Ubuntu APT命令使用手册

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Ubuntu APT命令使用手册

一、常用APT命令

二、Apt帮助详解

三、Apt-get帮助详解

四、Apt-cache帮助详解

一、常用APT命令：

1.sudoapt-cache search package #搜索包

2.sudoapt-cache show package #获取包的相关信息，如说明，大小，版本。

3.sudoapt-cache depends package #了解包的依赖

4.sudoapt-get rdepends package #查看该包被那些包依赖

5.sudo apt-get install package #安装包

6.sudo apt-get install package=version #安装制定版本的包

7.sudo apt-get install package --reinstall #重新安装包

8.sudo apt-get -f install #修复安装(启动APT自动安装依赖关系的一个功能键，更新完源之后，如果APT还不能自行解决依赖关系，就可以执行一下这个命令)

9.sudoapt-get source package #下载该包的源代码

10.sudo apt-get remove package #删除包

11.sudo apt-get remove package --purge #删除包,包括删除配置文件等

12.sudo apt-get update #更新apt软件源数据库

13.sudo apt-get upgrade #更新已安装的软件包

14.sudo apt-get dist-upgrade #升级系统

15.sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade #使用dselect升级

16.sudo apt-get build-dep package #安装相关的编译环境

17.sudo apt-get clean & sudo apt-get autoclean #清理无用的包

18.sudo apt-get check #检查是否有损坏的依赖

二、Apt帮助详解

APT(8) APT APT(8)

NAME

apt - command-line interface

SYNOPSIS

apt [-h] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] [-t=target_release] [-a=architecture] {list | search | show |

update | install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... | remove pkg... | upgrade |

full-upgrade | edit-sources | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

DESCRIPTION

apt provides a high-level commandline interface for the package management system. It is intended as an

end user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default compared to

more specialized APT tools like apt-get(8) and apt-cache(8).

Much like apt itself, its manpage is intended as an end user interface and as such only mentions the most

used commands and options partly to not duplicate information in multiple places and partly to avoid

overwhelming readers with a cornucopia of options and details.

update (apt-get(8))

update is used to download package information from all configured sources. Other commands operate on

this data to e.g. perform package upgrades or search in and display details about all packages

available for installation.

upgrade (apt-get(8))

upgrade is used to install available upgrades of all packages currently installed on the system from

the sources configured via sources.list(5). New packages will be installed if required to statisfy

dependencies, but existing packages will never be removed. If an upgrade for a package requires the

remove of an installed package the upgrade for this package isn't performed.

full-upgrade (apt-get(8))

full-upgrade performs the function of upgrade but will remove currently installed packages if this is

needed to upgrade the system as a whole.

install, remove, purge (apt-get(8))

Performs the requested action on one or more packages specified via regex(7), glob(7) or exact match.

The requested action can be overridden for specific packages by append a plus (+) to the package name

to install this package or a minus (-) to remove it.

A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an

equals (=) and the version of the package to select. Alternatively the version from a specific release

can be selected by following the package name with a forward slash (/) and codename (jessie, stretch,

sid ...) or suite name (stable, testing, unstable). This will also select versions from this release

for dependencies of this package if needed to satisfy the request.

Removing a package removes all packaged data, but leaves usually small (modified) user configuration

files behind, in case the remove was an accident. Just issuing an installation request for the

accidentally removed package will restore its function as before in that case. On the other hand you

can get rid of these leftovers by calling purge even on already removed packages. Note that this does

not affect any data or configuration stored in your home directory.

autoremove (apt-get(8))

autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for

other packages and are now no longer needed as dependencies changed or the package(s) needing them

were removed in the meantime.

You should check that the list does not include applications you have grown to like even though they

were once installed just as a dependency of another package. You can mark such a package as manually

installed by using apt-mark(8). Packages which you have installed explicitly via install are also

never proposed for automatic removal.

search (apt-cache(8))

search can be used to search for the given regex(7) term(s) in the list of available packages and

display matches. This can e.g. be useful if you are looking for packages having a specific feature. If

you are looking for a package including a specific file try apt-file(1).

show (apt-cache(8))

Show information about the given package(s) including its dependencies, installation and download

size, sources the package is available from, the description of the packages content and much more. It

can e.g. be helpful to look at this information before allowing apt(8) to remove a package or while

searching for new packages to install.

list (work-in-progress)

list is somewhat similar to dpkg-query --list in that it can display a list of packages satisfying

certain criteria. It supports glob(7) patterns for matching package names as well as options to list

installed (--installed), upgradeable (--upgradeable) or all available (--all-versions) versions.

edit-sources (work-in-progress)

edit-sources lets you edit your sources.list(5) files in your preferred texteditor while also

providing basic sanity checks.

SCRIPT USAGE AND DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER APT TOOLS

The apt(8) commandline is designed as an end-user tool and it may change behavior between versions. While

it tries not to break backward compatibility this is not guaranteed either if a change seems beneficial

for interactive use.

All features of apt(8) are available in dedicated APT tools like apt-get(8) and apt-cache(8) as well.

apt(8) just changes the default value of some options (see apt.conf(5) and specifically the Binary scope).

So you should prefer using these commands (potentially with some additional options enabled) in your

scripts as they keep backward compatibility as much as possible.

SEE ALSO

apt-get(8), apt-cache(8), sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt-config(8), The APT User's guide in

/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/, apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.

DIAGNOSTICS

apt returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

BUGS

APT bug page[1]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or

the reportbug(1) command.

AUTHOR

APT team

NOTES

1. APT bug page

http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt

三、APT-GET帮助详解

APT-GET(8) APT APT-GET(8)

NAME

apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface

SYNOPSIS

apt-get [-asqdyfmubV] [-o=config_string] [-c=config_file] [-t=target_release] [-a=architecture] {update |

upgrade | dselect-upgrade | dist-upgrade |

install pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... | remove pkg... | purge pkg... |

source pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |

build-dep pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... |

download pkg [{=pkg_version_number | /target_release}]... | check | clean | autoclean |

autoremove | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

DESCRIPTION

apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be considered the user's "back-end" to

other tools using the APT library. Several "front-end" interfaces exist, such as aptitude(8), synaptic(8)

and wajig(1).

Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be present.

update

update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their sources. The indexes of available

packages are fetched from the location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when using

a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the Packages.gz files, so that information about

new and updated packages is available. An update should always be performed before an upgrade or

dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall progress meter will be incorrect as the size of the

package files cannot be known in advance.

upgrade

upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from

the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions

available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed,

or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed

packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left

at their current version. An update must be performed first so that apt-get knows that new versions of

packages are available.

dist-upgrade

dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also intelligently handles changing

dependencies with new versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it

will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if

necessary. The dist-upgrade command may therefore remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file

contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5)

for a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual packages.

dselect-upgrade

dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian packaging front-end, dselect(1).

dselect-upgrade follows the changes made by dselect(1) to the Status field of available packages, and

performs the actions necessary to realize that state (for instance, the removal of old and the

installation of new packages).

install

install is followed by one or more packages desired for installation or upgrading. Each package is a

package name, not a fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian system, apt-utils would be the

argument provided, not apt-utils_1.2.24_amd64.deb). All packages required by the package(s) specified

for installation will also be retrieved and installed. The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to

locate the desired packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no intervening space),

the identified package will be removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to

designate a package to install. These latter features may be used to override decisions made by

apt-get's conflict resolution system.

A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an

equals and the version of the package to select. This will cause that version to be located and

selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be selected by following the package

name with a slash and the version of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, unstable).

Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must be used with care.

This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more already-installed packages without

upgrading every package you have on your system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the

newest version of all currently installed packages, "install" will install the newest version of only

the package(s) specified. Simply provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a

newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described above) will be downloaded and

installed.

Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an alternative installation policy for

individual packages.

If no package matches the given expression and the expression contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it

is assumed to be a POSIX regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the database.

Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches

'how-lo' and 'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression with a '^' or '$'

character, or create a more specific regular expression.

remove

remove is identical to install except that packages are removed instead of installed. Note that

removing a package leaves its configuration files on the system. If a plus sign is appended to the

package name (with no intervening space), the identified package will be installed instead of removed.

purge

purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and purged (any configuration files are

deleted too).

source

source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine the available packages to decide

which source package to fetch. It will then find and download into the current directory the newest

available version of that source package while respecting the default release, set with the option

APT::Default-Release, the -t option or per package with the pkg/release syntax, if possible.

Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via deb-src lines in the sources.list(5)

file. This means that you will need to add such a line for each repository you want to get sources

from; otherwise you will probably get either the wrong (too old/too new) source versions or none at

all.

If the --compile option is specified then the package will be compiled to a binary .deb using

dpkg-buildpackage for the architecture as defined by the --host-architecture option. If

--download-only is specified then the source package will not be unpacked.

A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name with an equals and then the

version to fetch, similar to the mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching of

the source package name and version, implicitly enabling the APT::Get::Only-Source option.

Note that source packages are not installed and tracked in the dpkg database like binary packages;

they are simply downloaded to the current directory, like source tarballs.

build-dep

build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt to satisfy the build dependencies

for a source package. By default the dependencies are satisfied to build the package natively. If

desired a host-architecture can be specified with the --host-architecture option instead.

check

check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks for broken dependencies.

download

download will download the given binary package into the current directory.

clean

clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. It removes everything but the lock

file from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/.

autoclean (and the auto-clean alias since 1.1)

Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. The difference is

that it only removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This

allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it growing out of control. The

configuration option APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being erased if it is

set to off.

autoremove (and the auto-remove alias since 1.1)

autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for

other packages and are now no longer needed.

changelog

changelog tries to download the changelog of a package and displays it through sensible-pager. By

default it displays the changelog for the version that is installed. However, you can specify the same

options as for the install command.

indextargets

Displays by default a deb822 formatted listing of information about all data files (aka index targets)

apt-get update would download. Supports a --format option to modify the output format as well as

accepts lines of the default output to filter the records by. The command is mainly used as an

interface for external tools working with APT to get information as well as filenames for downloaded

files so they can use them as well instead of downloading them again on their own. Detailed

documentation is omitted here and can instead be found in the source tree in

doc/acquire-additional-files.txt.

OPTIONS

All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the descriptions indicate the

configuration option to set. For boolean options you can override the config file by using something like

-f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.

--no-install-recommends

Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for installing. Configuration Item:

APT::Install-Recommends.

--install-suggests

Consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing. Configuration Item: APT::Install-Suggests.

-d, --download-only

Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or installed. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Download-Only.

-f, --fix-broken

Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. This option, when used with

install/remove, can omit any packages to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are

specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option is sometimes necessary when

running APT for the first time; APT itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a

system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual

intervention (which usually means using dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages).

Use of this option together with -m may produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Fix-Broken.

-m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing

Ignore missing packages; if packages cannot be retrieved or fail the integrity check after retrieval

(corrupted package files), hold back those packages and handle the result. Use of this option together

with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a package is selected for installation

(particularly if it is mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then it will be

silently held back. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Missing.

--no-download

Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with --ignore-missing to force APT to use only the

.debs it has already downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download.

-q, --quiet

Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators. More q's will produce more

quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration

file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y; you should never use -qq without a no-action modifier such

as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may decide to do something you did not expect. Configuration Item:

quiet.

-s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act

No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur based on the current system state but do

not actually change the system. Locking will be disabled (Debug::NoLocking) so the system state could

change while apt-get is running. Simulations can also be executed by non-root users which might not

have read access to all apt configuration distorting the simulation. A notice expressing this warning

is also shown by default for non-root users (APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note). Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Simulate.

Simulated runs print out a series of lines, each representing a dpkg operation: configure (Conf),

remove (Remv) or unpack (Inst). Square brackets indicate broken packages, and empty square brackets

indicate breaks that are of no consequence (rare).

-y, --yes, --assume-yes

Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run non-interactively. If an

undesirable situation, such as changing a held package, trying to install a unauthenticated package or

removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will abort. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Assume-Yes.

--assume-no

Automatic "no" to all prompts. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-No.

-u, --show-upgraded

Show upgraded packages; print out a list of all packages that are to be upgraded. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.

-V, --verbose-versions

Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions.

-a, --host-architecture

This option controls the architecture packages are built for by apt-get source --compile and how

cross-builddependencies are satisfied. By default is it not set which means that the host architecture

is the same as the build architecture (which is defined by APT::Architecture). Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Host-Architecture.

-P, --build-profiles

This option controls the activated build profiles for which a source package is built by apt-get

source --compile and how build dependencies are satisfied. By default no build profile is active. More

than one build profile can be activated at a time by concatenating them with a comma. Configuration

Item: APT::Build-Profiles.

-b, --compile, --build

Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Compile.

--ignore-hold

Ignore package holds; this causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed on a package. This may be useful in

conjunction with dist-upgrade to override a large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item:

APT::Ignore-Hold.

--with-new-pkgs

Allow installing new packages when used in conjunction with upgrade. This is useful if the update of a

installed package requires new dependencies to be installed. Instead of holding the package back

upgrade will upgrade the package and install the new dependencies. Note that upgrade with this option

will never remove packages, only allow adding new ones. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Upgrade-Allow-New.

--no-upgrade

Do not upgrade packages; when used in conjunction with install, no-upgrade will prevent packages on

the command line from being upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Upgrade.

--only-upgrade

Do not install new packages; when used in conjunction with install, only-upgrade will install upgrades

for already installed packages only and ignore requests to install new packages. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Only-Upgrade.

--allow-downgrades

This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is doing

downgrades. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can potentially destroy

your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-downgrades. Introduced in APT 1.1.

--allow-remove-essential

Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is

removing essentials. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can potentially

destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-remove-essential. Introduced in APT 1.1.

--allow-change-held-packages

Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is

changing held packages. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using it can

potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::allow-change-held-packages. Introduced

in APT 1.1.

--force-yes

Force yes; this is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is doing

something potentially harmful. It should not be used except in very special situations. Using

force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::force-yes. This is

deprecated and replaced by --allow-downgrades, --allow-remove-essential, --allow-change-held-packages

in 1.1.

--print-uris

Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. Each URI will have the path, the

destination file name, the size and the expected MD5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will

not always match the file name on the remote site! This also works with the source and update

commands. When used with the update command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the

user to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Print-URIs.

--purge

Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An asterisk ("*") will be displayed

next to packages which are scheduled to be purged. remove --purge is equivalent to the purge command.

Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge.

--reinstall

Re-install packages that are already installed and at the newest version. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::ReInstall.

--list-cleanup

This option is on by default; use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off. When it is on, apt-get will

automatically manage the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The

only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your sources list. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::List-Cleanup.

-t, --target-release, --default-release

This option controls the default input to the policy engine; it creates a default pin at priority 990

using the specified release string. This overrides the general settings in /etc/apt/preferences.

Specifically pinned packages are not affected by the value of this option. In short, this option lets

you have simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved from. Some common examples

might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the

apt_preferences(5) manual page.

--trivial-only

Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be considered related to --assume-yes;

where --assume-yes will answer yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Trivial-Only.

--no-remove

If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts without prompting. Configuration Item:

APT::Get::Remove.

--auto-remove, --autoremove

If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts like running the autoremove command,

removing unused dependency packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove.

--only-source

Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates that the given source names are not

to be mapped through the binary table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands

will only accept source package names as arguments, rather than accepting binary package names and

looking up the corresponding source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source.

--diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only

Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only,

APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and APT::Get::Tar-Only.

--arch-only

Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only.

--allow-unauthenticated

Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about it. This can be useful while working

with local repositories, but is a huge security risk if data authenticity isn't ensured in another way

by the user itself. The usage of the Trusted option for sources.list(5) entries should usually be

preferred over this global override. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated.

--no-allow-insecure-repositories

Forbid the update command to acquire unverifiable data from configured sources. Apt will fail at the

update command for repositories without valid cryptographically signatures. Configuration Item:

Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories.

--show-progress

Show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when packages are installed, upgraded

or removed. For a machine parsable version of this data see README.progress-reporting in the apt doc

directory. Configuration Item: Dpkg::Progress and Dpkg::Progress-Fancy.

-h, --help

Show a short usage summary.

-v, --version

Show the program version.

-c, --config-file

Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will read the default

configuration file and then this configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before

the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable.

See apt.conf(5) for syntax information.

-o, --option

Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary configuration option. The syntax is -o

Foo::Bar=bar. -o and --option can be used multiple times to set different options.

FILES

/etc/apt/sources.list

Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/

File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.

/etc/apt/apt.conf

APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/

APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Parts.

/etc/apt/preferences

Version preferences file. This is where you would specify "pinning", i.e. a preference to get certain

packages from a separate source or from a different version of a distribution. Configuration Item:

Dir::Etc::Preferences.

/etc/apt/preferences.d/

File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.

/var/cache/apt/archives/

Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives.

/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/

Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives (partial will be

implicitly appended)

/var/lib/apt/lists/

Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in sources.list(5)

Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.

/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/

Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists (partial will be

implicitly appended)