Spring Boot(六)——Spring Date Jpa

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Spring Boot 学习笔记:                          

Spring Boot(一)——入门环境搭建      Spring Boot(二)——MyBatis             Spring Boot(三)——Redis  
Spring Boot(四)——Mongodb          Spring Boot(五)——RabbitMQ         Spring Boot(六)——Spring Data Jpa

GitHub地址:

https://github.com/lyhkmm/SpringBoot

一、Spring Date Jpa介绍

什么是JPA?

JPA是Java Persistence API的简称,中文名Java持久层API,是JDK5.0注解或XML描述对象-关系表的映射关系,并将运行期的实体对象持久化到数据库中。

Sun引入新的JPAORM规范出于两个原因:其一,简化现有JavaEE和JavaSE应用开发工作;其二,Sun希望整合ORM技术,结束现在Hibernate,TopLink,JDO等ORM框架各自为营的局面,实现天下归一。值得注意的是,JPA是在充分吸收了现有Hibernate,TopLink,JDO等ORM框架的基础上发展而来的,具有易于使用,伸缩性强等优点。

JPA是一套规范,不是一套产品。也就说JPA规范中提供的只是一些接口,显然接口不能直接拿来使用。虽然应用程序可以面向接口编程,但JPA底层一定需要某种JPA实现,否则JPA依然无法使用。

Spring Date Jpa

JPA诞生的缘由是为了整合第三方ORM框架,Spring为了能够更好的完善持久化这一块,于是就有了Spring-data-**这一系列包。包括:Spring-data-jpa,Spring-data-template,Spring-data-mongodb,Spring-data-redis。所以,Spring Data JPA 是 Spring 基于 ORM 框架、JPA 规范的基础上封装的一套JPA应用框架,可使开发者用极简的代码即可实现对数据的访问和操作。它提供了包括增删改查等在内的常用功能,且易于扩展!学习并使用 Spring Data JPA 可以极大提高开发效率!

官方文档:https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/

二、基本配置和操作

1、在第一节搭建好的基本环境pom.xml添加相关的依赖,这里用到的数据库是mysql,所以也要添加mysql的依赖:

<!--JPA模块--><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId></dependency><!--mysql--><dependency><groupId>mysql</groupId><artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId></dependency>

2、创建相关实体类(需要相关的sql语句,请到文章最下方的github):

用户实体:User

package com.lyh.demo.entity;import com.lyh.demo.entity.enums.Sex;import javax.persistence.Entity;import javax.persistence.Id;import java.io.Serializable;@Entitypublic class User implements Serializable{    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;    @Id    private long id;    private String userName;    private String password;    private int age;    private Sex sex;    public long getId() {        return id;    }    public void setId(long id) {        this.id = id;    }    public String getUserName() {        return userName;    }    public void setUserName(String userName) {        this.userName = userName;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    public int getAge() {        return age;    }    public void setAge(int age) {        this.age = age;    }    public Sex getSex() {        return sex;    }    public void setSex(Sex sex) {        this.sex = sex;    }    @Override    public String toString() {        return "User{" +                "id=" + id +                ", userName='" + userName + '\'' +                ", password='" + password + '\'' +                ", age=" + age +                ", sex=" + sex +                '}';    }}

性别枚举:Sex

package com.lyh.demo.entity.enums;public enum Sex {    男,女}

3、常用的CRUB(crud是指在做计算处理时的增加(Create)、读取查询(Retrieve)、更新(Update)和删除(Delete)几个单词的首字母简写)操作:

新建包com.lyh.demo.repository后创建UserRepository接口,继承JpaRepository

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> {}

使用JpaRepository自带的方法,新建包com.lyh.demo.controller后新建类JpaController:

public class JpaController {    @Autowired    UserRepository userRepository;    @Autowired    GameScoreRepository gameScoreRepository;    @RequestMapping("/findAll")    public void findAll(){        //使用默认方法findAll()获取所用数据        List<User> userList = userRepository.findAll();        if(userList !=null){            for (User user : userList){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }/*        User user =userRepository.findOne(1L);        user =userRepository.findOne(1L);        这些默认方法可根据方法名可以看出方法的作用,这里就不一一说明了        userRepository.save(user);        userRepository.delete(user);        userRepository.deleteAll();        userRepository.count();        userRepository.exists(1L);*/    }}

浏览器访问:后可以看到终端输出sql语句和内容:

Hibernate: select user0_.id as id1_1_, user0_.age as age2_1_, user0_.password as password3_1_, user0_.sex as sex4_1_, user0_.user_name as user_nam5_1_ from user user0_User{id=0, userName='null', password='null', age=0, sex=女}User{id=1, userName='小明', password='123456', age=20, sex=男}User{id=2, userName='小明', password='1234567', age=21, sex=男}User{id=3, userName='小红', password='12345678', age=22, sex=女}User{id=4, userName='小李', password='12345678', age=25, sex=男}User{id=5, userName='小陈', password='12345678', age=20, sex=男}User{id=6, userName='小钱', password='12345678', age=20, sex=女}User{id=7, userName='小林', password='12345678', age=20, sex=男}User{id=8, userName='小赵', password='12345678', age=20, sex=女}

4、自定义方法查询

可以通过方法名自定义简单的查询,如List<User> findByUserName(String userName),根据用户姓名查找。自定义查询方法可以参考下面的UserRepository接口的方法和关键字对应的Sql语句表。

UserRepository接口

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User,Long> {    List<User> findByUserName(String userName);    User findByUserNameAndPassword(String userName, String password);    User findTopByOrderByAgeDesc();}
Sql语句表
KeywordSampleJPQL snippetAndfindByLastnameAndFirstname… where x.lastname = ?1 and x.firstname = ?2OrfindByLastnameOrFirstname… where x.lastname = ?1 or x.firstname = ?2Is,EqualsfindByFirstname,findByFirstnameIs,
findByFirstnameEquals
… where x.firstname = 1?BetweenfindByStartDateBetween… where x.startDate between 1? and ?2LessThanfindByAgeLessThan… where x.age < ?1LessThanEqualfindByAgeLessThanEqual… where x.age <= ?1GreaterThanfindByAgeGreaterThan… where x.age > ?1GreaterThanEqualfindByAgeGreaterThanEqual… where x.age >= ?1AfterfindByStartDateAfter… where x.startDate > ?1BeforefindByStartDateBefore… where x.startDate < ?1IsNullfindByAgeIsNull… where x.age is nullIsNotNull,NotNullfindByAge(Is)NotNull… where x.age not nullLikefindByFirstnameLike… where x.firstname like ?1NotLikefindByFirstnameNotLike… where x.firstname not like ?1StartingWithfindByFirstnameStartingWith… where x.firstname like ?1 (parameter bound with appended %)EndingWithfindByFirstnameEndingWith… where x.firstname like ?1 (parameter bound with prepended %)ContainingfindByFirstnameContaining… where x.firstname like ?1 (parameter bound wrapped in %)OrderByfindByAgeOrderByLastnameDesc… where x.age = ?1 order by x.lastname descNotfindByLastnameNot… where x.lastname <> ?1InfindByAgeIn(Collection<Age> ages)… where x.age in ?1NotInfindByAgeNotIn(Collection<Age> age)… where x.age not in ?1TruefindByActiveTrue()… where x.active = trueFalsefindByActiveFalse()… where x.active = falseIgnoreCasefindByFirstnameIgnoreCase… where UPPER(x.firstame) = UPPER(?1)

5、分页查询

使用Spring封装的分页实现类。在查询的方法中,需要传入参数Pageable。有多个参数的时候,Pageable最好最后一个参数传入。

UserRepository接口添加相应的方法:

Page<User> findALL(Pageable pageable);    Page<User> findByUserName(String userName,Pageable pageable);
在Controller层使用:
@RequestMapping("/page")    public void page() {        //分页的页码,从0开始        int page=0;        //每页有多少行数据,2就表示两条        int size=2;        String userName="小明";        //排序规则        Sort sort=new Sort(Sort.Direction.DESC,"id");        //添加页面、行数和排序规则        Pageable pageable=new PageRequest(page,size,sort);        //根据分页规则查找所有数据        Page<User> userPage1=userRepository.findAll(pageable);        if(userPage1!=null){            System.out.println("findAll:");            for (User user :userPage1){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }        //根据分页规则查找指定用户的数据        Page<User> userPage2=userRepository.findByUserName(userName,pageable);        if(userPage2!=null){            System.out.println("findByUserName:");            for (User user :userPage2){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }    }
浏览器访问地址后,终端输出:
Hibernate: select user0_.id as id1_1_, user0_.age as age2_1_, user0_.password as password3_1_, user0_.sex as sex4_1_, user0_.user_name as user_nam5_1_ from user user0_ order by user0_.id desc limit ?Hibernate: select count(user0_.id) as col_0_0_ from user user0_findAll:User{id=8, userName='小赵', password='12345678', age=20, sex=女}User{id=7, userName='小林', password='12345678', age=20, sex=男}Hibernate: select user0_.id as id1_1_, user0_.age as age2_1_, user0_.password as password3_1_, user0_.sex as sex4_1_, user0_.user_name as user_nam5_1_ from user user0_ where user0_.user_name=? order by user0_.id desc limit ?Hibernate: select count(user0_.id) as col_0_0_ from user user0_ where user0_.user_name=?findByUserName:User{id=2, userName='小明', password='1234567', age=21, sex=男}User{id=1, userName='小明', password='123456', age=20, sex=男}

6、限制查询

查询方法的结果可以通过关键字first或者top来限制,它们可以交替使用。在top/firest后添加数字来表示返回最大的结果数。如果没有数字,则默认假定1作为结果大小。

UserRepository接口添加方法:

    List<User> findFirst2ByAge(int age, Sort sort);    List<User> findTop3ByAge(int age, Pageable pageable);    Page<User> queryFirst3ByAge(int age, Pageable pageable);

在Controller层使用这些方法:

@RequestMapping("/limit")    public void limit(){        int page=0;        int size=3;        int age=20;        Sort sort=new Sort(Sort.Direction.DESC,"id");        Pageable pageable=new PageRequest(page,size);        //根据排序规则和年龄获取前2行        List<User> userList1 =userRepository.findFirst2ByAge(age,sort);        if(userList1 !=null){            System.out.println("findFirst2ByAge:");            for (User user : userList1){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }        //分页年龄获取前三行        List<User> userList2 =userRepository.findTop3ByAge(age,pageable);        if(userList2 !=null){            System.out.println("findTop3ByAge:");            for (User user : userList2){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }        //这里的query官方文档没有介绍,测试发现和find功能一样        Page<User> userPage1=userRepository.queryFirst3ByAge(age,pageable);        if(userPage1!=null){            System.out.println("queryFirst3ByAge:");            for (User user :userPage1){                System.out.println(user.toString());            }        }

可以参考下官方文档介绍的一些方法:

User findFirstByOrderByLastnameAsc();User findTopByOrderByAgeDesc();Page<User> queryFirst10ByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);Slice<User> findTop3ByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);List<User> findFirst10ByLastname(String lastname, Sort sort);List<User> findTop10ByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);

自定义SQL语句查询,有时候根据业务的需求,可能需要自定义SQL语句。这时候Spring Data Jpa 提供了一系列注释方法:

@Query注解写的是SQL语句。

@Modifying如涉及到删除和修改在需要加上。

@Transactional 对事物的支持,查询超时的设置等

UserRepository接口添加方法:

    @Query("update User set userName=?2 where id=?1")    @Transactional(timeout = 100)    @Modifying()    int updateUserNameById(long id,String userName);

7、多表查询

多表查询在spring data jpa中有两种实现方式

第一种:利用hibernate的级联查询来实现;

第二种:创建一个结果集的接口来接收连表查询后的结果;

这里介绍下第二种方式。

业务需求:显示用户游戏分数的记录。

首先先创建用来保存游戏分数的实体类GameScore:

@Entitypublic class GameScore {    @Id    private long id;    private String name;    private int score;    private long userId;    private Timestamp createTime;    public long getId() {        return id;    }    public void setId(long id) {        this.id = id;    }    public String getName() {        return name;    }    public void setName(String name) {        this.name = name;    }    public int getScore() {        return score;    }    public void setScore(int score) {        this.score = score;    }    public long getUserId() {        return userId;    }    public void setUserId(long userId) {        this.userId = userId;    }    public Timestamp getCreateTime() {        return createTime;    }    public void setCreateTime(Timestamp createTime) {        this.createTime = createTime;    }}

多表查询结果集的接口类,将查询的结果映射到相应的getXxxx()方法中:

public interface GameRank {    String getUserName();    String getName();    int getScore();}

然后创建查询方法,新建GameScoreRepository接口后添加自定义Sql语句的查询方法,代码如下:

public interface GameScoreRepository extends JpaRepository<GameScore,Long>{    @Query("select u.userName as userName,gs.name as name,gs.score as score from GameScore gs,User u where gs.userId=u.id and gs.name=?1")    List<GameRank> findRankByName(String name);}
最后controllerl层添加使用方法:
@RequestMapping("/findRankByName")    public void findRankByName(){        List<GameRank> gameRankList=gameScoreRepository.findRankByName("2048小游戏");        for(GameRank gameRank:gameRankList){            System.out.println("用户名:"+gameRank.getName()+"  游戏名:"+gameRank.getUserName()+"  得分"+gameRank.getScore());        }    }
浏览器访问相应的地址后终端输出:
Hibernate: select user1_.user_name as col_0_0_, gamescore0_.name as col_1_0_, gamescore0_.score as col_2_0_ from game_score gamescore0_ cross join user user1_ where gamescore0_.user_id=user1_.id and gamescore0_.name=?用户名:2048小游戏  游戏名:小明  得分512用户名:2048小游戏  游戏名:小明  得分1024用户名:2048小游戏  游戏名:小明  得分2048
结束,更多内容可以查看Spring的官方文档:https://docs.spring.io/spring-data/jpa/docs/current/reference/html/
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