CS231n(1):Python Numpy教程
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原文地址:https://www.52ml.net/17543.html
内容列表:
- Python
- 基本数据类型
- 容器
- 列表
- 字典
- 集合
- 元组
- 函数
- 类
- Numpy
- 数组
- 访问数组
- 数据类型
- 数组计算
- 广播
- SciPy
- 图像操作
- MATLAB文件
- 点之间的距离
- Matplotlib
- 绘制图形
- 绘制多个图形
- 图像
Python
Python是一种高级的,动态类型的多范型编程语言。很多时候,大家会说Python看起来简直和伪代码一样,这是因为你能够通过很少行数的代码表达出很有力的思想。举个例子,下面是用Python实现的经典的quicksort算法例子:
def quicksort(arr): if len(arr) <= 1: return arr pivot = arr[len(arr) / 2] left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot] middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot] right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot] return quicksort(left) + middle + quicksort(right)print quicksort([3,6,8,10,1,2,1])# Prints "[1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10]"
Python版本
Python有两个支持的版本,分别是2.7和3.4。这有点让人迷惑,3.0向语言中引入了很多不向后兼容的变化,2.7下的代码有时候在3.4下是行不通的。在这个课程中,我们使用的是2.7版本。
如何查看版本呢?使用python –version命令。
基本数据类型
和大多数编程语言一样,Python拥有一系列的基本数据类型,比如整型、浮点型、布尔型和字符串等。这些类型的使用方式和在其他语言中的使用方式是类似的。
数字:整型和浮点型的使用与其他语言类似。
x = 3print type(x) # Prints "<type 'int'>"print x # Prints "3"print x + 1 # Addition; prints "4"print x - 1 # Subtraction; prints "2"print x * 2 # Multiplication; prints "6"print x ** 2 # Exponentiation; prints "9"x += 1print x # Prints "4"x *= 2print x # Prints "8"y = 2.5print type(y) # Prints "<type 'float'>"print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"
需要注意的是,Python中没有 x++ 和 x– 的操作符。
Python也有内置的长整型和复杂数字类型,具体细节可以查看文档。
布尔型:Python实现了所有的布尔逻辑,但用的是英语,而不是我们习惯的操作符(比如&&和||等)。
t = Truef = Falseprint type(t) # Prints "<type 'bool'>"print t and f # Logical AND; prints "False"print t or f # Logical OR; prints "True"print not t # Logical NOT; prints "False"print t != f # Logical XOR; prints "True"
字符串:Python对字符串的支持非常棒。
hello = 'hello' # String literals can use single quotesworld = "world" # or double quotes; it does not matter.print hello # Prints "hello"print len(hello) # String length; prints "5"hw = hello + ' ' + world # String concatenationprint hw # prints "hello world"hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) # sprintf style string formattingprint hw12 # prints "hello world 12"
字符串对象有一系列有用的方法,比如:
s = "hello"print s.capitalize() # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"print s.upper() # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"print s.rjust(7) # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello"print s.center(7) # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "print s.replace('l', '(ell)') # Replace all instances of one substring with another; # prints "he(ell)(ell)o"print ' world '.strip() # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"
如果想详细查看字符串方法,请看文档。
容器Containers
译者注:有知友建议container翻译为复合数据类型,供读者参考。
Python有以下几种容器类型:列表(lists)、字典(dictionaries)、集合(sets)和元组(tuples)。
列表Lists
列表就是Python中的数组,但是列表长度可变,且能包含不同类型元素。
xs = [3, 1, 2] # Create a listprint xs, xs[2] # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"print xs[-1] # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"xs[2] = 'foo' # Lists can contain elements of different typesprint xs # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"xs.append('bar') # Add a new element to the end of the listprint xs # Prints x = xs.pop() # Remove and return the last element of the listprint x, xs # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"
列表的细节,同样可以查阅文档。
切片Slicing:为了一次性地获取列表中的元素,Python提供了一种简洁的语法,这就是切片。
nums = range(5) # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integersprint nums # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"print nums[2:4] # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]"print nums[2:] # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]"print nums[:2] # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]"print nums[:] # Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"print nums[:-1] # Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]"nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a sliceprint nums # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 8, 4]"
在Numpy数组的内容中,我们会再次看到切片语法。
循环Loops:我们可以这样遍历列表中的每一个元素:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for animal in animals: print animal# Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line.
如果想要在循环体内访问每个元素的指针,可以使用内置的enumerate函数
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']for idx, animal in enumerate(animals): print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)# Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line
列表推导List comprehensions:在编程的时候,我们常常想要将一种数据类型转换为另一种。下面是一个简单例子,将列表中的每个元素变成它的平方。
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]squares = []for x in nums: squares.append(x ** 2)print squares # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
使用列表推导,你就可以让代码简化很多:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums]print squares # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
列表推导还可以包含条件:
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]print even_squares # Prints "[0, 4, 16]"
字典Dictionaries
字典用来储存(键, 值)对,这和Java中的Map差不多。你可以这样使用它:
d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'} # Create a new dictionary with some dataprint d['cat'] # Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"print 'cat' in d # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"d['fish'] = 'wet' # Set an entry in a dictionaryprint d['fish'] # Prints "wet"# print d['monkey'] # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of dprint d.get('monkey', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"print d.get('fish', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "wet"del d['fish'] # Remove an element from a dictionaryprint d.get('fish', 'N/A') # "fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"
想要知道字典的其他特性,请查阅文档。
循环Loops:在字典中,用键来迭代更加容易。
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal in d: legs = d[animal] print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
如果你想要访问键和对应的值,那就使用iteritems方法:
d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}for animal, legs in d.iteritems(): print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"
字典推导Dictionary comprehensions:和列表推导类似,但是允许你方便地构建字典。
nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}print even_num_to_square # Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"
集合Sets
集合是独立不同个体的无序集合。示例如下:
animals = {'cat', 'dog'}print 'cat' in animals # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"print 'fish' in animals # prints "False"animals.add('fish') # Add an element to a setprint 'fish' in animals # Prints "True"print len(animals) # Number of elements in a set; prints "3"animals.add('cat') # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothingprint len(animals) # Prints "3"animals.remove('cat') # Remove an element from a setprint len(animals) # Prints "2"
和前面一样,要知道更详细的,查看文档。
循环Loops:在集合中循环的语法和在列表中一样,但是集合是无序的,所以你在访问集合的元素的时候,不能做关于顺序的假设。
animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}for idx, animal in enumerate(animals): print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)# Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"
集合推导Set comprehensions:和字典推导一样,可以很方便地构建集合:
from math import sqrtnums = {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}print nums # Prints "set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
元组Tuples
元组是一个值的有序列表(不可改变)。从很多方面来说,元组和列表都很相似。和列表最重要的不同在于,元组可以在字典中用作键,还可以作为集合的元素,而列表不行。例子如下:
d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)} # Create a dictionary with tuple keysprint dt = (5, 6) # Create a tupleprint type(t) # Prints "<type 'tuple'>"print d[t] # Prints "5"print d[(1, 2)] # Prints "1"
文档有更多元组的信息。
函数Functions
Python函数使用def来定义函数:
def sign(x): if x > 0: return 'positive' elif x < 0: return 'negative' else: return 'zero'for x in [-1, 0, 1]: print sign(x)# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"
我们常常使用可选参数来定义函数:
def hello(name, loud=False): if loud: print 'HELLO, %s' % name.upper() else: print 'Hello, %s!' % namehello('Bob') # Prints "Hello, Bob"hello('Fred', loud=True) # Prints "HELLO, FRED!"
函数还有很多内容,可以查看文档。
类Classes
Python对于类的定义是简单直接的:
class Greeter(object): # Constructor def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # Create an instance variable # Instance method def greet(self, loud=False): if loud: print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper() else: print 'Hello, %s' % self.nameg = Greeter('Fred') # Construct an instance of the Greeter classg.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"
更多类的信息请查阅文档。
Numpy
Numpy是Python中用于科学计算的核心库。它提供了高性能的多维数组对象,以及相关工具。
数组Arrays
一个numpy数组是一个由不同数值组成的网格。网格中的数据都是同一种数据类型,可以通过非负整型数的元组来访问。维度的数量被称为数组的阶,数组的大小是一个由整型数构成的元组,可以描述数组不同维度上的大小。
我们可以从列表创建数组,然后利用方括号访问其中的元素:
import numpy as npa = np.array([1, 2, 3]) # Create a rank 1 arrayprint type(a) # Prints "<type 'numpy.ndarray'>"print a.shape # Prints "(3,)"print a[0], a[1], a[2] # Prints "1 2 3"a[0] = 5 # Change an element of the arrayprint a # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) # Create a rank 2 arrayprint b # 显示一下矩阵bprint b.shape # Prints "(2, 3)"print b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0] # Prints "1 2 4"
Numpy还提供了很多其他创建数组的方法:
import numpy as npa = np.zeros((2,2)) # Create an array of all zerosprint a # Prints "[[ 0. 0.] # [ 0. 0.]]"b = np.ones((1,2)) # Create an array of all onesprint b # Prints "[[ 1. 1.]]"c = np.full((2,2), 7) # Create a constant arrayprint c # Prints "[[ 7. 7.] # [ 7. 7.]]"d = np.eye(2) # Create a 2x2 identity matrixprint d # Prints "[[ 1. 0.] # [ 0. 1.]]"e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random valuesprint e # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941] # [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"
其他数组相关方法,请查看文档。
访问数组
Numpy提供了多种访问数组的方法。
切片:和Python列表类似,numpy数组可以使用切片语法。因为数组可以是多维的,所以你必须为每个维度指定好切片。
import numpy as np# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)# [[ 1 2 3 4]# [ 5 6 7 8]# [ 9 10 11 12]]a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):# [[2 3]# [6 7]]b = a[:2, 1:3]# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it# will modify the original array.print a[0, 1] # Prints "2"b[0, 0] = 77 # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]print a[0, 1] # Prints "77"
你可以同时使用整型和切片语法来访问数组。但是,这样做会产生一个比原数组低阶的新数组。需要注意的是,这里和MATLAB中的情况是不同的:
import numpy as np# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)# [[ 1 2 3 4]# [ 5 6 7 8]# [ 9 10 11 12]]a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the# original array:row_r1 = a[1, :] # Rank 1 view of the second row of a row_r2 = a[1:2, :] # Rank 2 view of the second row of aprint row_r1, row_r1.shape # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"print row_r2, row_r2.shape # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:col_r1 = a[:, 1]col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]print col_r1, col_r1.shape # Prints "[ 2 6 10] (3,)"print col_r2, col_r2.shape # Prints "[[ 2] # [ 6] # [10]] (3, 1)"
整型数组访问:当我们使用切片语法访问数组时,得到的总是原数组的一个子集。整型数组访问允许我们利用其它数组的数据构建一个新的数组:
import numpy as npa = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])# An example of integer array indexing.# The returned array will have shape (3,) and print a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]] # Prints "[1 4 5]"# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:print np.array([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]]) # Prints "[1 4 5]"# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same# element from the source array:print a[[0, 0], [1, 1]] # Prints "[2 2]"# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing exampleprint np.array([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]]) # Prints "[2 2]"
整型数组访问语法还有个有用的技巧,可以用来选择或者更改矩阵中每行中的一个元素:
import numpy as np# Create a new array from which we will select elementsa = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])print a # prints "array([[ 1, 2, 3], # [ 4, 5, 6], # [ 7, 8, 9], # [10, 11, 12]])"# Create an array of indicesb = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in bprint a[np.arange(4), b] # Prints "[ 1 6 7 11]"# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in ba[np.arange(4), b] += 10print a # prints "array([[11, 2, 3], # [ 4, 5, 16], # [17, 8, 9], # [10, 21, 12]])
布尔型数组访问:布尔型数组访问可以让你选择数组中任意元素。通常,这种访问方式用于选取数组中满足某些条件的元素,举例如下:
import numpy as npa = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])bool_idx = (a > 2) # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2; # this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same # shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells # whether that element of a is > 2.print bool_idx # Prints "[[False False] # [ True True] # [ True True]]"# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values# of bool_idxprint a[bool_idx] # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:print a[a > 2] # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
为了教程的简介,有很多数组访问的细节我们没有详细说明,可以查看文档。
数据类型
每个Numpy数组都是数据类型相同的元素组成的网格。Numpy提供了很多的数据类型用于创建数组。当你创建数组的时候,Numpy会尝试猜测数组的数据类型,你也可以通过参数直接指定数据类型,例子如下:
import numpy as npx = np.array([1, 2]) # Let numpy choose the datatypeprint x.dtype # Prints "int64"x = np.array([1.0, 2.0]) # Let numpy choose the datatypeprint x.dtype # Prints "float64"x = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int64) # Force a particular datatypeprint x.dtype # Prints "int64"
更多细节查看文档。
数组计算
基本数学计算函数会对数组中元素逐个进行计算,既可以利用操作符重载,也可以使用函数方式:
import numpy as npx = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)# Elementwise sum; both produce the array# [[ 6.0 8.0]# [10.0 12.0]]print x + yprint np.add(x, y)# Elementwise difference; both produce the array# [[-4.0 -4.0]# [-4.0 -4.0]]print x - yprint np.subtract(x, y)# Elementwise product; both produce the array# [[ 5.0 12.0]# [21.0 32.0]]print x * yprint np.multiply(x, y)# Elementwise division; both produce the array# [[ 0.2 0.33333333]# [ 0.42857143 0.5 ]]print x / yprint np.divide(x, y)# Elementwise square root; produces the array# [[ 1. 1.41421356]# [ 1.73205081 2. ]]print np.sqrt(x)
和MATLAB不同,*是元素逐个相乘,而不是矩阵乘法。在Numpy中使用dot来进行矩阵乘法:
import numpy as npx = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]])v = np.array([9,10])w = np.array([11, 12])# Inner product of vectors; both produce 219print v.dot(w)print np.dot(v, w)# Matrix / vector product; both produce the rank 1 array [29 67]print x.dot(v)print np.dot(x, v)# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array# [[19 22]# [43 50]]print x.dot(y)print np.dot(x, y)
Numpy提供了很多计算数组的函数,其中最常用的一个是sum:
import numpy as npx = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])print np.sum(x) # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"print np.sum(x, axis=0) # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"print np.sum(x, axis=1) # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"
想要了解更多函数,可以查看文档。
除了计算,我们还常常改变数组或者操作其中的元素。其中将矩阵转置是常用的一个,在Numpy中,使用T来转置矩阵:
import numpy as npx = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])print x # Prints "[[1 2] # [3 4]]"print x.T # Prints "[[1 3] # [2 4]]"# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:v = np.array([1,2,3])print v # Prints "[1 2 3]"print v.T # Prints "[1 2 3]"
Numpy还提供了更多操作数组的方法,请查看文档。
广播Broadcasting
广播是一种强有力的机制,它让Numpy可以让不同大小的矩阵在一起进行数学计算。我们常常会有一个小的矩阵和一个大的矩阵,然后我们会需要用小的矩阵对大的矩阵做一些计算。
举个例子,如果我们想要把一个向量加到矩阵的每一行,我们可以这样做:
import numpy as np# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,# storing the result in the matrix yx = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])v = np.array([1, 0, 1])y = np.empty_like(x) # Create an empty matrix with the same shape as x# Add the vector v to each row of the matrix x with an explicit loopfor i in range(4): y[i, :] = x[i, :] + v# Now y is the following# [[ 2 2 4]# [ 5 5 7]# [ 8 8 10]# [11 11 13]]print y
这样是行得通的,但是当x矩阵非常大,利用循环来计算就会变得很慢很慢。我们可以换一种思路:
import numpy as np# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,# storing the result in the matrix yx = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])v = np.array([1, 0, 1])vv = np.tile(v, (4, 1)) # Stack 4 copies of v on top of each otherprint vv # Prints "[[1 0 1] # [1 0 1] # [1 0 1] # [1 0 1]]"y = x + vv # Add x and vv elementwiseprint y # Prints "[[ 2 2 4 # [ 5 5 7] # [ 8 8 10] # [11 11 13]]"
Numpy广播机制可以让我们不用创建vv,就能直接运算,看看下面例子:
import numpy as np# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,# storing the result in the matrix yx = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])v = np.array([1, 0, 1])y = x + v # Add v to each row of x using broadcastingprint y # Prints "[[ 2 2 4] # [ 5 5 7] # [ 8 8 10] # [11 11 13]]"
对两个数组使用广播机制要遵守下列规则:
- 如果数组的秩不同,使用1来将秩较小的数组进行扩展,直到两个数组的尺寸的长度都一样。
- 如果两个数组在某个维度上的长度是一样的,或者其中一个数组在该维度上长度为1,那么我们就说这两个数组在该维度上是相容的。
- 如果两个数组在所有维度上都是相容的,他们就能使用广播。
- 如果两个输入数组的尺寸不同,那么注意其中较大的那个尺寸。因为广播之后,两个数组的尺寸将和那个较大的尺寸一样。
- 在任何一个维度上,如果一个数组的长度为1,另一个数组长度大于1,那么在该维度上,就好像是对第一个数组进行了复制。
如果上述解释看不明白,可以读一读文档和这个解释。译者注:强烈推荐阅读文档中的例子。
支持广播机制的函数是全局函数。哪些是全局函数可以在文档中查找。
下面是一些广播机制的使用:
import numpy as np# Compute outer product of vectorsv = np.array([1,2,3]) # v has shape (3,)w = np.array([4,5]) # w has shape (2,)# To compute an outer product, we first reshape v to be a column# vector of shape (3, 1); we can then broadcast it against w to yield# an output of shape (3, 2), which is the outer product of v and w:# [[ 4 5]# [ 8 10]# [12 15]]print np.reshape(v, (3, 1)) * w# Add a vector to each row of a matrixx = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])# x has shape (2, 3) and v has shape (3,) so they broadcast to (2, 3),# giving the following matrix:# [[2 4 6]# [5 7 9]]print x + v# Add a vector to each column of a matrix# x has shape (2, 3) and w has shape (2,).# If we transpose x then it has shape (3, 2) and can be broadcast# against w to yield a result of shape (3, 2); transposing this result# yields the final result of shape (2, 3) which is the matrix x with# the vector w added to each column. Gives the following matrix:# [[ 5 6 7]# [ 9 10 11]]print (x.T + w).T# Another solution is to reshape w to be a row vector of shape (2, 1);# we can then broadcast it directly against x to produce the same# output.print x + np.reshape(w, (2, 1))# Multiply a matrix by a constant:# x has shape (2, 3). Numpy treats scalars as arrays of shape ();# these can be broadcast together to shape (2, 3), producing the# following array:# [[ 2 4 6]# [ 8 10 12]]print x * 2
广播机制能够让你的代码更简洁更迅速,能够用的时候请尽量使用!
Numpy文档
这篇教程涉及了你需要了解的numpy中的一些重要内容,但是numpy远不止如此。可以查阅numpy文献来学习更多。
SciPy
Numpy提供了高性能的多维数组,以及计算和操作数组的基本工具。SciPy基于Numpy,提供了大量的计算和操作数组的函数,这些函数对于不同类型的科学和工程计算非常有用。
熟悉SciPy的最好方法就是阅读文档。我们会强调对于本课程有用的部分。
图像操作
SciPy提供了一些操作图像的基本函数。比如,它提供了将图像从硬盘读入到数组的函数,也提供了将数组中数据写入的硬盘成为图像的函数。下面是一个简单的例子:
from scipy.misc import imread, imsave, imresize# Read an JPEG image into a numpy arrayimg = imread('assets/cat.jpg')print img.dtype, img.shape # Prints "uint8 (400, 248, 3)"# We can tint the image by scaling each of the color channels# by a different scalar constant. The image has shape (400, 248, 3);# we multiply it by the array [1, 0.95, 0.9] of shape (3,);# numpy broadcasting means that this leaves the red channel unchanged,# and multiplies the green and blue channels by 0.95 and 0.9# respectively.img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]# Resize the tinted image to be 300 by 300 pixels.img_tinted = imresize(img_tinted, (300, 300))# Write the tinted image back to diskimsave('assets/cat_tinted.jpg', img_tinted)
译者注:如果运行这段代码出现类似ImportError: cannot import name imread的报错,那么请利用pip进行Pillow的下载,可以解决问题。命令:pip install Pillow。
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左边是原始图片,右边是变色和变形的图片。
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MATLAB文件
函数scipy.io.loadmat和scipy.io.savemat能够让你读和写MATLAB文件。具体请查看文档。
点之间的距离
SciPy定义了一些有用的函数,可以计算集合中点之间的距离。
函数scipy.spatial.distance.pdist能够计算集合中所有两点之间的距离:
import numpy as npfrom scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform# Create the following array where each row is a point in 2D space:# [[0 1]# [1 0]# [2 0]]x = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]])print x# Compute the Euclidean distance between all rows of x.# d[i, j] is the Euclidean distance between x[i, :] and x[j, :],# and d is the following array:# [[ 0. 1.41421356 2.23606798]# [ 1.41421356 0. 1. ]# [ 2.23606798 1. 0. ]]d = squareform(pdist(x, 'euclidean'))print d
具体细节请阅读文档。
函数scipy.spatial.distance.cdist可以计算不同集合中点的距离,具体请查看文档。
Matplotlib
Matplotlib是一个作图库。这里简要介绍matplotlib.pyplot模块,功能和MATLAB的作图功能类似。
绘图
matplotlib库中最重要的函数是Plot。该函数允许你做出2D图形,如下:
import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on a sine curvex = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)y = np.sin(x)# Plot the points using matplotlibplt.plot(x, y)plt.show() # You must call plt.show() to make graphics appear.
运行上面代码会产生下面的作图:
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只需要少量工作,就可以一次画不同的线,加上标签,坐标轴标志等。
import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curvesx = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)y_sin = np.sin(x)y_cos = np.cos(x)# Plot the points using matplotlibplt.plot(x, y_sin)plt.plot(x, y_cos)plt.xlabel('x axis label')plt.ylabel('y axis label')plt.title('Sine and Cosine')plt.legend(['Sine', 'Cosine'])plt.show()
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可以在文档中阅读更多关于plot的内容。
绘制多个图像
可以使用subplot函数来在一幅图中画不同的东西:
import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curvesx = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)y_sin = np.sin(x)y_cos = np.cos(x)# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,# and set the first such subplot as active.plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)# Make the first plotplt.plot(x, y_sin)plt.title('Sine')# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)plt.plot(x, y_cos)plt.title('Cosine')# Show the figure.plt.show()
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关于subplot的更多细节,可以阅读文档。
图像
你可以使用imshow函数来显示图像,如下所示:
import numpy as npfrom scipy.misc import imread, imresizeimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimg = imread('assets/cat.jpg')img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]# Show the original imageplt.subplot(1, 2, 1)plt.imshow(img)# Show the tinted imageplt.subplot(1, 2, 2)# A slight gotcha with imshow is that it might give strange results# if presented with data that is not uint8. To work around this, we# explicitly cast the image to uint8 before displaying it.plt.imshow(np.uint8(img_tinted))plt.show()
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本教程翻译完毕。
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