre-9i Jdbc-Thin to talk to a 9i (or post-9i) database, youwill see an ORA-600 exception on almosteverything you do. eg: ORA-600[ttcgcshnd-1 ].
Workaround: Set event="10841 trace name contextforever"in the init.ora file
Quote:
PURPOSE:
This article discusses the internal error "ORA-600[ttcgcshnd-1]", what it means and possible actions. The information hereis only applicable to the versions listed and is provided only for guidance.ERROR: ORA-600 [ttcgcshnd-1] [a] VERSIONS: versions 9.0 to 9.2
DESCRIPTION:
Oracle is checking that the local character set id is valid aspart of the process to do characterdata conversions between different character sets. This error is raised when the local character set id isfound to be invalid.
ARGUMENTS:
Arg [a] Local character set id FUNCTIONALITY:
Two Task Common Convert type x to type y client/server connect using JCBC Thin Driver
IMPACT:
PROCESS FAILURE NON CORRUPTIVE- No underlying data corruption.
SUGGESTIONS:
Known Issues: Bug# 1725012
See [NOTE:1725012.8] OERI:ttcgcshnd-1using JDBC thin pre-9i to 9iimk database Fixed: 8.1.7.2, 9.0.1.0
今天检查数据库告警日志，发现ora－600错误，一身虚汗，经查证，这是Oracle9i的一个和JDBC Thin Driver有关的BUG，写出来给自己一个警示。通过如下设置:
event='10841 trace name context forever'
可以屏蔽这个ORA-00600错误.
SQL>show parameter event
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
event string 10841 trace name context forever
4400
Errors in file /oracle/OraHome1/admin/hnstat/udump/hnstat_ora_4434.trc:
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [4400], [48], [], [], [],[], [], []
6193
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments:[6193], [4], [114], [12168], [28260],
[], [],[]
错误原因：
1、Direct path exportof a compressed table or partition
can fail with internal errors such as ORA-600[6193].
Workaround:
Do NOTspecify DIRECT=Y on Export command line
(ie:use conventional path)
2、ORA-600 [6191] /ORA-600 [6193] can occur on DIRECT mode
EXPORT of a long row.
3、Direct export of atable containing columns of type ROWID may
fail with ORA-600 [6193]
6191
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments:[6191], [3], [12049], [28260], [], []
, [], []
Export Of Oracle Applications Release 11iDatabase Fails With ORA-600 [6191]
Problem Description:
Exporting the content of the database using theRDBMS export utility terminates prematurely with the following error:
EXP-8: ORACLE error 600 encountered
ORA-600: internal error code, arguments: [6191],[...], ...
The ORA-00600 error with the [6191] argumentcan also be observed in the tracefile, which also contains:
O/S info: user: oracle, term: , ospid:<OS-pid>, machine: <machine-name>
program: exp@<TNS connect string) (TNS <version>
lastwait for 'direct path read' blocking sess=... seq=... wait_time=...
file number=..., first dba=..., block cnt=...
This shows the process was performing a DirectPath Export.
SolutionDescription
This is a fix available for customers runningRDBMS 8.1.7.3 on Solaris which can
requested from Support. For all otherconfigurations, there is no fix available
yet.
Workaround
Do not perform a Direct Path Export (using thedirect=y parameter).
12333
Errors in file /oracle/OraHome1/admin/hndw/udump/hndw_ora_17941.trc:
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [12333], [10], [60], [57],[], [], []
, []
12333一般都是跟网络有关，跟数据库影响不大。也就是说一般不会影响数据库性能。
造成ORA-00600 [12333]的主要原因：
1、网络故障。
2、在低级别的传输中出现了丢包和接受的包错误的情况。
3、用户cancel。
4、用户提交了错误的数据（这条可以基本否定，软件开发应当考虑了容错性）
我觉得应该检查一下你的网络
DocID:
Note:35928.1
Subject:ORA-600 [12333] "Fatal Two-Task Protocol Violation"
Type:REFERENCE
Status:PUBLISHED
ContentType: TEXT/PLAIN
CreationDate: 22-MAR-1996
LastRevision Date: 29-OCT-2002
Note:For additional ORA-600 related information please read [NOTE:146580.1]
PURPOSE:
Thisarticle discusses the internal error "ORA-600 [12333]", what
itmeans and possible actions. The information here is only applicable
tothe versions listed and is provided only for guidance.
ERROR:
ORA-600[12333][a][b][c][d][e]
VERSIONS:
Versions7.3.X to 9.X
DESCRIPTION:
Thereare now two basic usages of OERI(12333):
i.Usage with 3 additional numeric values
ii.Usage with 4 additional values ... new since 8.0.X
ORA-600[12333]is reported with three additional numeric values when a
requestis being received from a network packet and the request code in
thepacket is not recognized. The three additional values report the
invalidrequest values received.
Theerror may have a number of different root causes. For example, a
networkerror may have caused bad data to be received, or the client
applicationmay have sent wrong data, or the data in the network buffer
mayhave been overwritten. Since there are many potential causes of this
error,it is essential to have a reproducible testcase to correctly
diagnosethe underlying cause. If operating system network logs are
available,it is advisable to check them for evidence of network failures
whichmay indicate network transmission problems.
Thesecond form of the error is "ORA-600[12333][PTI][b][c][d]", which
maybe reported when parsing storage options on alter/create of various
databaseobjects. The b, c, d arguments identify a specific statement
typebeing parsed.
Thisform of the error indicates a problem in the sql parser. As common
functionsare used to parse the storage options of different database
objects,this error code is used as a semantic check that the parser has
notpassed options that are invalid for the statement being parsed.
Thereis no data corruption as a result of this error. The error results
ina process failure.
ARGUMENTS:
i.
Arg[a] TTI Layer Function code received
Arg[b] Function code
Arg[c] Sequence
ii.
Arg[a] PTI
Arg[b] prspo_proc_opts
Arg[c] statement type
Arg[d] check identification, e.g., INDEX
FUNCTIONALITY:
USER/ORACLEINTERFACE LAYER
IMPACT:
PROCESSFAILURE
NODATA CORRUPTION
SUGGESTIONS:
Checknetworking connections and NLS settings: [NOTE:77442.1].
Pleaseensure that the issue is reproducible before pursuing
withOracle Support Services.
KnownIssues:
Bug953506: CLIENTS EXPECTING ORA-1405/1406 MAY GET ORA-3106 OR OERI:12333
fixedin 8.0.6.2
Bug1273347: OERI:12333 CAN OCCUR
fixedin 8.1.6.2 and 8.1.7.0 releases
Bug709582: OERI:12333 DURING SHUTDOWM IMMEDIATE WHEN USING RMAN
fixedin 8.1.5.1 and 8.1.6.0 releases.
REFERENCES:
Note:77442.1ORA_NLS (ORA_NLS32, ORA_NLS33) Environment Variables.
字符集
看看字符集是否一致，我以前遇到过字符集不一致报这样的错
改了NLS_LANG和数据库字符集一致，今早还是报ORA-600错误，请高手帮忙分析一下，多谢各位了。
附trace文件。
17069
Errors in file /oracle/OraHome1/admin/hndw/udump/hndw_ora_18079.trc:
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [17069],[0xC00000027BDCF708], [], []
, [], [], [], []
17113
Errors in file /oracle/OraHome1/admin/hncrm/udump/hncrm_ora_24470.trc:
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [17113], [0x000000000], [],[], [], [
], [], []
hp的人说是三方工具pl/sql develop和oracle版本不兼容,造成连接进程使用服务器内存有问题.
ORA-00942
表或视图不存在
原因：1.表或视图真的不存在 2.用户没有访问该表的权限。
ORA-01078:处理系统参数失败
ORA-01438: value larger thanspecified precision allows for this column
ORA-01441: cannot decrease columnlength because some value is too big
ORA-01536: space quota exceeded fortablespace 'ODS'
ORA-01555: snapshot too old:rollback segment number 1 with name "_SYSSMU1$" too small
对ORA-01555的精彩解释
1、在1点钟，有个用户A发出了select * fromtable1;此时不管将来table1怎么变化，正确的结果
应该是用户A会看到在1点钟这个时刻的内容。这个是没有疑问的。
2、在1点30分，有个用户B执行了update命令，更新了table1表中的第4000万行的这条记录，这时，
用户A的全表扫描还没有到达第4000万条。毫无疑问，这个时候，第4000万行的这条记录是被写
到了回滚段里去了的，我假设是回滚段RBS1，如果用户A的全表扫描到达了第4000万行，是应该
会正确的从回滚段RBS1中读取出1点钟时刻的内容的。
3、这时，用户B将他刚才做的操作commit了，但是这时，系统仍然可以给用户A提供正确的数据，
因为那第4000万行记录的内容仍然还在回滚段RBS1里，系统可以根据SCN来到回滚段里找到正确的
数据，但是大家注意到，这时记录在RBS1里的第4000万行记录已经发生了一点重大的改变：就是
这个第4000万行的在回滚段RBS1里的数据有可能随时被覆盖掉，因为这条记录已经被提交了!!!
4、由于用户A的查询时间漫长，而业务在一直不断的进行，RBS1回滚段在被多个不同的tracnsaction
使用着，这个回滚段里的extent循环到了第4000万行数据所在的extent，由于这条记录已经被标记
提交了，所以这个extent是可以被其他transaction覆盖掉的！
5、到了1点40分，用户A的查询终于到了第4000万行，而这时已经出现了第4条说的情况，需要到回滚
段RBS1去找数据，但是已经被覆盖掉了，于是01555就出现了。
以上只是我当初在看OCP书的时候，对这个01555的一个简单的理解，并同时可以理解书上说的解决
ora-01555的问题的办法，当然可能还有其他的情况导致，我只举个例子。
ORA-08180: no snapshot found basedon specified time
ORA-27101: shared memory realm doesnot exist
解决方法
修改注册表中的键值LocalMechine\software\oracle\home0\ORACLE_SID为你的SID
ID 0
MSHELP_TOOLS D:\oracle\ora90\MSHELP
NLS_LANG SIMPLIFIEDCHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK
ORA_HNDSS_AUTOSTART TRUE
ORA_HNDSS_PFILE D:\oracle\ora90\database\initHNDSS.ora
ORA_HNDSS_SHUTDOWN TRUE
ORA_HNDSS_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT 30
ORA_HNDSS_SHUTDOWNTYPE i
ORACLE_BASE D:\oracle
ORACLE_BUNDLE_NAME Enterprise
ORACLE_GROUP_NAME Oracle - OraHome90
ORACLE_HOME D:\oracle\ora90
ORACLE_HOME_KEY Software\ORACLE\HOME0
ORACLE_HOME_NAME OraHome90
ORACLE_SID hndss
RDBMS_ARCHIVE D:\oracle\ora90\DATABASE\ARCHIVE
RDBMS_CONTROL D:\oracle\ora90\DATABASE
SQLPATH D:\oracle\ora90\db
描述
刚在professionall装了9i，在sql*plus用system/manager连接能正常使用。
过了一会儿再用就报错如下：
SQL*Plus:Release 9.0.1.0.1 - Production on 星期三 2月 18 08:32:40 2004
(c)Copyright 2001 Oracle Corporation.??All rights reserved.
ERROR：
ORA-01034:ORACLE not available
ORA-27101:shared memory realm does not exist
记得当时重启后系统提示虚拟页面不足，重新分配了c和d盘的虚拟页面，难道这也有问题？？？
原因：
原因是在同一个服务器上，使用了不同的ORACLE_HOME
首先检查文件initSID.ora和listener.ora等，看ORACLE_SID和ORACLE_HOME设置的正确与否，ORACLE8.1.7是否用该参数值启动并运行。在UNIX环境中，字母大小写的意义是不一样的，这一点应当注意。如果ORACLE_HOME指向8.1.7版，而数据库是用8.1.6版或8.1.5版建立的，也可能出现该种错误信息。
在WINDOWS系统中，如果修改了机器名或IP地址，ORACLE8.1.7启动时使用的机器名或IP地址就不是真正的机器名或IP地址，就会出现该种错误。可以查看目录database下的文件oradim.log，根据内容确定原因
ORA-01567
删除日志4时将在线索1中保留少于两个日志文件
ORA-01650
Unable to extend rollback segment
原因：没有足够的撤销空间用来处理所有活动事务
ORA-01555
Snapshot too old
原因：没有足够的撤销空间满足读一致性而需要撤销信息的长查询
ORA-07445
exception encountered: core dump [kqrprl()+136][SIGSEGV] [unknown co
de] [0x3D02B79CF23] [] []
07445, 00000, "exception encountered: coredump [%s] [%s] [%s] [%s] [%s] [%s]"
// *Cause: An OS exception occurred whichshould result in the creation of a
// core file. This is an internalerror.
// *Action: Contact your customer supportrepresentative.
ORA-27102
out of memory HP-UX Error: 12: Not enoughspace
ORA-30019: Illegal rollback Segmentoperation in Automatic Undo mode
ORA-30036: unable to extend segmentby 1024 in undotablespace 'UNDOTBS1'
TNS-12500
....系统资源耗竭，意味着系统分配给oracle的内存用尽了。虽然我们有4G的物理内存，但正常情况下系统只能给oracle分配2G的内存，这2G的内存中，包括了SGA、PGA等oracle需要使用的全部内存。在独占模式下，每一个session将单独分配2M左右的内存。在本例中，SGA分配了约600M，按每一个用户分配2M内存计算，连接数达到750个时，总分配内存已达到2G，将不能再增加新的连接数。如果要解决这个问题，在不做大的调整的前提下，要么减小SGA大小，要么减小为每一个会话分配的内存大小，以能连接更多的用户。
解决过程：
1 重置init.ora参数文件，调小以下四个参数的值：
....short_area_size
....hash_area_size
....bitmap_merge_area_size
....create_bitmap_area_seze
....open_cursone
2 调小SGA的大小
3 减小oracle Job队列数量(job_queue_processes)和并发队列数(parallel_max_servers)
4 重置并减小会话/线程使用的堆栈大小
5 将oracle改为mts模式
6使用intel的ESMA硬件支持，即使用大内存
..1)在intel系统上使用 /3G开关
..2)使用PSE36内存
1 TNS-12154 Error 或ORA-12154
特征：SQL*NET没有找到连接串或别名
原因1：（1）没有找到TNSNAMES.ORA文件，该文件的缺省路径为：
Windows 95/98 client
SQL*Net 2.x - ORAWIN95NETWORKADMIN
Net8 - ORAWIN95NET80admin
Net8i - ORACLEORA81NETWORKADMIN
Windows NT client
SQL*Net 2.x - ORANTNETWORKADMIN
Net8 - ORANTNET80ADMIN
Net8i - ORACLEORA81NETWORKADMIN
UNIX Client
$ORACLE_HOME/NETWORK/ADMIN
or /etc
or /var/opt/oracle
.在客户端设置TNS_ADMIN
在注册表 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareOracle设置TNS_ADMIN. TNS_ADMIN 指向TNSNAMES.ORA文件的位置
措施：按上述说明检查文件位置
原因2：（2）TNSNAMES.ORA文件中内容格式不对
措施：检查文件格式，标准格式如下：
DEV1.WORLD =
(DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS =(PROTOCOL = TCP) (Host = 145.45.78.56) (Port = 1521) ) )
(CONNECT_DATA = (SID =ORCL) ) )
原因3： (3) TNSNAMES.ORA与SQLNET.ORA不一致
措施： SQLNET.ORA格式如下：
TRACE_LEVEL_CLIENT = OFF
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NONE)
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH = (TNSNAMES)
AUTOMATIC_IPC = OFF
因为没有NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN=world，所以DEV1.WORLD连接串不能连接，可以在TNSNAMES.ORA中增加
DEV1 =
(DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS =(PROTOCOL = TCP) (Host = 145.45.78.56) (Port = 1521) ) )
(CONNECT_DATA = (SID =ORCL) ) )
此时可连接。
2 NL-00462 Error 或ORA-00462
特征：监听器无法启动
原因：LISTENER.ORA文件内容错误，例如，括号不匹配、参数名错误等、多余的空格等。
措施：重新编辑文件
3 NL-00405 Error 或ORA-00405
特征：LISTENER.ORA文件不可读或找不到
原因：LISTENER.ORA文件内容错误，例如，括号不匹配、参数名错误等、多余的空格等。
措施：确保文件位置在缺省目录下$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin，或设置环境变量TNS_ADMIN指向这个文件所在位置。
4 TNS-01155 Error 或ORA-01155
特征：LISTENER.ORA文件中SID_LIST_LISTENER变量赋值不对
原因：LISTENER.ORA文件内容错误，SID_LIST_LISTENER变量赋值不对。
措施：确保文件中赋值正确，$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/samples目录下有样例文件，可供参考。
5 TNS-12537 、TNS-12560、TNS-00507 Error
特征：LISTENER.ORA文件中引用了一个无效的协议适配程序
原因：LISTENER.ORA文件中PROCOTOL变量赋值不对。
措施：确保文件中赋值正确，一般用TCP协议，$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/samples目录下有样例文件，可供参考。用adapters tnslsnr检查协议程序
6 TNS-12203 Error
特征：不能与目标连接
原因：监听器是否启动；别名是否配置
措施：检查监听器是否启动，例如lsnrctl status；检查TNSNAMES.ORA的别名配置
7 TNS-12533 Error
特征：不能与目标连接
原因：非法的address参数，
措施：检查TNSNAMES.ORA的ADDRESS参数
1 ORA-12571、ORA-03113、ORA-03114、ORA-01041
特征：客户端（代理或应用服务器）有时报这类断连错误
原因：如果偶尔出现一次，则可能为网络原因或用户异常中止，如果经常出现则为客户端与服务端的字符集不一致。
措施：如果偶尔出现，可在服务端的协议配置文件PROTOCOL.ORA中增加一行
TCP.NODELAY=YES；
如果经常出现，则为客户端与服务端字符集不一致或网络原因。
客户端的字符集在注册表里定义： HKEY__LOCAL__MACHINE/SOFTWARE/ORACLE/NLS__LANG
在客户端注册表中的TCP参数项中设置 TCPMAXDATARETRANSMITIONS=20。
2 ORA-01000
特征：达到会话允许的最大游标数
原因：达到会话允许的最大游标数
措施：有两种解决方法：
（1） 在初始化文件INIT<SID>.ORA文件中增加OPEN_CURSORS的数量，一般要求大于200。
（2） 在应用级，与开发工具有关，例如设置MAXOPEN_CURSORS等。
3 ORA-01545
特征：某个回滚段不可用
原因：（1）当使回滚段ONLINE时，但回滚段不可用，例如回滚段所在表空间OFFLINE;
（2）当使回滚段ONLINE时，但回滚段已ONLINE，例如回滚段被使用两次，典型的案例如OPS方式时，回滚段不能公有;
（3）删除回滚段时，回滚段中有活动的事务；
措施：（1）确保回滚段可
（2）从初始化文件INIT<SID>.ORA的参数ROLLBACK)SEGMENTS中删除指定的回滚段。
（3） 可以将回滚段所在表空间删除，取消UNDO事务
4 ORA-0165x
特征：表空间没有足够的空间供分配
原因：表空间已满；存储参数不合理，NEXT太小；没有连续的区间
措施：如果表空间已满，则需为表空间增加文件；如果存储参数不合理，则需增加INITIAL和NEXT；如果没有连续的区间，需要合并空闲的表空间。
查看空间碎片用DBA_FREE_SPACE
5 ORA-01555
特征：当前会话无法读到以前版本的数据
原因：原因很多，主要原因有下列：回滚段太小、太少；回滚段冲突；交叉提交(FETCH_ACROSS)
措施：增加回滚段数量；
6 ORA-04031
特征：共享池内存区内存不够，或产生内存碎片
原因：当试图装载一个大包时或执行一个较大的存储过程时，而共享池没有连续的内存空间。
措施：如果是内存不够，则增加SHARE)POOL_SIZE；
如果是内存碎片，执行alter system flushshare_pool
7 ORA-04091
特征：触发器工作不正常
原因：一个行触发读取或修改变化的表（正在修改、插入）时，产生这种错误。
措施：检查触发器脚本，保证引用完整性
8 ORA-01242、ORA-01113
特征：介质故障导致数据库宕机
原因：介质故障。
措施：检查硬件故障；修改dbshut脚本，将其中的STARTUP命令修改为：
Startup openrecover
Alter database open
并发性访问
锁
insert into TEST values(5);
加row exclusive锁，和row share相同，但也禁止用share方式加锁。
Create index idx_test on test(col1);
加share锁，容许并发查询但禁止更新锁定的表
drop table test;
加exclusive锁，
undo_retention参数表示数据在回滚段中保持的时间，默认为900,应该不会有问题的
还有在任何时间内,一个INSTANCE只能使用一个UNDO表空间,你建了其它的UNDO表空间,用到的只有一个
undo_retention作用的前提是undotablespace足够大，否则已经提交的事务所占有的空间还是会被重用。这有可能导致ORA-01555错误和闪回查询的失败。
有一点提醒，无论参数怎么设置ORACLE都不会重用处于激活状态的undo空间（就是未提交事务占用的）。
你报UNDO空间不够，那么应该扩大undotablespace，或考虑你是不是有长时间未提交的事务
db_flashback_retention_target参数是设定闪回数据的最长保存时间，单位是分钟，默认值是1440（60*24），即1天；
Undo_retention参数是设定前映像数据在undo表空间的最长保存时间，单位是秒，默认值是10800（3600*3），即3小时。
v$rollstat
v$undostat
v$transaction
dba_undo_extents
FAQ
如何限定特定IP访问数据库
可以利用登录触发器、cmgw或者是在$OREACLE_HOME/network/admin下新增一个protocol.ora文件（有些os可能是. protocol.ora），9i可以直接修改sqlnet.ora：
增加如下内容：
tcp.validnode_checking=yes
#允许访问的ip
tcp.inited_nodes=(ip1,ip2,……)
#不允许访问的ip
tcp.excluded_nodes=(ip1,ip2,……)
利用触发器限定IP：
create table logcontrol
(IPDET VARCHAR2(15)
)
/
create table limitip
(
IPDET VARCHAR2(15),
NOTE VARCHAR2(50)
)
/
create table yclogin
(
IPDET VARCHAR2(15),
attempdate date default sysdate
)
/
insert into logcontrol values('130.76.1.135');
insert into limitip values('130.76.1.135','接口数据库');
/
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER log_control
AFTER logon ON DATABASE
declare
oname number(2);
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin
if SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS') is not null
then
select count(*) into oname from logcontrol
where trim(IPDET)=SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS');
if oname<1 then
insert into ycloginvalues(SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'));
commit;
Raise_application_error(-20999,'ip访问限定，有需要请及时向系统管理员书面申请!!!');
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE'DISCONNECT';
end if;
end if;
end;
如何穿过防火墙连接数据库
这个问题只会在WIN平台出现，UNIX平台会自动解决。
解决方法：
在服务器端的SQLNET.ORA应类似
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH= (TNSNAMES, ONAMES, HOSTNAME)
TRACE_LEVEL_CLIENT = 16
注册表的HOME0加[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE]
USE_SHARED_SOCKET=TRUE
如何利用hostname方式连接数据库
host name方式只支持tcp/ip协议的小局域网
修改listener.ora中的如下信息
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ur_hostname) --你的机器名
(ORACLE_HOME = E:\oracle\ora92) --oracle home
(SID_NAME = orcl) --sid name
)
然后在客户端
的sqlnet.ora中，确保有
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH= (HOSTNAME)
你就可以利用数据库服务器的名称访问数据库了
dbms_repcat_admin能带来什么安全隐患
如果一个用户能执行dbms_repcat_admin包，将获得极大的系统权限。
以下情况可能获得该包的执行权限：
1、在sys下grant execute on dbms_repcat_admin to public[|user_name]
2、用户拥有execute any procedure特权（仅限于9i以下，9i必须显示授权）
如果用户通过执行如下语句：
exec sys.dbms_repcat_admin.grant_admin_any_schema('user_name');
该用户将获得极大的系统特权
可以从user_sys_privs中获得详细信息
在不知道用户密码的时候，怎么样跳转到另外一个用户执行操作后并不影响该用户?
我们通过如下的方法，可以安全使用该用户，然后再跳转回来，在某些时候比较有用
需要Alter user权限或DBA权限：
SQL> select password from dba_users where username='SCOTT';
PASSWORD
-----------------------------
F894844C34402B67
SQL> alter user scott identified by lion;
User altered.
SQL> connect scott/lion
Connected.
REM Do whatever you like...
SQL> connect system/manager
Connected.
SQL> alter user scott identified by values 'F894844C34402B67';
User altered.
SQL> connect scott/tiger
Connected.
如何加固你的数据库
要注意以下方面
1.修改sys, system的口令。
2. Lock，修改，删除默认用户： dbsnmp,ctxsys等。
3.把REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT改成False，防止远程机器直接登陆。
4.把O7_DICTIONARY_ACCESSIBILITY改成False。
5.把一些权限从PUBLIC Role取消掉。
6.检查数据库的数据文件的安全性。不要设置成666之类的。检查其他dba用户。
7.把一些不需要的服务（比如ftp, nfs等关闭掉）
8.限制数据库主机上面的用户数量。
9.定期检查Metalink/OTN上面的security Alert。比如：http://otn.oracle.com/deploy/security/alerts.htm
10.把你的数据库与应用放在一个单独的子网中，要不然你的用户密码很容易被sniffer去。或者采用advance security，对用户登录加密。
11.限止只有某些ip才能访问你的数据库。
12. lsnrctl要加密码，要不然别人很容易从外面关掉你的listener。
13.如果可能，不要使用默认1521端口
如何检查用户是否用了默认密码
如果使用默认密码，很可能就对你的数据库造成一定的安全隐患，那么可以使用如下的查询获得那些用户使用默认密码
select username "User(s) with Default Password!"
from dba_users
where password in
('E066D214D5421CCC', -- dbsnmp
'24ABAB8B06281B4C',-- ctxsys
'72979A94BAD2AF80',-- mdsys
'C252E8FA117AF049', -- odm
'A7A32CD03D3CE8D5',-- odm_mtr
'88A2B2C183431F00', -- ordplugins
'7EFA02EC7EA6B86F',-- ordsys
'4A3BA55E08595C81', -- outln
'F894844C34402B67',-- scott
'3F9FBD883D787341',-- wk_proxy
'79DF7A1BD138CF11',-- wk_sys
'7C9BA362F8314299', -- wmsys
'88D8364765FCE6AF', -- xdb
'F9DA8977092B7B81', -- tracesvr
'9300C0977D7DC75E',-- oas_public
'A97282CE3D94E29E', -- websys
'AC9700FD3F1410EB', --lbacsys
'E7B5D92911C831E1',-- rman
'AC98877DE1297365', -- perfstat
'66F4EF5650C20355', -- exfsys
'84B8CBCA4D477FA3', -- si_informtn_schema
'D4C5016086B2DC6A', -- sys
'D4DF7931AB130E37') -- system
/
如何修改默认的XDB监听端口
Oracle9i默认的XML DB把HTTP的默认端口设为8080，这是一个太常用的端口了，很多别的WebServer都会使用这个端口，
如果我们安装了它，最好修改一下，避免冲突，如果不使用呢，就最好不要安装
提供三种修改的方法
1.dbca，选择你的数据库，然后Standard Database Features->Customize->OracleXML DB option，进入这个画面你应该就知道怎么改了。
2.OEM console，在XML Database 的配置里面修改
3.用oracle提供的包：
--把HTTP/WEBDAV端口从8080改到8081
SQL> call dbms_xdb.cfg_update(updateXML(dbms_xdb.cfg_get(),
'/xdbconfig/sysconfig/protocolconfig/httpconfig/http-port/text()',8081))
/
--把FTP端口从2100改到2111
SQL> call dbms_xdb.cfg_update(updateXML(dbms_xdb.cfg_get(),
'/xdbconfig/sysconfig/protocolconfig/ftpconfig/ftp-port/text()',2111))
/
SQL> commit;
SQL> exec dbms_xdb.cfg_refresh;
--检查修改是否已经成功
SQL> selectdbms_xdb.cfg_get from dual;
怎么捕获用户登录信息，如SID，IP地址等
可以利用登录触发器，如
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_login_record
AFTER logon ON DATABASE
DECLARE
miUserSid NUMBER;
mtSession v$session%ROWTYPE;
CURSOR cSession(iiUserSid IN NUMBER) IS
SELECT * FROM v$session
WHERE sid=iiUserSid;
BEGIN
SELECT sid INTO miUserSid FROM v$mystat WHERE rownum<=1;
OPEN cSession(miUserSid);
FETCH cSession INTO mtSession;
--if user exists then insert data
IF cSession%FOUND THEN
INSERT INTOlog$information(login_user,login_time,ip_adress,ausid,terminal,
osuser,machine,program,sid,serial#)
VALUES(ora_login_user,SYSDATE,SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
userenv('SESSIONID'),
mtSession.Terminal,mtSession.Osuser,
mtSession.Machine,mtSession.Program,
mtSession.Sid,mtSession.Serial#);
ELSE
--if user don't exists then return error
sp_write_log('Session Information Error:'||SQLERRM);
CLOSE cSession;
raise_application_error(-20099,'Login Exception',FALSE);
END IF;
CLOSE cSession;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
sp_write_log('Login Trigger Error:'||SQLERRM);
END tr_login_record;
在以上触发器中需要注意以下几点
1、该用户有v_$session与v_$mystat的对象查询权限，可以在sys下对该拥护显式授权。
2、sp_write_log原本是一个写日志的过程，可以置换为自己的需要，如null跳过。
3、必须在创建该触发器之前创建一个log$information的表记录登录信息。
[Q]怎么捕获整个数据库的DDL语句或者是说对象结构变化与修改
[A]可以采用DDL触发器，如
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_trace_ddl
AFTER DDL ON DATABASE
DECLARE
sql_text ora_name_list_t;
state_sql ddl$trace.ddl_sql%TYPE;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..ora_sql_txt(sql_text) LOOP
state_sql := state_sql||sql_text(i);
END LOOP;
INSERT INTO ddl$trace(login_user,ddl_time,ip_address,audsid,
schema_user,schema_object,ddl_sql)
VALUES(ora_login_user,SYSDATE,userenv('SESSIONID'),
sys_context('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
ora_dict_obj_owner,ora_dict_obj_name,state_sql);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
sp_write_log('Capture DDL Excption:'||SQLERRM);
END tr_trace_ddl;
在创建以上触发器时要注意几点
1、必须创建一个ddl$trace的表，用来记录ddl的记录
2、sp_write_log原本是一个写日志的过程，可以置换为自己的需要，如null跳过。
怎么捕获表上的DML语句（不包括select）语句）
可以采用dml触发器，如
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_capt_sql
BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE
ON manager.test
DECLARE
sql_text ora_name_list_t;
state_sql capt$sql.sql_text%TYPE;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..ora_sql_txt(sql_text) LOOP
state_sql := state_sql || sql_text(i);
END LOOP;
INSERT INTOcapt$sql(login_user,capt_time,ip_address,audsid,owner,table_name,sql_text)
VALUES(ora_login_user,sysdate,sys_context('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
userenv('SESSIONID'),'MANAGER','TEST',state_sql);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
sp_write_log('Capture DML Exception:'||SQLERRM);
END tr_capt_sql;
在创建以上触发器时要注意几点
1、必须创建一个capt$sql的表，用来记录ddl的记录
2、sp_write_log原本是一个写日志的过程，可以置换为自己的需要，如null跳过。
限制一个用户空闲时间
alter system set resource_limit = true;
create profile idletime limit idle_time 3;
alter user outln profile idletime;
SQL> alter system set resource_limit = true;
系统已更改。
SQL> conn sys/sunsdl as sysdba
已连接。
SQL> create profile idletime limit idle_time 1;
配置文件已创建
SQL> alter user outln profile idletime;
用户已更改
SQL> conn outln/outln
已连接。
SQL>
SQL> set time on
15:14:26 SQL> ...等待1分多钟
15:17:51 SQL> select sysdate from dual;
select sysdate from dual
*
ERROR位于第 1行:
ORA-02396:超出最大空闲时间，请重新连接
程序中没有关闭打开的数据连接。而且重复打开连接。inactive说明当前没有操作，不表示当前无连接。
我们知道,在Oracle数据库中,可以通过kill session的方式来终止一个进程,其基本语法结构为:
alter system kill session 'sid,serial#';
inactive session是正常的，每个session不可能都是active呀
只是那些已异常退出的、但没有disconnect客户端，需要启动DCD，将其清除，往sqlnet.ora文件中添加sqlnet.timeout=xMin，重启listener即可
如何回收空间?
ALTERTABLE名称 DEALLOCATE UNUSED [KEEP 4[M|K]]
1、当空间分配过大时，可以使用本命令
2、如果没有加KEEP，回收到水线
3、如果水线《MINEXTENTS的大小回收到MINEXTENTS所指定的大小
水线的定义？
1、水线定义了表的数据在一个BLOCK中所达到的最高的位置。
2、当有新的记录插入，水线增高
3、当删除记录时，水线不回落
4、减少查询量
Sysdba和sysoper的区别？
Sysdba是一个允许读者执行任何数据库任务的全能特权。Sysoper是一个威力次之的特权，它赋予了启动和关闭能力，但限制其他管理性任务
服务器的结构
当用户处理能够连接到数据库服务器的连接数量而又不增加物理资源时使用
Oracle sharedserver
影响共享服务器性能的因素
数据集合的大小
网络的速度
数据库服务器的速度
应用软件必须并发地支持的客户进程数量
调度程序进程负责服务客户请求，这些进程能够处理来自许多客户的请求。
共享服务器(oracle shared server)
配置一个Oracle共享服务器进程环境需要哪两项参数？
SHARED_SERVERS和DISPATCHERS。
PROTOCOL(pro或prot)：
调度程序要监听的网络协议。这是唯一必需的属性
ADDRESS(ADD或者ADDR)：
指定调度程序正在上面作监听的那个端点的网络协议地址
CONNECTIONS(CON或者CONN)：
每个调度程序能负担的最大网络连接数量。默认值随操作系统而变化。
DESCRIPTION(DES或者DESC)：
调度程序正在上面作监听的那个端点的网络描述，其中包括正被监听的协议。
DISPATCHERS(DIS或者DISP)：
在实例启动时要启动的调度程序数量。默认值是1
LISTENER(LIS或LIST):
PMON把连接信息发送到的那个监听器的地址。
SESSIONS(SER或SERV)：
这个调度程序的最大容许网络会话数量，流行的默认值是16k.
SERVICE(SER或SERV)：
调度程序向监听器注册的ORACLE net servicename。如果这个服务名被供给，调度程序把它注册给
service_names初始化参数中所列举的各个服务。
最大调度程序数：
这是一个静态参数，即当改变该参数后需要关闭系统才能生效。如果配置了调度程序，则默认值为下列两个数值中的较大者：5或配置的调度程序数。
服务器进程数：
这是一个动态参数。可以使用 ALTER SYSTEM命令进行更改而无需关闭数据库。
该参数指定启动例程时要创建的服务器进程数。实际的服务器进程数随时都在变化，并且在该值和指定的“最大服务器进程数”之间动态调整。任何时刻服务器进程数都不会低于该值，即使在负荷很低的情况下也是如此。
最大服务器进程数：
这是一个静态参数，即当改变该参数后需要关闭系统才能生效。默认值为下列两个数值中的较大者：20或 MAX_SERVERS值的 2倍。
MTS
MTS的组件包括：
processes on the system、
communication software、
the shared global section (SGA).
SQL*Net SGA SGA ---------- -------------- ----------- ---------- | Client |<-------->| Dispatcher |<----->| Circuit |<----->| Shared | ---------- -------------- ----------- | Server | | ---------- 'JSMITH' 'ORA_<sid>_D000' | 'ORA_<sid>_S000' +---------+ | Session | +---------+
复杂版本：
SQL*Net(监听器) SGA SGA
---------- -------------- ----------- ---------- | Client |<-------->| Dispatcher |<----->| Circuit |<----->| Shared | ---------- -------------- ----------- | Server | | ---------- 'JSMITH' 'ORA_<sid>_D000' | 'ORA_<sid>_S000' +---------+ | Session | +---------+
Some views containing MTS information include:
V$CIRCUIT
控制为一个输入和输出网络会话所预测的虚拟电路的总数量。
V$SHARED_SERVER
V$DISPATCHER
V$MTS
V$QUEUE
V$SESSION
Dispatcher的数量从mts_dispatchers(init.ora)到MTS_MAX_DISPATCHERS
共享服务器监控
1、 观察sga的使用情况
select * from v$sgastat wherepool=’large pool’;
2、 观察调度程序是否充足：
首先看每个调度程序的忙闲：
selectname,(busy*100)/(busy+idle) from v$dispatcher，如果高于50%则应该增加调度程度的个数。
然后观察整个对列中等待调度程序的等待时间：
select decode(sum(totalq),0,'Noresponse',sum(wait)/sum(totalq)) as "average wait time"
from V$QUEUE q,v$dispatcher d
where q.type='DISPATCHER'
and q.paddr=d.paddr
3、 确定是否有足够的共享服务器
--selectpaddr,type,queued,wait,totalq,decode(totalq,0,0,(wait/totalq)) "AVGWAIT" from v$queue;
selectdecode(wait,0,'No Request',totalq)"Wait Time",round(Wait/totalq,4)||' hundredths of seconds' from v$queue WHERE type='COMMON'
数据库安全
Oracle的审计机制是用来监视用户对ORACLE数据库所做的各种操作。
在缺省情况下，系统的审计功能是关闭的。可以在INIT.ORA参数文件中将参数AUDIT_TRAIL设置为正整数来激活。
审计功能激活后，任何拥有表或视图的用户就可以进行如下审计操作：
·使用SQL语句来挑选审计选择项；
·审计对该用户所拥有的表或视图的成功或不成功的存取企图；
·有选择的审计各种类型的SQL操作（SELECT、UPDATE、INSERT、DELETE）；
·控制审计的程度（是以SESSION还是ACCESS为单位）。
8i下
我想对某个用户的dml语句进行审计，
步骤如下：
1，在init文件中添加 AUDIT_TRAIL = DB或者audit_trail=db_extended
2，audit delete table,insert table,update table by zx;
提示 :审计已成功
3，SELECT * FROM DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;能看到有记录
4，重启数据库服务，以test用户登陆，操作数据
5，查看sys.aud$
create table agile.t(t number);
begin
dbms_fga.add_policy(
object_schema=>'AGILE',
object_name=>'T',
policy_name=>'T_INSERT',
audit_column=>'T',
statement_types=>'INSERT'
);
end;
SQL> insert i44o agile.t values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> select * from dba_fga_audit_trail;
一次完整的审计：
一。启动审计：
1. alter system set audit_trail=db scope=spfile;
2. shutdown
3. startup
二。设定审计：
audit update,insert
on dqsi.ac01
by access;
三。修改数据：
update ac01 set aac003='赵庆辉' where aac003='张三'；
commit;
换了另一台机器：
update ac01 set aac003='王五' whereaac003='赵庆辉'；
commit;
四。查看审计结果：
SQL> select * from dba_audit_trail;
OS_USERNAME
-----------------------------------
zhaoqh
Administrator
审计不成功的登陆、创建表、删除表、修改表、drop表，及其授权操作。
noaudit all;
noaudit all privileges;
audit session whenever not successful;
audit create any table, delete any table, drop any table, alter anytable by access ;
audit table by access ;
audit create user, alter user, drop user by access ;
audit grant table, grant procedure by access;
撤销所有审计：
noaudit all;
noaudit all privileges;
其它的看oracle的随机文档吧！我就不帮你查了！
审计的格式
audit table;
audit table by xxx(username);
audit table by xxx(username) whenever not successful;
系统表：
DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
stmt_audit_option_map
aud$
audit$
AUDIT_ACTIONS
dba_priv_audit_opts
有哪些审计项？
ACTION
NAME
0
UNKNOWN
1
CREATE TABLE
2
INSERT
3
SELECT
4
CREATE CLUSTER
5
ALTER CLUSTER
6
UPDATE
7
DELETE
8
DROP CLUSTER
9
CREATE INDEX
10
DROP INDEX
11
ALTER INDEX
12
DROP TABLE
13
CREATE SEQUENCE
14
ALTER SEQUENCE
15
ALTER TABLE
16
DROP SEQUENCE
17
GRANT OBJECT
18
REVOKE OBJECT
19
CREATE SYNONYM
20
DROP SYNONYM
21
CREATE VIEW
22
DROP VIEW
23
VALIDATE INDEX
24
CREATE PROCEDURE
25
ALTER PROCEDURE
26
LOCK
27
NO-OP
28
RENAME
29
COMMENT
30
AUDIT OBJECT
31
NOAUDIT OBJECT
32
CREATE DATABASE LINK
33
DROP DATABASE LINK
34
CREATE DATABASE
35
ALTER DATABASE
36
CREATE ROLLBACK SEG
37
ALTER ROLLBACK SEG
38
DROP ROLLBACK SEG
39
CREATE TABLESPACE
40
ALTER TABLESPACE
41
DROP TABLESPACE
42
ALTER SESSION
43
ALTER USER
44
COMMIT
45
ROLLBACK
46
SAVEPOINT
47
PL/SQL EXECUTE
48
SET TRANSACTION
49
ALTER SYSTEM
50
EXPLAIN
51
CREATE USER
52
CREATE ROLE
53
DROP USER
54
DROP ROLE
55
SET ROLE
56
CREATE SCHEMA
57
CREATE CONTROL FILE
59
CREATE TRIGGER
60
ALTER TRIGGER
61
DROP TRIGGER
62
ANALYZE TABLE
63
ANALYZE INDEX
64
ANALYZE CLUSTER
65
CREATE PROFILE
66
DROP PROFILE
67
ALTER PROFILE
68
DROP PROCEDURE
70
ALTER RESOURCE COST
71
CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG
72
ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG
73
DROP SNAPSHOT LOG
74
CREATE SNAPSHOT
75
ALTER SNAPSHOT
76
DROP SNAPSHOT
77
CREATE TYPE
78
DROP TYPE
79
ALTER ROLE
80
ALTER TYPE
81
CREATE TYPE BODY
82
ALTER TYPE BODY
83
DROP TYPE BODY
84
DROP LIBRARY
85
TRUNCATE TABLE
86
TRUNCATE CLUSTER
91
CREATE FUNCTION
92
ALTER FUNCTION
93
DROP FUNCTION
94
CREATE PACKAGE
95
ALTER PACKAGE
96
DROP PACKAGE
97
CREATE PACKAGE BODY
98
ALTER PACKAGE BODY
99
DROP PACKAGE BODY
100
LOGON
101
LOGOFF
102
LOGOFF BY CLEANUP
103
SESSION REC
104
SYSTEM AUDIT
105
SYSTEM NOAUDIT
106
AUDIT DEFAULT
107
NOAUDIT DEFAULT
108
SYSTEM GRANT
109
SYSTEM REVOKE
110
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM
111
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM
112
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK
113
DROP PUBLIC DATABASE LINK
114
GRANT ROLE
115
REVOKE ROLE
116
EXECUTE PROCEDURE
117
USER COMMENT
118
ENABLE TRIGGER
119
DISABLE TRIGGER
120
ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS
121
DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS
122
NETWORK ERROR
123
EXECUTE TYPE
157
CREATE DIRECTORY
158
DROP DIRECTORY
159
CREATE LIBRARY
160
CREATE JAVA
161
ALTER JAVA
162
DROP JAVA
163
CREATE OPERATOR
164
CREATE INDEXTYPE
165
DROP INDEXTYPE
167
DROP OPERATOR
168
ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
169
DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
170
CALL METHOD
171
CREATE SUMMARY
172
ALTER SUMMARY
173
DROP SUMMARY
174
CREATE DIMENSION
175
ALTER DIMENSION
176
DROP DIMENSION
177
CREATE CONTEXT
178
DROP CONTEXT
179
ALTER OUTLINE
180
CREATE OUTLINE
181
DROP OUTLINE
182
UPDATE INDEXES
183
ALTER OPERATOR
审计可以达到怎样的效果？我要来做什么？
可以记录对数据库对象的所有操作。什么时候，什么用户对什么对象进行了什么类型的操作。
但是无法得知操作的细节，比如到底数据更新成了1还是2？
不过现在新出现的精细审计(Fine grained Auditing)，好像也可以记录DML语句了
有分类吗？
审计可以分为3类。或者说，可以从3种角度去启用审计。
1、语句审计(Statement Auditing)。
对预先指定的某些SQL语句进行审计。这里从SQL语句的角度出发，进行指定。
审计只关心执行的语句。
例如，audit CREATE TABLE;命令，就表明对"createtable"语句的执行进行记录。
不管这语句是否是针对某个对象的操作
2、权限审计(Privilege Auditing)
对涉及某些权限的操作进行审计。这里强调“涉及权限”
例如，audit CREATE TABLE;命令，又可以表明对涉及“CREATE TABLE”权限的操作进行审计,所以说，在这 种命令的情况下，既产生一个语句审计，又产生了一个权限审计。有时候“语句审计”和“权限审计”的相 互重复的。这一点可以后面证明。
3、对象审计(Object Auditing)。
记录作用在指定对象上的操作。
如何启用审计？数据库一级。
通过数据库初始化参数文件中的AUDIT_TRAIL初始化参数启用和禁用数据库审计。
DB 启用数据库审计并引导所有审计记录到数据库的审计跟踪
OS 启用数据库审计并引导所有审计记录到操作系统的审计跟踪。可以用AUDIT_FILE_DEST初始化参数来指 定审计文件存储的目录。
NONE 禁用审计这个值是默认值
如何设定我所需要的审计？针对某个特定的监视目标了。
AUDIT语句。
例如：审计属于用户jward的dept表上的所有的SELECT INSERT和DELETE语句
AUDIT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ONjward.dept;
控制何时触发审计动作。
1)By session / By Access
by session对每个session中发生的重复操作只记录一次
by access对每个session中发生的每次操作都记录，而不管是否重复。
对于权限审计和大部分语句，by session无效，无论指定by session/byaccess还是不指定，审计都自动为 by access。
2)Whenever successful/ Whenevernot successful
Whenever successful表示操作成功以后才记录下来。
Whenever not successful表示操作失败后才记录下来。
审计实施
1、语句审计
Audit session; Audit session By ;
与instance连接的每个会话生成一条审计记录。审计记录将在连接时期插入并且在断开连接时期进行更新。
保留有关会话的信息比如连接时期断开连接时期处理的逻辑和物理I/O，以及更多信息将存储在单独一条审计 记录中该审计记录与会话相对应
2、audit delete table
2)权限审计
Audit DELETE ANY TABLE
by access
whenever not successful;
所有不成功的，使用DELETE ANY TABLE权限进行的操作。
3)对象审计
AUDIT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON jward.dept BY ACCESS WHENEVERSUCCESSFUL;
如何看审计的结果？
1)数据库初始化参数文件中AUDIT_TRAIL＝OS时，审计记录存在操作系统的文件中。
UNIX系统的话，默认存在“$oracle_home/rdbms/audit/”目录下。
If you have set AUDIT_TRAIL = OS, modify the "init.ora" fileto specify
the destination for the audited records using the AUDIT_FILE_DESTparameter.
If your operating system supports AUDIT_TRAIL = OS auditing, files are
automatically created in the AUDIT_FILE_DEST for certain actions, andthe
generated name contains the OS PID of the shadow process audited:
Example:
AUDIT_FILE_DEST = $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/audit
b)windows系统的审计信息存储在事件管理器中。
你可以通过控制面板——管理工具——事件查看器——应用程序日志中找到相应的审计记录
2)数据库初始化参数文件中AUDIT_TRAIL＝DB时，审计记录存在数据库中。
论坛上一些常见的问题，自己认为比较难理解的问题。
1. 对于权限审计和大部分语句，by session无效，无论指定by session/by access还是不指定，审计都自动为by access。
2. 审计的语句级可以指定ALL，但是ALL只包括大部分语句，它不包括下面这些语句。
ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER TABLE,COMMENT TABLE, DELETE TABLE, EXECUTE PROCEDURE, GRANT DIRECTORY, GRANTPROCEDURE, GRANT SEQUENCE, GRANT TABLE, GRANT TYPE, INSERT TABLE, LOCK TABLE,SELECT SEQUENCE, SELECT TABLE, UPDATE TABLE
3. 对于语句和权限审计，生效从执行语句后下一个登陆用户开始，当前的所有session不受影响。而对象的审计，则从审计语句开始后对当前所有的用户生效。
4. 可以使用NOAUDIT ALL、NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGE取消所有的语句、权限的审计，但是如果在审计的时候指定了用户，则NOAUDIT ALL或NOAUDIT ALLPRIVILEGE的时候，不会取消这些明确用户的审计，必须在NOAUDIT的时候也明确的指出相应的用户。
例1.只有少数语句审计可以设置BY SESSION，其他的语句审计和所有权限审计都只能设置为BY ACCESS。
SQL> audit create table;
审计已成功。
SQL> audit create any table by session;
审计已成功。
SQL> audit create view by access;
审计已成功。
SQL> select user_name, privilege, success, failure fromdba_priv_audit_opts;
USER_NAME PRIVILEGE SUCCESS FAILURE
-------------------- ---------------------------- ---------- --------
CREATE TABLE BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
CREATE ANYTABLE BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
CREATEVIEW BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGE;
审计未成功。
SQL> AUDIT TABLE;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT VIEW BY SESSION;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT TRIGGER BY ACCESS;
审计已成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION SUCCESS FAILURE
----------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------
TRIGGER BYACCESS BY ACCESS
TABLE BYACCESS BY ACCESS
VIEW BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
SQL> AUDIT LOCK TABLE BY SESSION;
审计已成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION SUCCESS FAILURE
----------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ----------
TRIGGER BYACCESS BY ACCESS
TABLE BYACCESS BY ACCESS
VIEW BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
LOCK TABLE BY SESSION BY SESSION
通过测试，我们发现对于大部分的语句和权限，只能设置为BY ACCESS。
例2.接着上面的例子
我们取消对所有语句的审计，但是发现对于LOCK TABLE无效
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL;
审计未成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION SUCCESS FAILURE
---------------------- ---------------------- ---------- -------
LOCKTABLE BY SESSION BY SESSION
SQL> NOAUDIT LOCK TABLE;
审计未成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
未选定行
例3.
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
未选定行
SQL> SELECT USERID, ACTION#, OBJ$NAME, PRIV$USED FROM SYS.AUD$;
未选定行
SQL> AUDIT TABLE;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT CREATE ANY TABLE;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT SELECT ON TEST;
审计已成功。
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST_AUDIT (ID NUMBER);
表已创建。
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST.TEST_AUDIT (ID NUMBER);
表已创建。
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TEST;
COUNT(*)
----------
18651
SQL> SELECT USERID, ACTION#, OBJ$NAME, PRIV$USED FROM SYS.AUD$;
USERID ACTION# OBJ$NAME PRIV$USED
----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------
YANGTK 103 TEST
SQL> DROP TABLE TEST_AUDIT;
表已丢弃。
SQL> DROP TABLE TEST.TEST_AUDIT;
表已丢弃。
SQL> SELECT USERID, ACTION#, OBJ$NAME, PRIV$USED FROM SYS.AUD$;
USERID ACTION# OBJ$NAME PRIV$USED
----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------
YANGTK 103 TEST
我们发现只有对象审计生效了，要使语句级审计和权限级审计生效，必须重新登陆。
SQL> CONNYANGTK/YANGTK@TEST
已连接。
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST_AUDIT (ID NUMBER);
表已创建。
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST.TEST_AUDIT (ID NUMBER);
表已创建。
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TEST;
COUNT(*)
----------
18651
SQL> SELECT USERID, ACTION#, OBJ$NAME, PRIV$USED FROM SYS.AUD$;
USERID ACTION# OBJ$NAME PRIV$USED
----------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ----------
YANGTK 1 TEST_AUDIT 41
YANGTK 103 TEST
YANGTK 103 TEST
YANGTK 1 TEST_AUDIT 40
例4.
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL;
审计未成功。
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGE;
审计未成功。
SQL> NOAUDIT SELECT ON TEST;
审计未成功。
SQL> AUDIT TABLE;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT VIEW BY YANGTK;
审计已成功。
SQL> AUDIT TABLE BY TEST;
审计已成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROM DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION SUCCESS FAILURE
----------------------- ----------------------- ---------- -------
TABLE BYACCESS BY ACCESS
TEST TABLE BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
YANGTK VIEW BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
SQL> NOAUDIT ALL;
审计未成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION SUCCESS FAILURE
----------------------- ---------------------- ---------- --------
TEST TABLE BYACCESS BY ACCESS
YANGTK VIEW BY ACCESS BY ACCESS
SQL> NOAUDIT TABLE BY TEST;
审计未成功。
SQL> NOAUDIT VIEW BY YANGTK;
审计未成功。
SQL> SELECT USER_NAME, AUDIT_OPTION, SUCCESS, FAILURE FROMDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
未选定行
审计从审计表中不成功的删除
Audit delete on sys.aud$ whenever not successful;
利用下列sql语句来审计从所有表中不成功的删除
Audit not exists;
利用下列语句来审计有system用户所执行的过程上的所有授权和取消授权语句
Audit grant procedure by system;
工具
oracle loader
控制文件的格式
load data
infile '数据文件名'
into table 表名
(first_name position(01:14) char,
surname position(15:28) char,
clssn position(29:36) char,
hire_data position(37:42) date 'YYMMDD'
copy
用法: COPY FROM <db> TO <db> <opt> <table>{(<cols>)} USING <sel>
<db> : 数据库字符串,例如: scott/tiger@d: chicago-mktg
<opt> : 下列关键字之一: APPEND, CREATE,INSERT或 REPLACE
<table>:目标表名称
<cols> :用逗号分隔的目标列别名列表
<sel> : 任何有效的 SQL SELECT语句
缺少的 FROM或 TO子句使用当前的 SQL*Plus连接
Wrap
wrap就是一个加密的工具
参数：
Iname输入文件的名称
Oname输出文件的名称
如何加密Oracle中的存储过程,从而在schema下看不到其源码？
软件环境：
1、操作系统：Windows 2000 Server
2、数据库：Oracle 8i R2 (8.1.7) for NT企业版
3、安装路径：C:\ORACLE
实现方法：
1、
D:\>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.USACII7
或
D:\>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P1
D:\>set
直接打set命令可以查看环境变量
2、
在D:\下创建a.sql文件，内容如下：
create or replace procedure test1(i in number) as
begin
dbms_output.put_line('输入参数是'||to_char(i));
end;
3、
D:\>wrap iname=a.sql
PL/SQL Wrapper: Release 8.1.7.0.0- Production on Tue Nov 27 22:26:48 2001
Copyright (c) Oracle Corporation 1993, 2000. All Rights Reserved.
Processing a.sql to a.plb
4、
打开a.plb，现在它的内容如下：
create or replace procedure test1 wrapped
0
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
abcd
3
7
8106000
1
4
0
8
2 :e:
1TEST1:
1I:
1NUMBER:
1DBMS_OUTPUT:
1PUT_LINE:
1输入参数是:
1||:
1TO_CHAR:
0
0
0
1f
2
0 1d 9a 8f a0 b0 3d b4
55 6a :2 a0 6b 6e 7e :2 a0 a5
b b4 2e a5 57 b7 a4 b1
11 68 4f 17 b5
1f
2
0 3 4 1d 19 18 25 15
2a 2e 32 36 3a 3d 42 45
49 4d 4e 50 51 56 57 5c
5e 62 64 70 74 76 7f
1f
2
0 1 b 11 16 :2 11 10 :3 1
:2 d 16 22 24 2c :2 24:2 16 :a 1
1f
2
0 :9 1 :d 3 :2 2 :3 1 4 :2 1
81
4
:4 0 1 :a 0 1b
1 :4 0 5 :2 0
:2 3 :3 0 2 :7 0
5 4 :3 0 7
:2 0 1b 2 8
:2 0 4 :3 0 5
:3 0 a b 0
6 :4 0 7 :2 0
8 :3 0 2 :3 0
7 f 11 9
e 13 :3 0 :2 c
15 :2 0 17 10
1a :3 0 1a 0
1a 19 17 18
:6 0 1b :2 0 2
8 1a 1d :20
1 1b 1e :8 0
13
4
:3 0 1 3 1
6 1 10 2
d 12 1 14
1 16 2 16
1c
1
4
0
1d
0
1
14
1
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
0
/
5、运行a.plb
SQL> @d:\a.plb
过程已创建。
6、运行存储过程
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> execute test1(1);
输入参数是1
PL/SQL过程已成功完成。
7、查看存储过程的代码
SQL> select name,text from all_source where type='PROCEDURE' andname='TEST1';
Oracle sql
Oraclce优化
数据库诊断包
性能监控
自动工作量资料档案库
设置awr参数：
alter system set statistics_level=typical/all/basic scope=spfile;
设置间隔时间和保持期：
executedbms_workload_repository.modify_snapshot_settings(interval=>60,retention=>43200);
ADDM (自动数据库诊断监视器)
性能监视 (数据库和主机)
事件通知:通知方法, 规则和调度
事件历史记录/度量历史记录 (数据库和主机)
封锁
Dynamic metric baselines
Memory performance monitoring
数据库优化数据包
SQL访问指导
SQL优化指导
SQL优化集
重组对象
配置管理包
数据库和主机配置
部署
给数据库打补丁并查看补丁程序高速缓存
筹备补丁程序
克隆数据库
克隆 Oracle主目录
搜索配置
比较配置
策略
STREAMS
Oracle资源
Oracle中国公司 http://www.oracle.com/cn 提供最新的产品及服务介绍。
中国Oracle用户组 http://www.cnoug.org/
ORACLE爱好者之家 http://www.oraclefan.net/ Jonson Huo
免费ORACLE入门 http://fengyu.china.com/ 余枫
Oracle杂货店 http://www.hzsdb.com.cn/oracle/index.htm
ORACLE深度历险 http://oracle9idba.nease.net/index1.htm
彩虹湾 http://www.irisbay.com/提供oracle的相关知识，同时也提供dba、OCP证书等的论坛。
Oracle小组 http://oraclegroup.yeah.net/ smiling电子小组―Oracle小组
oracle技术站http://oradb.jianwangzhan.com/cgi-bin/index.dll?index13?webid=jianwangzhan&userid=49339
Oracle9iAS Documentation Library, Release 2 (9.0.3)http://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/A97688_06/index.htm
Oracle9i Database Concepts http://otn.oracle.com/docs/products/oracle9i/doc_library/release2/server.920/a96524/toc.htm
ITPUB论坛 http://www.itpub.net/
CSDN数据库开发 Oracle http://expert.csdn.net/expert/forum.asp?url=/Expert/ForumList.asp?roomid=1801&typenum=1&xmlsrc=&whichpage=1
ChinaUnix.net的Oracle论坛 http://chinaunix.net/forum/viewforum.php?f=19
Oracle Developer 6i开发者论坛http://61.144.28.248:8080/d6i/bbs_armok01/bbs_list.jsp
网易Oracle论坛（北京）http://fe5.bj.163.com/cgi/docidx?guest=1&b=Oracle最新论坛
中国LINUX论坛—Oracle for linux 专版 http://www.linuxforum.net/forum/postlist.php?Cat=&Board=oracle中国LINUX论坛—Oracle for linux 专版
广东早安Oracle论坛http://www.strongsun.gzidc.com/
LinuxAid技术支持论坛—数据库应用http://www.linuxaid.com.cn/forum/boardlist.jsp?m=0&i=20 LinuxAid技术支持论坛—数据库应用
中国LINUX论坛—数据库 http://www.linuxforum.net/forum/postlist.php?Cat=&Board=db中国LINUX论坛—数据库
企业管理论坛—Oraclehttp://www.9053.net/formu/flist.asp?cat_ID=21
ORACLE系统专用论坛-中国ERP专家论坛 http://www.erper.com/bbs/forum.asp?Forum_ID=3
腾讯社区：数据库http://bbs.tencent.com/cgi-bin/bbs/bbs_show_title?groupid=102:10055&tbegnum=0&club=3&st=0&sc=&sort=0&8884腾讯社区：数据库
甲骨文—oracle.ok100.net http://oracle.ok100.net/showBBS.php?BBS_id=oracle ......
编程艺苑→数据库http://www3.ccw.com.cn/club/bbs/list.asp?boardid=10&v=bbs ... ...
西陆家园Oracle讨论区 http://oracleocp.xilubbs.com/
LodeSoft软件自由论坛http://softart.lodesoft.com/form/thread.php3?bid=9961273 ... ...
圣伟思Oracle技术支持论坛http://www.whservice.com/whservice/bbs/index.asp
smiling电子小组—Oraclehttp://www.smiling.com.cn/group/posts/index_bbs.ecgi?group_id=11046 smiling电子小组—Oracle
google搜索结果http://www.google.com/search?hl=zh-CN&inlang=zh-CN&ie=GB2312&q=oracle&btnG=Google%CB%D1%CB%F7&lr=lang_zh-CN... ...
coolunix搜索结果 http://www.coolunix.com/search.cgi?keyword=oracle... ...
Oracle爱好者之家论坛 http://www.oraclefan.net/ubbs547/Ultimate.cgi?action=intro&BypassCookie=trueOracle爱好者之家论坛
中国Oracle用户老论坛http://www.soufun.com/include/visiter/bbs/listpost.asp ... ...
Oracle台湾公司 http://www.oracle.com.tw/ 在台湾
Oracle DB技術論壇 http://www.oracledb.com.tw/ 在台湾
Oracle精诚*甲骨文中文站 http://oracle.sysware.com.tw/ 在台湾
Oracle官方站点 http://www.oracle.com/ Oracle的大本营
otn.oracle.com http://otn.oracle.com/
metalink.oracle.com http://metalink.oracle.com/
Ask Tom Home http://asktom.oracle.com/ asktom
Oracle Documentation http://www.oradoc.com/index.html OracleDocumentation
orafaq http://www.orafaq.org/faq2.htm非常不错的Oracle论坛，分类很细。
Oracle FAQ http://www.bf.rmit.edu.au/~orafaq Oracle数据库常见问题解答。
Oracle Faq, Scripts, Articles and Resources DBAsupport.comhttp://www.dbasupport.com/介绍
delante Ltd - Oracle (Database Administration) DBA 's a specialityhttp://www.think-forward.com/
OCP online test http://networkessentials.com/certified/ocp/index.htmOCP online test
ixora http://www.ixora.com.au/ advanced performance tuning
The Pipelines -- Information portal for Oracle, DB2, SQL Server.http://www.revealnet.com/
Osborne http://www.osborne.com/ Find all the right computer books andlearning tools at Osborne McGraw-Hill
DBA-village http://www.dba-village.com/ DBA-village
OraPerf.com http://www.oraperf.com/
JL Computer Consultancy http://www.jlcomp.demon.co.uk/ An expert viewon the Oracle (tm) database engine
Oracle Server on Linux Installation http://jordan.fortwayne.com/oracle/介绍
orafans http://www.orafans.com/介绍
Oracle Magazine http://www.oramag.com/一份关于Oracle的月刊。在它的站点上你可以看到一些有深度的文章，也可以看到一些技巧和代码。
Oracle Professional Home http://www.oracleprofessionalnewsletter.com/介绍
oracle-home http://www.oracle-home.com/ The home of Oracle Databaseinformation. Books, reviews, Free Oracle Software Downloads and resources onOracle Database development
oreview http://www.oreview.com/介绍
Oracle Technology Professionals http://www.oranet.com/ OracleTechnology Professionals
oraworld http://www.oraworld.com/介绍
oracle-users http://www.oracle-users.com/介绍
oracleguru http://www.oracleguru.com/介绍
Oraclenotes.com http://www.oraclenotes.com/ A community for theaspiring Oracle Certified Professional。
Cinema SQL http://users.neca.com/ltruett/sql.html SQL Reference andExample Site * featuring * Cinema SQL。
Oracle公司 http://technet.oracle.com/ 介绍
wormwang新丝(思)路 http://freesoft.online.sh.cn/ 这有很多自由软件
西安交通大学思源FTP服务器 ftp://ftp.xjtu.edu.cn/soft/DataBase/ 介绍
ftp://oracle-ftp.oracle.com/ ftp://oracle-ftp.oracle.com/介绍
ftp://166.111.168.13/ ftp://166.111.168.13/介绍
Self Test Software http://www.selftestsoftware.com/介绍
Quest Sodtware http://www.quest.com/介绍
www.cramsession.com http://www.cramsession.com/介绍
广东早安计算机系统有限公司 http://www.strongsun.com/ ORACLE华南区总代理
晓通数据库 http://www.xiaotong-db.com.cn/晓通数据库的工作重点主要放在数据库技术、面向对象的开发技术、以及应用系统的设计技术的研究和应用上。
北京华创 http://www.huachuang.com.cn/index.html介绍
华迪计算机有限公司 http://www.huadi.com.cn/信息化应用的系统集成商和服务商，ORACLE的双全牌代理。
佳都国际Oracle认证培训http://www.pci.com.cn/pci-oracle.htm介绍
超越认证资讯中心 http://www.transcendinfo.com/介绍
宏贝思http://www.macro-base.com/ 介绍
常通多维 http://www.ctdw.com.cn/介绍
北京宇思联成软件技术公司 http://www.youthsoft.com.cn/介绍
计算机世界网 http://www.ccw.com.cn/包含：《计算机世界》、《网络世界》、《微电脑世界》、《IT经理世界》、《家用电脑世界》、《聚焦华东》
数据备份专家 http://icesoft.yeah.net/
齐物轩*OCP认证资料网 http://ocp21.myrice.com/
大专院校BBS
名称 BBS地址数据库讨论版地址
北京大学未名站 http://bbs.pku.edu.cn/http://bbs.pku.edu.cn/cgi-bin/bbstop?board=Database
清华水木清华 http://a http://a
复旦大学日月光华站
http://bbs.fudan.edu.cn/http://bbs.fudan.edu.cn/cgi-bin/bbs/bbsdoc?board=Database
电子科技大学一网情深
http://bbs.uestc.edu.cn/http://bbs.uestc.edu.cn/cgi-bin//bbsdoc?board=Database
上海交通大学饮水思源站
http://bbs.sjtu.edu.cn/http://bbs.sjtu.edu.cn/cgi-bin/bbsdoc?board=database
西安交通大学冰马佣站
http://bbs.xanet.edu.cn/http://bbs.xanet.edu.cn/bbsdoc?board=database
哈工大紫丁香
http://bbs.hit.edu.cn/http://bbs.hit.edu.cn/cgi-bin/bbs/bbsdoc?Database
华南理工大学木棉站
http://bbs.cnkapok.com/http://bbs.cnkapok.com/cgi-bin/bbsdoc?NOracle
浙江大学西子浣纱城
http://bbs.zju.edu.cn/http://bbs.zju.edu.cn/cgi-bin/bbsdoc?board=DataBase
http://www.dbasupport.com
http://www.pconline.com.cn/pcedu/empolder/db/oracle/index.html
http://www.pconline.com.cn/pcedu/empolder/db/oracle/0507/667010.ht
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