深入理解 Tomcat(七)源码剖析 Tomcat 完整启动过程

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前言

这是我们分析 Tomcat 的第七篇文章,前面我们依据启动过程理解了类加载过程,生命周期组件,容器组件等。基本上将启动过程拆的七零八落,分析的差不多了, 但是还没有从整体的视图下来分析Tomcat 的启动过程。因此,这篇文章的任务就是这个,我们想将Tomcat的启动过程彻底的摸清,把它最后一件衣服扒掉。然后我们就分析连接器和URL请求了,不再留恋这里了。

好吧。我们开始吧。

说到Tomcat的启动,我们都知道,我们每次需要运行tomcat/bin/startup.sh这个脚本,而这个脚本的内容到底是什么呢?我们来看看。

1. startup.sh 脚本内容

#!/bin/shos400=falsecase "`uname`" inOS400*) os400=true;;esac# resolve links - $0 may be a softlinkPRG="$0"while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do  ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`  link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`  if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then    PRG="$link"  else    PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"  fidonePRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`EXECUTABLE=catalina.sh# Check that target executable existsif $os400; then  # -x will Only work on the os400 if the files are:  # 1. owned by the user  # 2. owned by the PRIMARY group of the user  # this will not work if the user belongs in secondary groups  evalelse  if [ ! -x "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" ]; then    echo "Cannot find $PRGDIR/$EXECUTABLE"    echo "The file is absent or does not have execute permission"    echo "This file is needed to run this program"    exit 1  fifiexec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" start "$@"

楼主删除了一些无用的注释,我们来看看这脚本。该脚本中有2个重要的变量:
1. PRGDIR:表示当前脚本所在的路径
2. EXECUTABLE:catalina.sh 脚本名称
其中最关键的一行代码就是 exec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" start "$@",表示执行了脚本catalina.sh,参数是start。

2. catalina.sh 脚本实现

然后我们看看catalina.sh 脚本中的实现:

elif [ "$1" = "start" ] ; then  if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then    if [ -f "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then      if [ -s "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then        echo "Existing PID file found during start."        if [ -r "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then          PID=`cat "$CATALINA_PID"`          ps -p $PID >/dev/null 2>&1          if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then            echo "Tomcat appears to still be running with PID $PID. Start aborted."            echo "If the following process is not a Tomcat process, remove the PID file and try again:"            ps -f -p $PID            exit 1          else            echo "Removing/clearing stale PID file."            rm -f "$CATALINA_PID" >/dev/null 2>&1            if [ $? != 0 ]; then              if [ -w "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then                cat /dev/null > "$CATALINA_PID"              else                echo "Unable to remove or clear stale PID file. Start aborted."                exit 1              fi            fi          fi        else          echo "Unable to read PID file. Start aborted."          exit 1        fi      else        rm -f "$CATALINA_PID" >/dev/null 2>&1        if [ $? != 0 ]; then          if [ ! -w "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then            echo "Unable to remove or write to empty PID file. Start aborted."            exit 1          fi        fi      fi    fi  fi  shift  touch "$CATALINA_OUT"  if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then    if [ $have_tty -eq 1 ]; then      echo "Using Security Manager"    fi    shift    eval $_NOHUP "\"$_RUNJAVA\"" "\"$LOGGING_CONFIG\"" $LOGGING_MANAGER $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \      -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" \      -Djava.security.manager \      -Djava.security.policy=="\"$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.policy\"" \      -Dcatalina.base="\"$CATALINA_BASE\"" \      -Dcatalina.home="\"$CATALINA_HOME\"" \      -Djava.io.tmpdir="\"$CATALINA_TMPDIR\"" \      org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \      >> "$CATALINA_OUT" 2>&1 "&"  else    eval $_NOHUP "\"$_RUNJAVA\"" "\"$LOGGING_CONFIG\"" $LOGGING_MANAGER $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \      -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" \      -Dcatalina.base="\"$CATALINA_BASE\"" \      -Dcatalina.home="\"$CATALINA_HOME\"" \      -Djava.io.tmpdir="\"$CATALINA_TMPDIR\"" \      org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \      >> "$CATALINA_OUT" 2>&1 "&"  fi  if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then    echo $! > "$CATALINA_PID"  fi  echo "Tomcat started."

该脚本很长,但我们只关心我们感兴趣的:如果参数是 start, 那么执行这里的逻辑,关键再最后一行执行了 org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start, 也就是说,执行了我们熟悉的main方法,并且携带了start 参数,那么我们就来看Bootstrap 的main方法是如何实现的。

3. Bootstrap.main 方法实现

    public static void main(String args[]) {        System.err.println("Have fun and Enjoy! cxs");        // daemon 就是 bootstrap        if (daemon == null) {            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();            try {                bootstrap.init();            } catch (Throwable t) {                handleThrowable(t);                t.printStackTrace();                return;            }            daemon = bootstrap;        } else {            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(daemon.catalinaLoader);        }        try {            String command = "start";            if (args.length > 0) {                command = args[args.length - 1];            }            if (command.equals("startd")) {                args[args.length - 1] = "start";                daemon.load(args);                daemon.start();            }            else if (command.equals("stopd")) {                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";                daemon.stop();            }            else if (command.equals("start")) {                daemon.setAwait(true);                daemon.load(args);                daemon.start();            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {                daemon.stopServer(args);            } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {                daemon.load(args);                if (null==daemon.getServer()) {                    System.exit(1);                }                System.exit(0);            } else {                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");            }        } catch (Throwable t) {            if (t instanceof InvocationTargetException &&                    t.getCause() != null) {                t = t.getCause();            }            handleThrowable(t);            t.printStackTrace();            System.exit(1);        }    }

我们看看该方法, 首先 bootstrap.init() 的方法用于初始化类加载器,我们已经分析过该方法了,就不再赘述了,然后我们看下面的try块,默认命令行参数是 start ,但我们刚刚的脚本传的参数就是 start, 因此进入该if块

   else if (command.equals("start")) {         daemon.setAwait(true);         daemon.load(args);         daemon.start();
  1. 设置catalina 的 await 属性为true;
  2. 运行 catalina 的 load 方法。该方法内部主要逻辑是解析server.xml文件,初始化容器。我们已经再生命周期那篇文章中讲过容器的初始化。
  3. 运行 catalina 的 start 方法。也就是启动 tomcat。这个部分我们上次分析了容器启动。但是容器之后的逻辑我们没有分析。今天我们就来看看。

4. Catalina.start 方法

 public void start() {        if (getServer() == null) {            load();        }        if (getServer() == null) {            log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");            return;        }        long t1 = System.nanoTime();        // Start the new server        try {            getServer().start();        } catch (LifecycleException e) {            log.fatal(sm.getString("catalina.serverStartFail"), e);            try {                getServer().destroy();            } catch (LifecycleException e1) {                log.debug("destroy() failed for failed Server ", e1);            }            return;        }        long t2 = System.nanoTime();        if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {            log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");        }        if (useShutdownHook) {            if (shutdownHook == null) {                shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();            }            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);            // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since            // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost            // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()            LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();            if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {                ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(                        false);            }        }        if (await) {            await();            stop();        }    }

该方法我们上次分析到了 getServer().start() 这里,也就是容器启动的逻辑,我们不再赘述。
今天我们继续分析下面的逻辑。主要逻辑是:

 if (useShutdownHook) {            if (shutdownHook == null) {                shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();            }            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);            // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since            // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost            // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()            LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();            if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {                ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(                        false);            }        }        if (await) {            await();            stop();        }

可以看到是 Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook)方法。那么这个方法的作用是什么呢?JDK 文档是这样说的:

注册新的虚拟机来关闭钩子。
只是一个已初始化但尚未启动的线程。虚拟机开始启用其关闭序列时,它会以某种未指定的顺序启动所有已注册的关闭钩子,并让它们同时运行。运行完所有的钩子后,如果已启用退出终结,那么虚拟机接着会运行所有未调用的终结方法。最后,虚拟机会暂停。注意,关闭序列期间会继续运行守护线程,如果通过调用方法来发起关闭序列,那么也会继续运行非守护线程。

简单来说,如果用户的程序出现了bug, 或者使用control + C 关闭了命令行,那么就需要做一些内存清理的工作。该方法就会再虚拟机退出时做清理工作。再ApplicationShutdownHooks 类种维护着一个IdentityHashMap

5. CatalinaShutdownHook.run 线程方法实现

 protected class CatalinaShutdownHook extends Thread {        @Override        public void run() {            try {                if (getServer() != null) {                    Catalina.this.stop();                }            } catch (Throwable ex) {                ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(ex);                log.error(sm.getString("catalina.shutdownHookFail"), ex);            } finally {                // If JULI is used, shut JULI down *after* the server shuts down                // so log messages aren't lost                LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();                if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {                    ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).shutdown();                }            }        }    }

该线程是Catalina的内部类,方法逻辑是,如果Server容器还存在,就是执行Catalina的stop方法用于停止容器。(为什么要用Catalina.this.stop 呢?因为它继承了Thread,而Thread也有一个stop方法,因此需要显式的指定该方法)最后关闭日志管理器。我们看看stop方法的实现:

6. Catalina.stop 方法实现:

public void stop() {        try {            // Remove the ShutdownHook first so that server.stop()            // doesn't get invoked twice            if (useShutdownHook) {                Runtime.getRuntime().removeShutdownHook(shutdownHook);                // If JULI is being used, re-enable JULI's shutdown to ensure                // log messages are not lost                LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();                if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {                    ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(                            true);                }            }        } catch (Throwable t) {            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);            // This will fail on JDK 1.2. Ignoring, as Tomcat can run            // fine without the shutdown hook.        }        // Shut down the server        try {            Server s = getServer();            LifecycleState state = s.getState();            if (LifecycleState.STOPPING_PREP.compareTo(state) <= 0                    && LifecycleState.DESTROYED.compareTo(state) >= 0) {                // Nothing to do. stop() was already called            } else {                s.stop();                s.destroy();            }        } catch (LifecycleException e) {            log.error("Catalina.stop", e);        }    }

该方法首先移除关闭钩子,为什么要移除呢,因为他的任务已经完成了。然后设置useShutdownHook 为true。最后执行Server的stop方法,Server的stop方法基本和init方法和start方法一样,都是使用父类的模板方法,首先出发事件,然后调用stopInternal,该方法内部循环停止子容器,子容器递归停止,和我们之前的逻辑一致,不再赘述。destroy方法同理。

好了,我们已经看清了关闭钩子的逻辑,其实就是开辟一个守护线程交给虚拟机,然后虚拟机在某些异常情况(比如System.exit(0))前执行停止容器的逻辑。

好。我们回到start方法。

7. 回到 Catalina.start 方法

在设置好关闭钩子后,tomcat 的启动过程还没有启动完毕,接下来的逻辑式什么呢?

        if (useShutdownHook) {            if (shutdownHook == null) {                shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();            }            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);            // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since            // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost            // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()            LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();            if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {                ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(                        false);            }        }        if (await) {            await();            stop();        }

在设置完关闭钩子之后,会将 useShutdownHook 这个变量为false,然后执行 await 方法。然后执行stop方法,我们记得stop方法式关闭容器的方法,神经病啊,好不容易启动了,为什么又要关闭呢? 先不着急,我们还是看看 await 方法吧,该方法调用了Server.await 方法,我们来看看:

8. Catalian.await 方法实现

注意:该方法很长

    @Override    public void await() {        // Negative values - don't wait on port - tomcat is embedded or we just don't like ports        if( port == -2 ) {            // undocumented yet - for embedding apps that are around, alive.            return;        }        if( port==-1 ) {            try {                awaitThread = Thread.currentThread();                while(!stopAwait) {                    try {                        Thread.sleep( 10000 );                    } catch( InterruptedException ex ) {                        // continue and check the flag                    }                }            } finally {                awaitThread = null;            }            return;        }        // Set up a server socket to wait on        try {            awaitSocket = new ServerSocket(port, 1,                    InetAddress.getByName(address));        } catch (IOException e) {            log.error("StandardServer.await: create[" + address                               + ":" + port                               + "]: ", e);            return;        }        try {            awaitThread = Thread.currentThread();            // Loop waiting for a connection and a valid command            while (!stopAwait) {                ServerSocket serverSocket = awaitSocket;                if (serverSocket == null) {                    break;                }                // Wait for the next connection                Socket socket = null;                StringBuilder command = new StringBuilder();                try {                    InputStream stream;                    try {                        socket = serverSocket.accept();                        socket.setSoTimeout(10 * 1000);  // Ten seconds                        stream = socket.getInputStream();                    } catch (AccessControlException ace) {                        log.warn("StandardServer.accept security exception: "                                + ace.getMessage(), ace);                        continue;                    } catch (IOException e) {                        if (stopAwait) {                            // Wait was aborted with socket.close()                            break;                        }                        log.error("StandardServer.await: accept: ", e);                        break;                    }                    // Read a set of characters from the socket                    int expected = 1024; // Cut off to avoid DoS attack                    while (expected < shutdown.length()) {                        if (random == null)                            random = new Random();                        expected += (random.nextInt() % 1024);                    }                    while (expected > 0) {                        int ch = -1;                        try {                            ch = stream.read();                        } catch (IOException e) {                            log.warn("StandardServer.await: read: ", e);                            ch = -1;                        }                        if (ch < 32)  // Control character or EOF terminates loop                            break;                        command.append((char) ch);                        expected--;                    }                } finally {                    // Close the socket now that we are done with it                    try {                        if (socket != null) {                            socket.close();                        }                    } catch (IOException e) {                        // Ignore                    }                }                // Match against our command string                boolean match = command.toString().equals(shutdown);                if (match) {                    log.info(sm.getString("standardServer.shutdownViaPort"));                    break;                } else                    log.warn("StandardServer.await: Invalid command '"                            + command.toString() + "' received");            }        } finally {            ServerSocket serverSocket = awaitSocket;            awaitThread = null;            awaitSocket = null;            // Close the server socket and return            if (serverSocket != null) {                try {                    serverSocket.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    // Ignore                }            }        }    }

我们看一下他的逻辑:首先创建一个socketServer 链接,然后循环等待消息。如果发过来的消息为字符串SHUTDOWN, 那么就break,停止循环,关闭socket。否则永不停歇。回到我们刚刚的疑问,await 方法后面执行 stop 方法,现在一看就合情合理了,只要不发出关闭命令,则不会执行stop方法,否则则继续执行关闭方法。

到现在,Tomcat 的整体启动过程我们已经了然于胸了,总结一下就是:
1. 初始化类加载器。
2. 初始化容器并注册到JMX后启动容器。
3. 设置关闭钩子。
4. 循环等待关闭命令。

等一下。好像缺了点什么??? Tomcat 启动后就只接受关闭命令,接受的http请求怎么处理,还要不要做一个合格的服务器了??? 别急,实际上,这个是主线程,负责生命周期等事情。处理Http请求的线程在初始化容器和启动容器的时候由子容器做了,这块的逻辑我们下次再讲。大家不要疑惑。

9. 我们知道了Tomcat 是怎么启动的,那么是怎么关闭的呢?

顺便说说关闭的逻辑:

shutdown.sh 脚本同样会调用 Bootstrap的main 方法,不同是传递 stop参数, 我们看看如果传递stop参数会怎么样:

ry {            String command = "start";            if (args.length > 0) {                command = args[args.length - 1];            }            if (command.equals("startd")) {                args[args.length - 1] = "start";                daemon.load(args);                daemon.start();            }            else if (command.equals("stopd")) {                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";                daemon.stop();            }            else if (command.equals("start")) {                daemon.setAwait(true);                daemon.load(args);                daemon.start();            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {                daemon.stopServer(args);            } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {                daemon.load(args);                if (null==daemon.getServer()) {                    System.exit(1);                }                System.exit(0);            } else {                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");            }        } catch (Throwable t) {

可以看到调用的是 stopServer 方法,实际上就是 Catalina的stopServer 方法,我们看看该方法实现:

10. Catalina.stopServer 方法

 public void stopServer(String[] arguments) {        if (arguments != null) {            arguments(arguments);        }        Server s = getServer();        if( s == null ) {            // Create and execute our Digester            Digester digester = createStopDigester();            digester.setClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());            File file = configFile();            FileInputStream fis = null;            try {                InputSource is =                    new InputSource(file.toURI().toURL().toString());                fis = new FileInputStream(file);                is.setByteStream(fis);                digester.push(this);                digester.parse(is);            } catch (Exception e) {                log.error("Catalina.stop: ", e);                System.exit(1);            } finally {                if (fis != null) {                    try {                        fis.close();                    } catch (IOException e) {                        // Ignore                    }                }            }        } else {            // Server object already present. Must be running as a service            try {                s.stop();            } catch (LifecycleException e) {                log.error("Catalina.stop: ", e);            }            return;        }        // Stop the existing server        s = getServer();        if (s.getPort()>0) {            Socket socket = null;            OutputStream stream = null;            try {                socket = new Socket(s.getAddress(), s.getPort());                stream = socket.getOutputStream();                String shutdown = s.getShutdown();                for (int i = 0; i < shutdown.length(); i++) {                    stream.write(shutdown.charAt(i));                }                stream.flush();            } catch (ConnectException ce) {                log.error(sm.getString("catalina.stopServer.connectException",                                       s.getAddress(),                                       String.valueOf(s.getPort())));                log.error("Catalina.stop: ", ce);                System.exit(1);            } catch (IOException e) {                log.error("Catalina.stop: ", e);                System.exit(1);            } finally {                if (stream != null) {                    try {                        stream.close();                    } catch (IOException e) {                        // Ignore                    }                }                if (socket != null) {                    try {                        socket.close();                    } catch (IOException e) {                        // Ignore                    }                }            }        } else {            log.error(sm.getString("catalina.stopServer"));            System.exit(1);        }    }

注意,该停止命令的虚拟机和启动的虚拟机不是一个虚拟机,因此,没有初始化 Server , 进入 IF 块,解析 server.xml 文件,获取文件中端口,用以创建Socket。然后像启动服务器发送 SHUTDOWN 命令,关闭启动服务器,启动服务器退出刚刚的循环,执行后面的 stop 方法,最后退出虚拟机,就是这么简单。

11. 总结

我们从整体上解析了Tomcat的启动和关闭过程,发现不是很难,为什么?因为我们之前已经分析过很多遍了,有些逻辑我们已经清除了,这次分析只是来扫尾。复杂的Tomcat的启动过程我们基本就分析完了。我们知道了启动和关闭都依赖Socket。只是我们惊奇的发现他的关闭竟然是如此实现。很牛逼。我原以为会像我们平时一样,直接kill。哈哈哈。

好吧。今天我们就到这里 ,tomcat 这座大山我们已经啃的差不多了,还剩一个 URL 请求过程和连接器,这两个部分是高度关联的,因此,楼主也会将他们放在一起分析。透过源码看真相。

连接器,等着我们来撕开你的衣服!!!!

good luck !!!!

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