Linux kernel bootargs全解

使用命令：man bootparam，可以看kernel支持的所有的bootargs。下面展示其运行后的结果：

BOOTPARAM(7)                                              Linux Programmer's Manual                                              BOOTPARAM(7)NAME       bootparam - introduction to boot time parameters of the Linux kernelDESCRIPTION       The  Linux  kernel  accepts  certain 'command-line options' or 'boot time parameters' at the moment it is started.  In general this is       used to supply the kernel with information about hardware parameters that the kernel would not be able to determine on its own, or  to       avoid/override the values that the kernel would otherwise detect.       When  the  kernel is booted directly by the BIOS (say from a floppy to which you copied a kernel using 'cp zImage /dev/fd0'), you have       no opportunity to specify any parameters.  So, in order to take advantage of this possibility you have to use a boot  loader  that  is       able to pass parameters, such as GRUB.   The argument list       The  kernel  command line is parsed into a list of strings (boot arguments) separated by spaces.  Most of the boot arguments take have       the form:           name[=value_1][,value_2]...[,value_10]       where 'name' is a unique keyword that is used to identify what part of the kernel the associated values (if any) are to be  given  to.       Note the limit of 10 is real, as the present code handles only 10 comma separated parameters per keyword.  (However, you can reuse the       same keyword with up to an additional 10 parameters in unusually complicated situations, assuming the setup function supports it.)       Most of the sorting is coded in the kernel source file init/main.c.  First, the kernel checks to see if the argument  is  any  of  the       special  arguments  'root=',  'nfsroot=',  'nfsaddrs=',  'ro',  'rw',  'debug'  or  'init'.  The meaning of these special arguments is       described below.       Then it walks a list of setup functions (contained in the bootsetups array) to see if the specified argument string  (such  as  'foo')       has been associated with a setup function ('foo_setup()') for a particular device or part of the kernel.  If you passed the kernel the       line foo=3,4,5,6 then the kernel would search the bootsetups array to see if 'foo' was registered.  If it was, then it would call  the       setup function associated with 'foo' (foo_setup()) and hand it the arguments 3, 4, 5 and 6 as given on the kernel command line.       Anything of the form 'foo=bar' that is not accepted as a setup function as described above is then interpreted as an environment vari‐       able to be set.  A (useless?) example would be to use 'TERM=vt100' as a boot argument.       Any remaining arguments that were not picked up by the kernel and were not interpreted as environment variables are then  passed  onto       process  one,  which is usually the init(1) program.  The most common argument that is passed to the init process is the word 'single'       which instructs it to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual daemons.  Check the manual page for the ver‐       sion of init(1) installed on your system to see what arguments it accepts.   General non-device specific boot arguments       'init=...'              This  sets  the  initial  command  to  be  executed by the kernel.  If this is not set, or cannot be found, the kernel will try              /sbin/init, then /etc/init, then /bin/init, then /bin/sh and panic if all of this fails.       'nfsaddrs=...'              This sets the nfs boot address to the given string.  This boot address is used in case of a net boot.       'nfsroot=...'              This sets the nfs root name to the given string.  If this string does not begin with '/' or ',' or a digit, then it is prefixed              by '/tftpboot/'.  This root name is used in case of a net boot.       'no387'              (Only  when CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.)  Some i387 coprocessor chips have bugs that show up when used in 32 bit protected mode.              For example, some of the early ULSI-387 chips would cause solid lockups while performing  floating-point  calculations.   Using              the 'no387' boot argument causes Linux to ignore the maths coprocessor even if you have one.  Of course you must then have your              kernel compiled with math emulation support!       'no-hlt'              (Only when CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.)  Some of the early i486DX-100 chips have a problem with the 'hlt' instruction,  in  that              they  can't  reliably  return  to operating mode after this instruction is used.  Using the 'no-hlt' instruction tells Linux to              just run an infinite loop when there is nothing else to do, and to not halt the CPU.  This  allows  people  with  these  broken              chips to use Linux.       'root=...'              This  argument tells the kernel what device is to be used as the root filesystem while booting.  The default of this setting is              determined at compile time, and usually is the value of the root device of the system that the kernel was built on.   To  over‐              ride this value, and select the second floppy drive as the root device, one would use 'root=/dev/fd1'.              The root device can be specified symbolically or numerically.  A symbolic specification has the form /dev/XXYN, where XX desig‐              nates the device type ('hd' for ST-506 compatible hard disk, with Y in 'a'-'d'; 'sd'  for  SCSI  compatible  disk,  with  Y  in              'a'-'e';  'ad' for Atari ACSI disk, with Y in 'a'-'e', 'ez' for a Syquest EZ135 parallel port removable drive, with Y='a', 'xd'              for XT compatible disk, with Y either 'a' or 'b'; 'fd' for floppy disk, with Y the floppy drive number—fd0  would  be  the  DOS              'A:'  drive,  and  fd1  would  be  'B:'), Y the driver letter or number, and N the number (in decimal) of the partition on this              device (absent in the case of floppies).  Recent kernels allow many other types,  mostly  for  CD-ROMs:  nfs,  ram,  scd,  mcd,              cdu535, aztcd, cm206cd, gscd, sbpcd, sonycd, bpcd.  (The type nfs specifies a net boot; ram refers to a ram disk.)              Note  that this has nothing to do with the designation of these devices on your filesystem.  The '/dev/' part is purely conven‐              tional.              The more awkward and less portable numeric specification of the above possible root  devices  in  major/minor  format  is  also              accepted.  (E.g., /dev/sda3 is major 8, minor 3, so you could use 'root=0x803' as an alternative.)       'rootfstype=...'              The 'rootfstype' option tells the kernel to mount the root filesystem as if it where of the type specified.  This can be useful              (for example) to mount an ext3 filesystem as ext2 and then remove the journal in the root filesystem,  in  fact  reverting  its              format from ext3 to ext2 without the need to boot the box from alternate media.       'ro' and 'rw'              The  'ro'  option  tells  the  kernel to mount the root filesystem as 'read-only' so that filesystem consistency check programs              (fsck) can do their work on a quiescent filesystem.  No processes can write to files on the filesystem in question until it  is              'remounted' as read/write capable, for example, by 'mount -w -n -o remount /'.  (See also mount(8).)              The 'rw' option tells the kernel to mount the root filesystem read/write.  This is the default.       'resume=...'              This  tells  the  kernel  the  location of the suspend-to-disk data that you want the machine to resume from after hibernation.              Usually, it is the same as your swap partition or file. Example:                  resume=/dev/hda2       'reserve=...'              This is used to protect I/O port regions from probes.  The form of the command is:                  reserve=iobase,extent[,iobase,extent]...              In some machines it may be necessary to prevent device drivers from checking for devices (auto-probing) in a  specific  region.              This  may  be  because of hardware that reacts badly to the probing, or hardware that would be mistakenly identified, or merely              hardware you don't want the kernel to initialize.              The reserve boot-time argument specifies an I/O port region that shouldn't be  probed.   A  device  driver  will  not  probe  a              reserved region, unless another boot argument explicitly specifies that it do so.              For example, the boot line                  reserve=0x300,32  blah=0x300              keeps all device drivers except the driver for 'blah' from probing 0x300-0x31f.       'mem=...'              The  BIOS  call  defined  in  the  PC specification that returns the amount of installed memory was designed only to be able to              report up to 64MB.  Linux uses this BIOS call at boot to determine how much memory is installed.  If you have more than 64MB of              RAM  installed,  you can use this boot argument to tell Linux how much memory you have.  The value is in decimal or hexadecimal              (prefix 0x), and the suffixes 'k' (times 1024) or 'M' (times 1048576) can be used.  Here is a quote from Linus on usage of  the              'mem=' parameter.                   The kernel will accept any 'mem=xx' parameter you give it, and if it turns out that you lied to it, it will crash horribly                   sooner or later.  The parameter indicates the highest addressable RAM address, so 'mem=0x1000000' means you have  16MB  of                   memory, for example.  For a 96MB machine this would be 'mem=0x6000000'.                   NOTE:  some  machines  might  use the top of memory for BIOS caching or whatever, so you might not actually have up to the                   full 96MB addressable.  The reverse is also true: some chipsets will map the physical memory that is covered by  the  BIOS                   area into the area just past the top of memory, so the top-of-mem might actually be 96MB + 384kB for example.  If you tell                   linux that it has more memory than it actually does have, bad things will happen: maybe not at once,  but  surely  eventu‐                   ally.              You  can  also use the boot argument 'mem=nopentium' to turn off 4 MB page tables on kernels configured for IA32 systems with a              pentium or newer CPU.       'panic=N'              By default the kernel will not reboot after a panic, but this option will cause a kernel  reboot  after  N  seconds  (if  N  is              greater than zero).  This panic timeout can also be set by                  echo N > /proc/sys/kernel/panic       'reboot=[warm|cold][,[bios|hard]]'              (Only  when  CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.)  Since 2.0.22 a reboot is by default a cold reboot.  One asks for the old default with              'reboot=warm'.  (A cold reboot may be required to reset certain hardware, but might destroy not yet  written  data  in  a  disk              cache.   A  warm reboot may be faster.)  By default a reboot is hard, by asking the keyboard controller to pulse the reset line              low, but there is at least one type of motherboard where that doesn't work.  The option 'reboot=bios' will instead jump through              the BIOS.       'nosmp' and 'maxcpus=N'              (Only  when  __SMP__  is  defined.)   A  command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP activation entirely; an              option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N.   Boot arguments for use by kernel developers       'debug'              Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they may be logged to disk.   Messages  with  a  priority              above console_loglevel are also printed on the console.  (For these levels, see <linux/kernel.h>.)  By default this variable is              set to log anything more important than debug messages.  This boot argument will cause the kernel to also print the messages of              DEBUG priority.  The console loglevel can also be set at run time via an option to klogd.  See klogd(8).       'profile=N'              It  is  possible  to enable a kernel profiling function, if one wishes to find out where the kernel is spending its CPU cycles.              Profiling is enabled by setting the variable prof_shift to a nonzero value.  This is done either by  specifying  CONFIG_PROFILE              at  compile time, or by giving the 'profile=' option.  Now the value that prof_shift gets will be N, when given, or CONFIG_PRO‐              FILE_SHIFT, when that is given, or 2, the default.  The significance of this variable is that it gives the granularity  of  the              profiling: each clock tick, if the system was executing kernel code, a counter is incremented:                  profile[address >> prof_shift]++;              The  raw  profiling  information  can  be read from /proc/profile.  Probably you'll want to use a tool such as readprofile.c to              digest it.  Writing to /proc/profile will clear the counters.       'swap=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,N8'              Set the eight parameters max_page_age, page_advance, page_decline, page_initial_age, age_cluster_fract, age_cluster_min,  page‐              out_weight, bufferout_weight that control the kernel swap algorithm.  For kernel tuners only.       'buff=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6'              Set  the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline, buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that con‐              trol kernel buffer memory management.  For kernel tuners only.   Boot arguments for ramdisk use       (Only if the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM.)  In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux—the  system  will       use  available memory more efficiently itself.  But while booting (or while constructing boot floppies) it is often useful to load the       floppy contents into a ramdisk.  One might also have a system in which first some modules (for filesystem or hardware) must be  loaded       before the main disk can be accessed.       In  Linux 1.3.48, ramdisk handling was changed drastically.  Earlier, the memory was allocated statically, and there was a 'ramdisk=N'       parameter to tell its size.  (This could also be set in the kernel image at compile time.)  These days ram disks use the buffer cache,       and  grow  dynamically.   For  a  lot  of information in conjunction with the new ramdisk setup, see the kernel source file Documenta‐       tion/blockdev/ramdisk.txt (Documentation/ramdisk.txt in older kernels).       There are four parameters, two boolean and two integral.       'load_ramdisk=N'              If N=1, do load a ramdisk.  If N=0, do not load a ramdisk.  (This is the default.)       'prompt_ramdisk=N'              If N=1, do prompt for insertion of the floppy.  (This is the default.)  If N=0, do not prompt.  (Thus, this parameter is  never              needed.)       'ramdisk_size=N' or (obsolete) 'ramdisk=N'              Set the maximal size of the ramdisk(s) to N kB.  The default is 4096 (4 MB).       'ramdisk_start=N'              Sets  the  starting  block number (the offset on the floppy where the ramdisk starts) to N.  This is needed in case the ramdisk              follows a kernel image.       'noinitrd'              (Only if the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM and CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD.)  These days it is possible to compile  the              kernel  to  use  initrd.   When this feature is enabled, the boot process will load the kernel and an initial ramdisk; then the              kernel converts initrd into a "normal" ramdisk, which is mounted read-write as root device; then /linuxrc is  executed;  after‐              ward the "real" root filesystem is mounted, and the initrd filesystem is moved over to /initrd; finally the usual boot sequence              (e.g., invocation of /sbin/init) is performed.              For a detailed description of the initrd feature, see the kernel source file Documentation/initrd.txt.              The 'noinitrd' option tells the kernel that although it was compiled for operation with initrd, it should not  go  through  the              above steps, but leave the initrd data under /dev/initrd.  (This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as the              last process that used it has closed /dev/initrd.)   Boot arguments for SCSI devices       General notation for this section:       iobase -- the first I/O port that the SCSI host occupies.  These are specified in hexadecimal notation, and usually lie in  the  range       from 0x200 to 0x3ff.       irq  --  the  hardware interrupt that the card is configured to use.  Valid values will be dependent on the card in question, but will       usually be 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15.  The other values are usually used for common  peripherals  like  IDE  hard  disks,  floppies,       serial ports, and so on.       scsi-id  --  the  ID  that the host adapter uses to identify itself on the SCSI bus.  Only some host adapters allow you to change this       value, as most have it permanently specified internally.  The usual default value is 7, but the  Seagate  and  Future  Domain  TMC-950       boards use 6.       parity  -- whether the SCSI host adapter expects the attached devices to supply a parity value with all information exchanges.  Speci‐       fying a one indicates parity checking is enabled, and a zero disables parity checking.  Again, not all adapters will support selection       of parity behavior as a boot argument.       'max_scsi_luns=...'              A  SCSI  device  can have a number of 'subdevices' contained within itself.  The most common example is one of the new SCSI CD-              ROMs that handle more than one disk at a time.  Each CD is addressed as a  'Logical  Unit  Number'  (LUN)  of  that  particular              device.  But most devices, such as hard disks, tape drives and such are only one device, and will be assigned to LUN zero.              Some  poorly  designed SCSI devices cannot handle being probed for LUNs not equal to zero.  Therefore, if the compile-time flag              CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN is not set, newer kernels will by default only probe LUN zero.              To specify the number of probed LUNs at boot, one enters 'max_scsi_luns=n' as a boot arg, where n is a number between  one  and              eight.  To avoid problems as described above, one would use n=1 to avoid upsetting such broken devices.       SCSI tape configuration              Some boot time configuration of the SCSI tape driver can be achieved by using the following:                  st=buf_size[,write_threshold[,max_bufs]]              The  first  two numbers are specified in units of kB.  The default buf_size is 32kB, and the maximum size that can be specified              is a ridiculous 16384kB.  The write_threshold is the value at which the buffer is committed to tape, with a  default  value  of              30kB.   The  maximum  number  of buffers varies with the number of drives detected, and has a default of two.  An example usage              would be:                  st=32,30,2              Full details can be found in the file Documentation/scsi/st.txt (or drivers/scsi/README.st for older kernels) in the Linux ker‐              nel source.       Adaptec aha151x, aha152x, aic6260, aic6360, SB16-SCSI configuration              The  aha  numbers refer to cards and the aic numbers refer to the actual SCSI chip on these type of cards, including the Sound‐              blaster-16 SCSI.              The probe code for these SCSI hosts looks for an installed BIOS, and if none is present, the probe will  not  find  your  card.              Then you will have to use a boot argument of the form:                  aha152x=iobase[,irq[,scsi-id[,reconnect[,parity]]]]              If the driver was compiled with debugging enabled, a sixth value can be specified to set the debug level.              All  the parameters are as described at the top of this section, and the reconnect value will allow device disconnect/reconnect              if a nonzero value is used.  An example usage is as follows:                  aha152x=0x340,11,7,1              Note that the parameters must be specified in order, meaning that if you want to specify a parity setting, then you  will  have              to specify an iobase, irq, scsi-id and reconnect value as well.       Adaptec aha154x configuration              The aha1542 series cards have an i82077 floppy controller onboard, while the aha1540 series cards do not.  These are busmaster‐              ing cards, and have parameters to set the "fairness" that is used to share the bus with other devices.  The boot argument looks              like the following.                  aha1542=iobase[,buson,busoff[,dmaspeed]]              Valid iobase values are usually one of: 0x130, 0x134, 0x230, 0x234, 0x330, 0x334.  Clone cards may permit other values.              The  buson,  busoff  values refer to the number of microseconds that the card dominates the ISA bus.  The defaults are 11us on,              and 4us off, so that other cards (such as an ISA LANCE Ethernet card) have a chance to get access to the ISA bus.              The dmaspeed value refers to the rate (in MB/s) at which the DMA (Direct Memory Access)  transfers  proceed.   The  default  is              5MB/s.   Newer  revision  cards allow you to select this value as part of the soft-configuration, older cards use jumpers.  You              can use values up to 10MB/s assuming that your motherboard is capable of handling it.  Experiment with caution if using  values              over 5MB/s.       Adaptec aha274x, aha284x, aic7xxx configuration              These boards can accept an argument of the form:                  aic7xxx=extended,no_reset              The  extended  value,  if  nonzero,  indicates  that  extended  translation for large disks is enabled.  The no_reset value, if              nonzero, tells the driver not to reset the SCSI bus when setting up the host adapter at boot.       AdvanSys SCSI Hosts configuration ('advansys=')              The AdvanSys driver can accept up to four I/O addresses that will be probed for an AdvanSys SCSI card.  Note that these  values              (if used) do not effect EISA or PCI probing in any way.  They are used only for probing ISA and VLB cards.  In addition, if the              driver has been compiled with debugging enabled, the level of debugging output can be set by adding  an  0xdeb[0-f]  parameter.              The 0-f allows setting the level of the debugging messages to any of 16 levels of verbosity.       AM53C974              Syntax:                  AM53C974=host-scsi-id,target-scsi-id,max-rate,max-offset       BusLogic SCSI Hosts configuration ('BusLogic=')              Syntax:                  BusLogic=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,S1,S2,...              For  an  extensive discussion of the BusLogic command line parameters, see the kernel source file drivers/scsi/BusLogic.c.  The              text below is a very much abbreviated extract.              The parameters N1-N5 are integers.  The parameters S1,... are strings.  N1 is the I/O Address at  which  the  Host  Adapter  is              located.   N2  is  the  Tagged Queue Depth to use for Target Devices that support Tagged Queuing.  N3 is the Bus Settle Time in              seconds.  This is the amount of time to wait between a Host Adapter Hard Reset which initiates a SCSI Bus Reset and issuing any              SCSI Commands.  N4 is the Local Options (for one Host Adapter).  N5 is the Global Options (for all Host Adapters).              The  string  options are used to provide control over Tagged Queuing (TQ:Default, TQ:Enable, TQ:Disable, TQ:<Per-Target-Spec>),              over Error Recovery (ER:Default, ER:HardReset, ER:BusDeviceReset, ER:None, ER:<Per-Target-Spec>), and over Host Adapter Probing              (NoProbe, NoProbeISA, NoSortPCI).       EATA/DMA configuration              The default list of I/O ports to be probed can be changed by                  eata=iobase,iobase,....       Future Domain TMC-16x0 configuration              Syntax:                  fdomain=iobase,irq[,adapter_id]       Great Valley Products (GVP) SCSI controller configuration              Syntax:                  gvp11=dma_transfer_bitmask       Future Domain TMC-8xx, TMC-950 configuration              Syntax:                  tmc8xx=mem_base,irq              The  mem_base value is the value of the memory mapped I/O region that the card uses.  This will usually be one of the following              values: 0xc8000, 0xca000, 0xcc000, 0xce000, 0xdc000, 0xde000.       IN2000 configuration              Syntax:                  in2000=S              where S is a comma-separated string of items keyword[:value].  Recognized keywords  (possibly  with  value)  are:  ioport:addr,              noreset,  nosync:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x, proc:x.  For the function of these parameters, see the kernel source file              drivers/scsi/in2000.c.       NCR5380 and NCR53C400 configuration              The boot argument is of the form                  ncr5380=iobase,irq,dma              or                  ncr53c400=iobase,irq              If the card doesn't use interrupts, then an IRQ value of 255 (0xff) will disable interrupts.  An IRQ  value  of  254  means  to              autoprobe.   More details can be found in the file Documentation/scsi/g_NCR5380.txt (or drivers/scsi/README.g_NCR5380 for older              kernels) in the Linux kernel source.       NCR53C8xx configuration              Syntax:                  ncr53c8xx=S              where S is a comma-separated string of items keyword:value.  Recognized keywords are: mpar (master_parity), spar (scsi_parity),              disc   (disconnection),  specf  (special_features),  ultra  (ultra_scsi),  fsn  (force_sync_nego),  tags  (default_tags),  sync              (default_sync), verb (verbose), debug (debug), burst (burst_max).  For the function of the  assigned  values,  see  the  kernel              source file drivers/scsi/ncr53c8xx.c.       NCR53c406a configuration              Syntax:                  ncr53c406a=iobase[,irq[,fastpio]]              Specify irq = 0 for noninterrupt driven mode.  Set fastpio = 1 for fast pio mode, 0 for slow mode.       Pro Audio Spectrum configuration              The PAS16 uses a NC5380 SCSI chip, and newer models support jumperless configuration.  The boot argument is of the form:                  pas16=iobase,irq              The  only  difference is that you can specify an IRQ value of 255, which will tell the driver to work without using interrupts,              albeit at a performance loss.  The iobase is usually 0x388.       Seagate ST-0x configuration              If your card is not detected at boot time, you will then have to use a boot argument of the form:                  st0x=mem_base,irq              The mem_base value is the value of the memory mapped I/O region that the card uses.  This will usually be one of the  following              values: 0xc8000, 0xca000, 0xcc000, 0xce000, 0xdc000, 0xde000.       Trantor T128 configuration              These cards are also based on the NCR5380 chip, and accept the following options:                  t128=mem_base,irq              The valid values for mem_base are as follows: 0xcc000, 0xc8000, 0xdc000, 0xd8000.       UltraStor 14F/34F configuration              The default list of I/O ports to be probed can be changed by                  eata=iobase,iobase,....       WD7000 configuration              Syntax:                  wd7000=irq,dma,iobase       Commodore Amiga A2091/590 SCSI controller configuration              Syntax:                  wd33c93=S              where  S  is  a  comma-separated  string  of options.  Recognized options are nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x,              debug:x, clock:x, next.  For details, see the kernel source file drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.   Hard disks       IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters              The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk geometry specifications, to support for broken  controller              chips.  Drive-specific options are specified by using 'hdX=' with X in 'a'-'h'.              Non-drive-specific  options  are specified with the prefix 'hd='.  Note that using a drive-specific prefix for a non-drive-spe‐              cific option will still work, and the option will just be applied as expected.              Also note that 'hd=' can be used to refer to the next unspecified drive in the (a, ..., h) sequence.  For the following discus‐              sions,  the  'hd=' option will be cited for brevity.  See the file Documentation/ide.txt (or drivers/block/README.ide for older              kernels) in the Linux kernel source for more details.       The 'hd=cyls,heads,sects[,wpcom[,irq]]' options              These options are used to specify the physical geometry of the disk.  Only the first three values  are  required.   The  cylin‐              der/head/sectors  values will be those used by fdisk.  The write precompensation value is ignored for IDE disks.  The IRQ value              specified will be the IRQ used for the interface that the drive resides on, and is not really a drive-specific parameter.       The 'hd=serialize' option              The dual IDE interface CMD-640 chip is broken as designed such that when drives on the secondary interface are used at the same              time  as drives on the primary interface, it will corrupt your data.  Using this option tells the driver to make sure that both              interfaces are never used at the same time.       The 'hd=dtc2278' option              This option tells the driver that you have a DTC-2278D IDE interface.  The driver then tries to do DTC-specific  operations  to              enable the second interface and to enable faster transfer modes.       The 'hd=noprobe' option              Do not probe for this drive.  For example,                  hdb=noprobe hdb=1166,7,17              would disable the probe, but still specify the drive geometry so that it would be registered as a valid block device, and hence              usable.       The 'hd=nowerr' option              Some drives apparently have the WRERR_STAT bit stuck on permanently.  This enables a work-around for these broken devices.       The 'hd=cdrom' option              This tells the IDE driver that there is an ATAPI compatible CD-ROM attached in place of a normal IDE hard disk.  In most  cases              the CD-ROM is identified automatically, but if it isn't then this may help.       Standard ST-506 Disk Driver Options ('hd=')              The  standard  disk driver can accept geometry arguments for the disks similar to the IDE driver.  Note however that it expects              only three values (C/H/S); any more or any less and it will silently ignore you.  Also, it accepts only 'hd=' as  an  argument,              that is, 'hda=' and so on are not valid here.  The format is as follows:                  hd=cyls,heads,sects              If there are two disks installed, the above is repeated with the geometry parameters of the second disk.       XT Disk Driver Options ('xd=')              If  you  are  unfortunate enough to be using one of these old 8 bit cards that move data at a whopping 125kB/s then here is the              scoop.  If the card is not recognized, you will have to use a boot argument of the form:                  xd=type,irq,iobase,dma_chan              The type value specifies the particular manufacturer of the card, overriding autodetection.  For the types to use, consult  the              drivers/block/xd.c source file of the kernel you are using.  The type is an index in the list xd_sigs and in the course of time              types have been added to or deleted from the middle of the list, changing all type numbers.  Today (Linux 2.5.0) the types  are              0=generic;  1=DTC 5150cx; 2,3=DTC 5150x; 4,5=Western Digital; 6,7,8=Seagate; 9=Omti; 10=XEBEC, and where here several types are              given with the same designation, they are equivalent.              The xd_setup() function does no checking on the values, and assumes that you entered all four  values.   Don't  disappoint  it.              Here is an example usage for a WD1002 controller with the BIOS disabled/removed, using the 'default' XT controller parameters:                  xd=2,5,0x320,3       Syquest's EZ* removable disks              Syntax:                  ez=iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]]   IBM MCA bus devices       See also the kernel source file Documentation/mca.txt.       PS/2 ESDI hard disks              It is possible to specify the desired geometry at boot time:                  ed=cyls,heads,sectors.              For a ThinkPad-720, add the option                  tp720=1.       IBM Microchannel SCSI Subsystem configuration              Syntax:                  ibmmcascsi=N              where N is the pun (SCSI ID) of the subsystem.       The Aztech Interface              The syntax for this type of card is:                  aztcd=iobase[,magic_number]              If  you  set the magic_number to 0x79 then the driver will try and run anyway in the event of an unknown firmware version.  All              other values are ignored.       Parallel port CD-ROM drives              Syntax:                  pcd.driveN=prt,pro,uni,mod,slv,dly                  pcd.nice=nice              where 'port' is the base address, 'pro' is the protocol number, 'uni' is the unit selector (for chained devices), 'mod' is  the              mode  (or  -1  to  choose the best automatically), 'slv' is 1 if it should be a slave, and 'dly' is a small integer for slowing              down port accesses.  The 'nice' parameter controls the driver's use of idle CPU time, at the expense of some speed.       The CDU-31A and CDU-33A Sony Interface              This CD-ROM interface is found on some of the Pro Audio Spectrum sound cards, and other Sony  supplied  interface  cards.   The              syntax is as follows:                  cdu31a=iobase,[irq[,is_pas_card]]              Specifying  an  IRQ  value  of zero tells the driver that hardware interrupts aren't supported (as on some PAS cards).  If your              card supports interrupts, you should use them as it cuts down on the CPU usage of the driver.              The is_pas_card should be entered as 'PAS' if using a Pro Audio Spectrum card, and otherwise it should not be specified at all.       The CDU-535 Sony Interface              The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:                  sonycd535=iobase[,irq]              A zero can be used for the I/O base as a 'placeholder' if one wishes to specify an IRQ value.       The GoldStar Interface              The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:                  gscd=iobase       The ISP16 CD-ROM Interface              Syntax:                  isp16=[iobase[,irq[,dma[,type]]]]              (Three integers and a string.)  If the type is given as 'noisp16', the interface will  not  be  configured.   Other  recognized              types are: 'Sanyo", 'Sony', 'Panasonic' and 'Mitsumi'.       The Mitsumi Standard Interface              The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:                  mcd=iobase,[irq[,wait_value]]              The  wait_value is used as an internal timeout value for people who are having problems with their drive, and may or may not be              implemented depending on a compile-time #define.  The Mitsumi FX400 is an IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM player and  does  not  use  the  mcd              driver.       The Mitsumi XA/MultiSession Interface              This is for the same hardware as above, but the driver has extended features.  Syntax:                  mcdx=iobase[,irq]       The Optics Storage Interface              The syntax for this type of card is:                  optcd=iobase       The Phillips CM206 Interface              The syntax for this type of card is:                  cm206=[iobase][,irq]              The driver assumes numbers between 3 and 11 are IRQ values, and numbers between 0x300 and 0x370 are I/O ports, so you can spec‐              ify one, or both numbers, in any order.  It also accepts 'cm206=auto' to enable autoprobing.       The Sanyo Interface              The syntax for this type of card is:                  sjcd=iobase[,irq[,dma_channel]]       The SoundBlaster Pro Interface              The syntax for this type of card is:                  sbpcd=iobase,type              where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings: 'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'.  The I/O base is  that  of              the CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card.   Ethernet devices       Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name.  In       its most generic form, it looks something like this:           ether=irq,iobase[,param_1[,...param_8]],name       The first nonnumeric argument is taken as the name.  The param_n values (if applicable) usually have different meanings for each  dif‐       ferent  card/driver.   Typical  param_n values are used to specify things like shared memory address, interface selection, DMA channel       and the like.       The most common use of this parameter is to force probing for a second ethercard, as the default is to probe only for one.   This  can       be accomplished with a simple:           ether=0,0,eth1       Note that the values of zero for the IRQ and I/O base in the above example tell the driver(s) to autoprobe.       The  Ethernet-HowTo  has extensive documentation on using multiple cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation of the param_n       values where used.  Interested readers should refer to the section in that document on their particular card.   The floppy disk driver       There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in Documentation/floppy.txt (or drivers/block/README.fd for  older  ker‐       nels) in the Linux kernel source.  This information is taken directly from that file.       floppy=mask,allowed_drive_mask              Sets  the  bit  mask of allowed drives to mask.  By default, only units 0 and 1 of each floppy controller are allowed.  This is              done because certain nonstandard hardware (ASUS PCI motherboards) mess up the keyboard when  accessing  units  2  or  3.   This              option is somewhat obsoleted by the cmos option.       floppy=all_drives              Sets the bit mask of allowed drives to all drives.  Use this if you have more than two drives connected to a floppy controller.       floppy=asus_pci              Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1.  (The default)       floppy=daring              Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller.  This allows more efficient and smoother operation, but              may fail on certain controllers.  This may speed up certain operations.       floppy=0,daring              Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used with caution.       floppy=one_fdc              Tells the floppy driver that you have only floppy controller (default)       floppy=two_fdc or floppy=address,two_fdc              Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers.  The second floppy controller is assumed to be  at  address.   If              address is not given, 0x370 is assumed.       floppy=thinkpad              Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad.  Thinkpads use an inverted convention for the disk change line.       floppy=0,thinkpad              Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad.       floppy=drive,type,cmos              Sets  the  cmos  type  of drive to type.  Additionally, this drive is allowed in the bit mask.  This is useful if you have more              than two floppy drives (only two can be described in the physical cmos), or if your BIOS uses nonstandard CMOS types.   Setting              the CMOS to 0 for the first two drives (default) makes the floppy driver read the physical cmos for those drives.       floppy=unexpected_interrupts              Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received (default behavior)       floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts or floppy=L40SX              Don't  print  a  message when an unexpected interrupt is received.  This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes.              (There seems to be an interaction between video and floppy.  The unexpected interrupts only affect performance, and can  safely              be ignored.)   The sound driver       The sound driver can also accept boot arguments to override the compiled in values.  This is not recommended, as it is rather complex.       It is described in the Linux kernel source file Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS (drivers/sound/Readme.linux in  older  kernel  ver‐       sions).  It accepts a boot argument of the form:           sound=device1[,device2[,device3...[,device10]]]              where each deviceN value is of the following format 0xTaaaId and the bytes are used as follows:              T - device type: 1=FM, 2=SB, 3=PAS, 4=GUS, 5=MPU401, 6=SB16, 7=SB16-MPU401              aaa - I/O address in hex.              I - interrupt line in hex (i.e 10=a, 11=b, ...)              d - DMA channel.              As  you  can  see  it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your own personal values as recommended.  Using a              boot argument of 'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely.   ISDN drivers       The ICN ISDN driver              Syntax:                  icn=iobase,membase,icn_id1,icn_id2              where icn_id1,icn_id2 are two strings used to identify the card in kernel messages.       The PCBIT ISDN driver              Syntax:                  pcbit=membase1,irq1[,membase2,irq2]              where membaseN is the shared memory base of the N'th card, and irqN is the interrupt setting of the N'th card.  The default  is              IRQ 5 and membase 0xD0000.       The Teles ISDN driver              Syntax:                  teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id              where  iobase  is the I/O port address of the card, membase is the shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt              channel the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier.   Serial port drivers       The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')              Syntax:                  riscom=iobase1[,iobase2[,iobase3[,iobase4]]]              More details can be found in the kernel source file Documentation/riscom8.txt.       The DigiBoard Driver ('digi=')              If this option is used, it should have precisely six parameters.  Syntax:                  digi=status,type,altpin,numports,iobase,membase              The parameters maybe given as integers, or as strings.  If strings are used, then iobase and membase should be given  in  hexa‐              decimal.   The integer arguments (fewer may be given) are in order: status (Enable(1) or Disable(0) this card), type (PC/Xi(0),              PC/Xe(1), PC/Xeve(2), PC/Xem(3)), altpin (Enable(1) or Disable(0) alternate pin arrangement), numports (number of ports on this              card),  iobase (I/O Port where card is configured (in HEX)), membase (base of memory window (in HEX)).  Thus, the following two              boot prompt arguments are equivalent:                  digi=E,PC/Xi,D,16,200,D0000                  digi=1,0,0,16,0x200,851968              More details can be found in the kernel source file Documentation/digiboard.txt.       The Baycom Serial/Parallel Radio Modem              Syntax:                  baycom=iobase,irq,modem              There are precisely 3 parameters; for several cards, give several 'baycom=' commands.  The modem parameter is a string that can              take  one  of  the  values  ser12,  ser12*, par96, par96*.  Here the * denotes that software DCD is to be used, and ser12/par96              chooses between the supported modem types.  For more  details,  see  the  file  Documentation/networking/baycom.txt  (or  driv‐              ers/net/README.baycom for older kernels) in the Linux kernel source.       Soundcard radio modem driver              Syntax:                  soundmodem=iobase,irq,dma[,dma2[,serio[,pario]]],0,mode              All parameters except the last are integers; the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code.  The mode parameter is              a string with syntax hw:modem, where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of afsk1200, fsk9600.   The line printer driver       'lp='              Syntax:                  lp=0                  lp=auto                  lp=reset                  lp=port[,port...]              You can tell the printer driver what ports to use and what ports not to use.  The latter comes in handy if you don't  want  the              printer driver to claim all available parallel ports, so that other drivers (e.g., PLIP, PPA) can use them instead.              The  format  of  the argument is multiple port names.  For example, lp=none,parport0 would use the first parallel port for lp1,              and disable lp0.  To disable the printer driver entirely, one can use lp=0.       WDT500/501 driver              Syntax:                  wdt=io,irq   Mouse drivers       'bmouse=irq'              The busmouse driver accepts only one parameter, that being the hardware IRQ value to be used.       'msmouse=irq'              And precisely the same is true for the msmouse driver.       ATARI mouse setup              Syntax:                  atamouse=threshold[,y-threshold]              If only one argument is given, it is used for both x-threshold and y-threshold.  Otherwise, the first argument is the x-thresh‐              old, and the second the y-threshold.  These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2.   Video hardware       'no-scroll'              This  option  tells  the  console  driver not to use hardware scroll (where a scroll is effected by moving the screen origin in              video memory, instead of moving the data).  It is required by certain Braille machines.SEE ALSO       klogd(8), mount(8)       Large parts of this man page have been derived from the Boot Parameter HOWTO (version 1.0.1) written by Paul Gortmaker.  More informa‐       tion  may be found in this (or a more recent) HOWTO.  An up-to-date source of information is the kernel source file Documentation/ker‐       nel-parameters.txt.COLOPHON       This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs,       can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux                                                             2013-08-01                                                     BOOTPARAM(7)