Linux 安装常见问题

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一.常用命令

1.查看Linux内核版本的命令

方法一：
命令： uname -a
作用：查看系统内核版本号及系统名称
方法二：
命令： cat /proc/version
作用：查看目录"/proc"下version的信息，也可以得到当前系统的内核版本号及系统名称
补充说明：
／proc文件系统，它不是普通的文件系统，而是系统内核的映像，也就是说，该目录中的文件是存放在系统内存之中的，它以文件系统的方式为访问系统内核数据的操作提供接口。而我们使用命令“uname -a"的信息就是从该文件获取的，当然用方法二的命令直接查看它的内容也可以达到同等效果.另外，加上参数"a"是获得详细信息，如果不加参数为查看系统名称。

2.下载文件保存当前目录命令：

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64.rpm

二.常见问题

1.linux执行开启图形界面命令,报命令未发现：

[root@localhost ~]# startx

-bash: startx: command not found

2.如何安装Linux图形界面:

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groupinstall"Server with GUI"

3.用yum安装程序报命令未注册:

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groupinstall"Server with GUI"

Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id,search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

There are no enabled repos.

Run"yum repolist all" to see the repos you have.

Youcan enable repos with yum-config-manager --enable <repo>

原因：Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server(RHEL) 的yum服务是付费的，因为没有付费，所以无法使用yum安装软件，如RHEL想安装LNMP必须要先按此教程设置好yum，并可以正常使用后才可以安装LNMP一键安装包，会提示如下错误：This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.或如下错误信息：This system is not registered with RHN. RHNsupport will be disabled.

解决方法：
执行：rpm-qa|grep yum|xargs rpm -e --nodeps 将yum卸载掉
cat /etc/issue && uname -a 看一下系统版本号和系统位数

3.yum如何卸载重装

a.查看linux系统内核版本：

[root@localhost~]# uname -a

Linuxlocalhost.localdomain 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Oct 29 17:29:29 EDT 2015x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

b.找到对应的位yum安装包：

进入http://mirrors.163.com/centos网站,比如我的linux系统为redhat7：http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/

c.查看系统预装的yum rpm包：

[root@localhost~]# rpm -qa|grep yum

yum-3.4.3-132.el7.noarch

yum-langpacks-0.4.2-4.el7.noarch

yum-rhn-plugin-2.0.1-5.el7.noarch

yum-utils-1.1.31-34.el7.noarch

yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64

d.卸载上面预装的rpm包：

[root@localhost~]# rpm -aq|grep yum|xargs rpm -e --nodeps

warning:/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/langpacks.conf saved as/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/langpacks.conf.rpmsave

再执行yum命令，会报错表示被卸载

[root@localhost~]# yum

-bash:/usr/bin/yum: No such file or directory

e.查看yum配置：

[root@localhost~]# ls /etc/yum* -ld

drwxr-xr-x.6 root root 95 Jul 27 17:43 /etc/yum

-rw-r--r--.1 root root 970 Nov 15 2016 /etc/yum.conf

drwxr-xr-x.2 root root 4096 Jul 31 08:06 /etc/yum.repos.d

e.更改yum仓库：

[root@localhost~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@localhostyum.repos.d]#

wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

--2017-07-2709:36:35-- http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

Resolvingmirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)... 123.58.190.209, 123.58.190.228

Connectingto mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)|123.58.190.209|:80... connected.

HTTPrequest sent, awaiting response... 200 OK

Length:1572 (1.5K) [application/octet-stream]

Saving to:釩entOS7-Base-163.repo?

100%[=====================================>]1,572 --.-K/s in 0s

2017-07-2709:36:35 (144 MB/s) - 釩entOS7-Base-163.repo?saved[1572/1572]

从http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/下載前面卸载的centos的rpm包：

yum-3.4.3-132.el7.noarch

yum-langpacks-0.4.2-4.el7.noarch

yum-rhn-plugin-2.0.1-5.el7.noarch

yum-utils-1.1.31-34.el7.noarch

yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64

命令分别如下：

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-rhn-plugin-2.0.1-6.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-utils-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64.rpm

f.检查rpm包依赖：

[root@localhostyum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh yum-*

warning:yum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key IDf4a80eb5: NOKEY

error:Failed dependencies:

yum >= 3.0 is needed byyum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7.noarch

yum >= 3.4.3-143 is needed byyum-utils-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch

yum >= 3.2.19-15 is needed byyum-rhn-plugin-2.0.1-6.el7.noarch

原因：安装yum-*需要将yum升级到yum 3.0或以上版本，本案例中yum rpm遗漏下载了：yum-3.4.3-132.el7.noarch

[root@localhostyum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh yum-*

warning:yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key IDf4a80eb5: NOKEY

error:Failed dependencies:

python-urlgrabber >= 3.10-8 isneeded by yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch

yum-plugin-fastestmirror is needed byyum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch

下载依赖：

python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm

yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm

命令如下:

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm

wget http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-40.el7.noarch.rpm

e.安装python-urlgrabber依赖

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivhpython-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm

warning:python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key IDf4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing... ################################# [100%]

file /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/urlgrabber/grabber.py from installof python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch conflicts with file from packagepython-urlgrabber-3.10-7.el7.noarch

file /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/urlgrabber/grabber.pyc frominstall of python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch conflicts with file from packagepython-urlgrabber-3.10-7.el7.noarch

file /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/urlgrabber/grabber.pyo frominstall of python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch conflicts with file from packagepython-urlgrabber-3.10-7.el7.noarch

原因：python-urlgrabber-3.10-7安装已经存在

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -qapython-urlgrabber

python-urlgrabber-3.10-7.el7.noarch

卸载：python-urlgrabber-3.10-7

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm-e python-urlgrabber

安装：python-urlgrabber-3.10-8

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivhpython-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm

warning:python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key IDf4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing... #################################[100%]

Updating / installing...

1:python-urlgrabber-3.10-8.el7 ################################# [100%]

f.安装yum包：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivhyum-*

warning: yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos.noarch.rpm:Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing... ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing...

1:yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7 ################################# [17%]

2:yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-4################################# [33%]

3:yum-3.4.3-150.el7.centos ################################# [ 50%]

4:yum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7 ################################# [ 67%]

5:yum-rhn-plugin-2.0.1-6.el7 ################################# [ 83%]

6:yum-utils-1.1.31-40.el7 ################################# [100%]

g.清空与建立yum缓存：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum cleanall

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks,product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository base is listed more than oncein the configuration

Repository updates is listed more thanonce in the configuration

Repository extras is listed more thanonce in the configuration

Repository centosplus is listed more thanonce in the configuration

Cleaning repos: base extras updates

Cleaning up everything

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yummakecache

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks,product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository base is listed more than oncein the configuration

Repository updates is listed more thanonce in the configuration

Repository extras is listed more thanonce in the configuration

Repository centosplus is listed more thanonce in the configuration

http://mirrors.163.com/centos/%24releasever/os/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml:[Errno 14] HTTP Error 404 - Not Found

Trying other mirror.

To address this issue please refer to thebelow knowledge base article

解决方案：

a、下载yum源：

#wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

修改repo源：

[root@localhost ~]# viCentOS7-Base-163.repo

# CentOS-Base.repo

# The mirror system uses the connectingIP address of the client and the

# update status of each mirror to pickmirrors that are updated to and

# geographically close to theclient. You should use this for CentOSupdates

# unless you are manually picking othermirrors.

# If the mirrorlist= does not work foryou, as a fall back you can try the

# remarked out baseurl= line instead.

[base]

name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - 163.com

#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os

baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates

[updates]

name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates -163.com

#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates

baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful

[extras]

name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras -163.com

#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras

baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extendfunctionality of existing packages

[centosplus]

name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - 163.com

baseurl=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/

gpgcheck=1

enabled=0

gpgkey=http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

上面变量$releasever和$basearch其中$releasever的值表示当前Linux系统的发行版本，可以通过rpm -qicentos-release命令查看；将文件中的$releasever替換成liunx版本号。$basearch是我们的系统硬件架构(CPU指令集),使用命令arch获取；

运行yumclean all（等同于 yum cleanheaders ; yum cleanpackages）：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum cleanall

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks,product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Cleaning repos: base extras updates

Cleaning up everything

运行makecache生成缓存：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yummakecache

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks,product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

base |3.6 kB 00:00:00

extras |3.4 kB 00:00:00

updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00

(1/12): base/x86_64/group_gz | 155 kB 00:00:00

(2/12): base/x86_64/primary_db |5.6 MB 00:00:00

(3/12): base/x86_64/other_db |2.4 MB 00:00:00

(4/12): extras/x86_64/prestodelta | 149 kB 00:00:00

(5/12): extras/x86_64/primary_db | 191 kB 00:00:01

(6/12): extras/x86_64/other_db |903 kB 00:00:00

(7/12): extras/x86_64/filelists_db |1.1 MB 00:00:01

(8/12): updates/x86_64/prestodelta | 954 kB 00:00:00

(9/12): updates/x86_64/primary_db | 7.8 MB 00:00:01

(10/12): updates/x86_64/filelists_db |4.4 MB 00:00:01

(11/12): base/x86_64/filelists_db |6.6 MB 00:00:07

(12/12): updates/x86_64/other_db | 93 MB 00:00:15

Determining fastest mirrors

Metadata Cache Created

2.安装yum软件(更新yum软件：#yum update)：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum installtelnet

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks,product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager

This system is not registered to Red HatSubscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Loading mirror speeds from cachedhostfile

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package telnet.x86_641:0.17-60.el7 will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================================================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===============================================================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

telnet x86_64 1:0.17-60.el7 base 63 k

Transaction Summary

===============================================================================================================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 63 k

Installed size: 113 k

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

warning:/var/cache/yum/x86_64/$releasever/base/packages/telnet-0.17-60.el7.x86_64.rpm:Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Public key fortelnet-0.17-60.el7.x86_64.rpm is not installed

telnet-0.17-60.el7.x86_64.rpm | 63 kB 00:00:00

Retrieving key fromhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

Importing GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:

Userid : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key)<security@centos.org>"

Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb124c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5

From : http://mirrors.163.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.

Installing : 1:telnet-0.17-60.el7.x86_64 1/1

Verifying :1:telnet-0.17-60.el7.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

telnet.x86_64 1:0.17-60.el7

Complete!

3.Linux系统\Centos没有网卡eth0配置文件怎么办？

n 临时解决方案：

linux下面设置ip地址是通过ifconfig命令来临时设置IP地址。

命令格式：ifconfig 设备名 IP 地址

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.10.187

SIOCSIFADDR: No such device

eth0: ERROR while getting interfaceflags: No such device

注意：

1）设置后会立即生效，不需要重启网卡服务（重启网卡服务临时解决方案设置会立即失效）

2）通过ifconfig即可查看当前网卡的IP地址。

问题：ifconfig eth0 192.168.10.187如错误说明，ech0网卡不存在。

SIOCSIFADDR: No such device

eth0: ERROR while getting interfaceflags: No such device

解决方案：

进入网卡配置目: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/下,将 ifcfg-lo 回环接口配置文件，拷贝一份改名为ifcfg-ech0既可。

命令：

[root@localhost ~]# cd/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

[root@localhost network-scripts]# ls -all

total 240

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 9 09:32 .

drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4096 Jul 27 10:10 ..

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288 Jul 27 09:09 ifcfg-eno16777736

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Sep 16 2015 ifcfg-lo

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 Jul 27 09:03 ifdown ->../../../usr/sbin/ifdown

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 627 Sep 16 2015 ifdown-bnep

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5817 Sep 16 2015 ifdown-eth

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6196 Jun 24 2015 ifdown-ib

[root@localhost network-scripts]# cpifcfg-lo ifcfg-ech0

[root@localhost network-scripts]# ls -all

total 244

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 10 07:31 .

drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4096 Jul 27 10:10 ..

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Aug 10 07:31 ifcfg-ech0

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288 Jul 27 09:09 ifcfg-eno16777736

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Sep 16 2015 ifcfg-lo

n 永久解决方案：

1.编辑网卡配置文件：/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ech0 设置网卡配置

修改前：

[root@localhost network-scripts]# more/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ech0

DEVICE=lo

IPADDR=127.0.0.1

NETMASK=255.0.0.0

NETWORK=127.0.0.0

# If you're having problems with gatedmaking 127.0.0.0/8 a martian,

# you can change this to something else(255.255.255.255, for example)

BROADCAST=127.255.255.255

ONBOOT=yes

NAME=loopback

修改后：

[root@localhost network-scripts]# more/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ech0

TYPE=Ethernet

BOOTPROTO=static

DEFROUTE=yes

IPADDR=192.168.10.187

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

GATEWAY=192.168.10.1

NETWORK=192.168.10.1

BROADCAST=127.255.255.255

IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no

IPV6INIT=yes

IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes

IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes

IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no

NAME=eno16777736

UUID=6367ea5f-bba0-4a20-819d-9255d8200177

DEVICE=ech0

ONBOOT=yes

PEERDNS=yes

PEERROUTES=yes

IPV6_PEERDNS=yes

IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes

（该图转载jingyan.baidu.com）

2.设置好网卡配置之后，需要把网络服务重启一下。输入如下命令：

service network restart

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