SQL优化之踩过的坑(转)

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正看资料看的过瘾,突然收到报警,说服务器负载太高,好吧,登录服务器看看,我擦嘞,还能不能愉快的玩耍了?下面是当时的负载情况

看见mysql使用cpu已经到了2000,io没有等待。

说明应该没有大的临时表,或者文件排序,但是SQL语句肯定还是有问题的。

好吧,那进数据库看看到底在干嘛,
执行show full processlist后,发现有好几百个连接在执行同一条SQL语句,看见SQL也还好,不复杂,是子查询,我最恶心的子查询。

那就EXPLAIN一下咯,线上的东东我就不在这里贴出来了,后面我会创建类似的表来解释。

表结构简单如下:

mysql> desc t1;+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id      | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment || role_id | int(11)     | NO   |     | 0       |                || referer | varchar(20) | NO   |     |         |                |+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> desc t2;+--------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field        | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |+--------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id           | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment || role_id      | int(11) | NO   | MUL | 0       |                || privilege_id | int(11) | NO   |     | 0       |                |+--------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

索引如下:

mysql> show index from t1;+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| t1    |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | id          | A         |         329 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show index from t2;+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| t2    |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | id          | A         |       12826 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               || t2    |          1 | role_id  |            1 | role_id     | A         |         583 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

当时大量SQL语句如下:

mysql> select privilege_id from t2 where role_id in (select role_id from t1 where id=193);

那么你会觉得这语句有问题么?

你会说这哪有什么问题啊。

t2表role_id有索引,t1的表id是主键,肯定走索引啦!

但是就是这么坑,那我们EXPLAIN一下,结果如下:

mysql> explain select privilege_id from t2 where role_id in (select role_id from t1 where id=193); +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows  | Extra       |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY            | t2    | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  | 12826 | Using where ||  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t1    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |     1 |             |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

what?发生了什么事情,怎么和想的不一样?

这不科学啊,虽然数据量不多,但是执行频率非常高的情况下,也是一种悲剧。

好吧,我本来就不喜欢子查询,我改成了join看看。

mysql> explain select a.privilege_id from t2 as a inner join t1 as b on a.role_id=b.role_id and b.id=193;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | b     | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       ||  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ref   | role_id       | role_id | 4       | const |  128 |       |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

这下更郁闷了,怎么join就走索引了呢?

后来想到in后面接受多个值,但是我的t1表的id是主键肯定只有一条记录,那么我可以改成=,那么我们试试。

mysql> explain select privilege_id from t2 where role_id = (select role_id from t1 where id=193);                                          +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | t2    | ref   | role_id       | role_id | 4       | const |  128 | Using where ||  2 | SUBQUERY    | t1    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       |       |    1 |             |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

我去,这样真的可以走索引,好吧。晕了。。

这时突然想到或许优化器的问题,还是一个朋友提醒,这下才明白。

原来子查询这里role_id()有限制,这个括号里的查询要基于唯一索引或是主键。不过在更高版本已经修复了这个问题。下面给出例子。

percoan-5.5.38的版本:

mysql> show variables like '%version';+------------------+-------------+| Variable_name    | Value       |+------------------+-------------+| innodb_version   | 5.5.38-35.2 || protocol_version | 10          || version          | 5.5.38-35.2 |+------------------+-------------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)mysql> explain select privilege_id from t2 where role_id in (select role_id from t1 where id=193);                                        +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows  | Extra       |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY            | t2    | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  | 12826 | Using where ||  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t1    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |     1 |             |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

percona-5.6.21版本:

[root@localhost [test]> show  variables like '%version';+------------------+-----------------+| Variable_name    | Value           |+------------------+-----------------+| innodb_version   | 5.6.21-rel70.0  || protocol_version | 10              || version          | 5.6.21-70.0-log |+------------------+-----------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)[root@localhost [test]> explain select privilege_id from t2 where role_id in (select role_id from t1 where id=193);+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 | NULL  ||  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | ref   | role_id       | role_id | 4       | const |  129 | NULL  |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)[root@localhost [test]>

可以看见5.6.21的版本已经不受影响了。

后面让开发同学修改成join以后,负载慢慢的下来了。下面是zabbix监控到的负载情况:

总结:子查询虽然写起来方便,且简单易懂,但是我们还是尽量的使用join,因为在5.6版本以前的子查询的性能实在不怎么样。

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