【C/C++】返回值与左值

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关于左值右值的定义,感觉好烦的样子,这里我们仅仅探讨返回值与左值的关系。

参考自:函数返回值作为左值问题(sunshinewave)


左值,简单来说就是可以放在等号左边被赋值。

为了更好讨论这个问题,我们首先将函数返回值分为C++内置类型与自定义类型。


对于内置类型,当返回值为值传递时,返回值实际是临时变量,不能作为左值,要想做左值,只能是返回引用。如下:

// 值传递#include <iostream>int GetInt() { return 3; }int main () {GetInt() = 4;return 0;}

编译报错:

a.cc: In function ‘int main()’:a.cc:6:11: error: lvalue required as left operand of assignment  GetInt() = 4;           ^


// 引用传递#include <iostream>int& GetInt() { int* p = new int;return *p; }int main () {GetInt() = 4;return 0;}

这次就没问题了,只不过内存泄露了o(╯□╰)o

// 常引用传递#include <iostream>const int& GetInt() { int* p = new int;return *p; }int main () {GetInt() = 4;return 0;}
编译报错,返回值为常引用,不能被修改。

考虑到当值传递时返回值实际是个临时变量,我们就别用 const 修饰了,没用的。


自定义类型与之类似:值传递的结果不能作为左值,但是可以调用成员函数。我们看个例子:

#include <iostream>class Student {public:Student(const std::string& name, const int age):name_(name),age_(age) {std::cout << "constructor" << std::endl;}Student(const Student& stu) {std::cout << "copy-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}Student& operator= (const Student& stu) {std::cout << "operator-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}void Display() { std::cout << name_ << ": " << age_ << std::endl; }~Student() { std::cout << "destrutor" << std::endl; }private:std::string name_;int age_;};Student Init(const std::string& name, const int age) {return Student(name, age);}int main () {Student stu1("lb", 26);Init("zyj", 26) = stu1;std::cout << "--------------------" << std::endl;return 0;}


运行结果如下:

constructorconstructoroperator-constructordestrutor--------------------destrutor

这里需要注意的是Init()的返回值确实不是左值,但为什么能够正确执行等号?答案是:对于自定义类型,我们重载了等号,所以实际上是调用了成员函数,这是允许的。只不过返回值作为一个临时变量

Init("zyj", 26) = stu1;
这句话执行完毕就析构了。细心的人可能会发现貌似少了一次拷贝构造与析构,原因是RVO,我们使用 -fno-elide-constructors 可以不做RVO优化,得到如下结果:

constructorconstructorcopy-constructordestrutoroperator-constructordestrutor--------------------destrutor


同样的,返回如果是引用,就是左值,调用成员函数当然没有问题的。

#include <iostream>class Student {public:Student(const std::string& name, const int age):name_(name),age_(age) {std::cout << "constructor" << std::endl;}Student(const Student& stu) {std::cout << "copy-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}Student& operator= (const Student& stu) {std::cout << "operator-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}void Display() { std::cout << name_ << ": " << age_ << std::endl; }~Student() { std::cout << "destrutor" << std::endl; }private:std::string name_;int age_;};Student& Init(const std::string& name, const int age) {return *(new Student(name, age));}int main () {Student stu1("lb", 26);Init("zyj", 26) = stu1;std::cout << "--------------------" << std::endl;return 0;}


输出结果:

constructorconstructoroperator-constructor--------------------destrutor

但如果返回类型加入 const 关键字,调用成员函数没问题,但只能调用 const 修饰的成员函数,否则编译会报错,如下:

#include <iostream>class Student {public:Student(const std::string& name, const int age):name_(name),age_(age) {std::cout << "constructor" << std::endl;}Student(const Student& stu) {std::cout << "copy-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}Student& operator= (const Student& stu) {std::cout << "operator-constructor" << std::endl;if (this != &stu) {name_ = stu.name_;age_ = stu.age_;}}void Display() { std::cout << name_ << ": " << age_ << std::endl; }~Student() { std::cout << "destrutor" << std::endl; }private:std::string name_;int age_;};const Student& Init(const std::string& name, const int age) {return *(new Student(name, age));}int main () {Student stu1("lb", 26);Init("zyj", 26) = stu1;std::cout << "--------------------" << std::endl;return 0;}

编译报错:

a.cc: In function ‘int main()’:a.cc:36:18: error: passing ‘const Student’ as ‘this’ argument discards qualifiers [-fpermissive]  Init("zyj", 26) = stu1;                  ^a.cc:15:12: note:   in call to ‘Student& Student::operator=(const Student&)’   Student& operator= (const Student& stu) {

由于 operator= 重载并未被 const 修饰,所以无法被 const 修饰的对象调用,不论是值还是引用。

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