C++11中std::unique_lock的使用

std::unique_lock为锁管理模板类，是对通用mutex的封装。std::unique_lock对象以独占所有权的方式(unique owership)管理mutex对象的上锁和解锁操作，即在unique_lock对象的声明周期内，它所管理的锁对象会一直保持上锁状态；而unique_lock的生命周期结束之后，它所管理的锁对象会被解锁。unique_lock具有lock_guard的所有功能，而且更为灵活。虽然二者的对象都不能复制，但是unique_lock可以移动(movable)，因此用unique_lock管理互斥对象，可以作为函数的返回值，也可以放到STL的容器中。

关于std::mutex的基础介绍可以参考：http://blog.csdn.net/fengbingchun/article/details/73521630  

std::unique_lock还支持同时锁定多个mutex，这避免了多道加锁时的资源”死锁”问题。在使用std::condition_variable时需要使用std::unique_lock而不应该使用std::lock_guard。

std::unique_lock类成员函数介绍：

(1). unique_lock构造函数：禁止拷贝构造，允许移动构造；

(2). operator =：赋值操作符，允许移动赋值，禁止拷贝赋值；

(3). operator bool：返回当前std::unique_lock对象是否获得了锁；

(4). lock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的lock函数；

(5). try_lock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock函数；

(6).try_lock_for函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock_for函数；

(7).try_lock_until函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock_until函数；

(8). unlock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的unlock函数；

(9). release函数：返回所管理的mutex对象的指针，并释放所有权，但不改变mutex对象的状态；

(10). owns_lock函数：返回当前std::unique_lock对象是否获得了锁；

(11). mutex函数：返回当前std::unique_lock对象所管理的mutex对象的指针；

(12). swap函数：交换两个unique_lock对象。

The difference is that you can lock and unlock a std::unique_lock. std::lock_guard will be locked only once on construction and unlocked on destruction.

std::unique_lock has other features that allow it to e.g.: be constructed without locking the mutex immediately but to build the RAII wrapper. However, std::unique_lock might have a tad more overhead(较多开销).

std::lock_guard also provides a convenient RAII wrapper, but cannot lock multiple mutexes safely. It can be used when you need a wrapper for a limited scope, e.g.: a member function.

One of the differences between std::lock_guard and std::unique_lock is that the programmer is able to unlock std::unique_lock, but she/he is not able to unlock std::lock_guard.

下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码，详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference：

#include "unique_lock.hpp"#include <iostream>#include <thread>#include <mutex>#include <vector>#include <chrono>namespace unique_lock_ {//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/unique_lock/namespace {std::mutex foo, bar;void task_a(){std::lock(foo, bar);         // simultaneous lock (prevents deadlock)std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck1(foo, std::adopt_lock);std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck2(bar, std::adopt_lock);std::cout << "task a\n";// (unlocked automatically on destruction of lck1 and lck2)}void task_b(){// unique_lock::unique_lock: Constructs a unique_lock// foo.lock(); bar.lock(); // replaced by:std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck1, lck2;lck1 = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(bar, std::defer_lock);lck2 = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(foo, std::defer_lock);std::lock(lck1, lck2);       // simultaneous lock (prevents deadlock)std::cout << "task b\n";// (unlocked automatically on destruction of lck1 and lck2)}}int test_unique_lock_1(){std::thread th1(task_a);std::thread th2(task_b);th1.join();th2.join();return 0;}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/lock/namespace {std::mutex mtx;           // mutex for critical sectionvoid print_thread_id(int id) {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx, std::defer_lock);// critical section (exclusive access to std::cout signaled by locking lck):// unique_lock::lock: Calls member lock of the managed mutex object.lck.lock();std::cout << "thread #" << id << '\n';// unique_lock::unlock: Calls member unlock of the managed mutex object, and sets the owning state to falselck.unlock();}}int test_unique_lock_2(){std::thread threads[10];// spawn 10 threads:for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)threads[i] = std::thread(print_thread_id, i + 1);for (auto& th : threads) th.join();return 0;}//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/mutex/namespace {class MyMutex : public std::mutex {int _id;public:MyMutex(int id) : _id(id) {}int id() { return _id; }};MyMutex mtx3(101);void print_ids(int id) {std::unique_lock<MyMutex> lck(mtx3);// unique_lock::mutex: Returns a pointer to the managed mutex objectstd::cout << "thread #" << id << " locked mutex " << lck.mutex()->id() << '\n';}}int test_unique_lock_3(){std::thread threads[10];// spawn 10 threads:for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)threads[i] = std::thread(print_ids, i + 1);for (auto& th : threads) th.join();return 0;}//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/operator=/namespace {std::mutex mtx4;           // mutex for critical sectionvoid print_fifty(char c) {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck;         // default-constructed// unique_lock::operator=: Replaces the managed mutex object by the one in x, including its owning statelck = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(mtx4);  // move-assignedfor (int i = 0; i<50; ++i) { std::cout << c; }std::cout << '\n';}}int test_unique_lock_4(){std::thread th1(print_fifty, '*');std::thread th2(print_fifty, '$');th1.join();th2.join();return 0;}///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/operator_bool/namespace {std::mutex mtx5;           // mutex for critical sectionvoid print_star() {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx5, std::try_to_lock);// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:// unique_lock::operator bool: Return whether it owns a lockif (lck)std::cout << '*';elsestd::cout << 'x';}}int test_unique_lock_5(){std::vector<std::thread> threads;for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)threads.emplace_back(print_star);for (auto& x : threads) x.join();return 0;}///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/owns_lock/namespace {std::mutex mtx6;           // mutex for critical sectionvoid print_star6() {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx6, std::try_to_lock);// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:// unique_lock::owns_lock: Returns whether the object owns a lock.if (lck.owns_lock())std::cout << '*';elsestd::cout << 'x';}}int test_unique_lock_6(){std::vector<std::thread> threads;for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)threads.emplace_back(print_star6);for (auto& x : threads) x.join();return 0;}//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/release/namespace {std::mutex mtx7;int count = 0;void print_count_and_unlock(std::mutex* p_mtx) {std::cout << "count: " << count << '\n';p_mtx->unlock();}void task() {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx7);++count;// unique_lock::release: Returns a pointer to the managed mutex object, releasing ownership over itprint_count_and_unlock(lck.release());}}int test_unique_lock_7(){std::vector<std::thread> threads;for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)threads.emplace_back(task);for (auto& x : threads) x.join();return 0;}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/try_lock/namespace {std::mutex mtx8;           // mutex for critical sectionvoid print_star8() {std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx8, std::defer_lock);// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:// unique_lock::try_lock: Lock mutex if not locked// true if the function succeeds in locking the managed mutex object, false otherwise.if (lck.try_lock())std::cout << '*';elsestd::cout << 'x';}}int test_unique_lock_8(){std::vector<std::thread> threads;for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)threads.emplace_back(print_star8);for (auto& x : threads) x.join();return 0;}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/try_lock_for/namespace {std::timed_mutex mtx9;void fireworks() {std::unique_lock<std::timed_mutex> lck(mtx9, std::defer_lock);// waiting to get a lock: each thread prints "-" every 200ms:// unique_lock::try_lock_for: Try to lock mutex during time spanwhile (!lck.try_lock_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200))) {std::cout << "-";}// got a lock! - wait for 1s, then this thread prints "*"std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));std::cout << "*\n";}}int test_unique_lock_9(){std::thread threads[10];// spawn 10 threads:for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)threads[i] = std::thread(fireworks);for (auto& th : threads) th.join();return 0;}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/unique_locknamespace {struct Box {explicit Box(int num) : num_things{ num } {}int num_things;std::mutex m;};void transfer(Box& from, Box& to, int num){// don't actually take the locks yetstd::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock1(from.m, std::defer_lock);std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock2(to.m, std::defer_lock);// lock both unique_locks without deadlockstd::lock(lock1, lock2);from.num_things -= num;to.num_things += num;// 'from.m' and 'to.m' mutexes unlocked in 'unique_lock' dtors}}int test_unique_lock_10(){Box acc1(100);Box acc2(50);std::thread t1(transfer, std::ref(acc1), std::ref(acc2), 10);std::thread t2(transfer, std::ref(acc2), std::ref(acc1), 5);t1.join();t2.join();return 0;}} // namespace unique_lock_

GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test