L1-Ansible安装
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1、Ansible介绍
Ansible 是一个简单轻量级的自动化运维管理工具，基于Python语言实现。主要包含了两大模块Paramiko和PyYAML两个关键模块构建。可用于自动化部署应用、分发修改配置、CI等。
Ansible与Saltstack最大的却别时Ansible无需被控主机部署任何的客户端代理，默认直接通过ssh通道进行远程执行或者下发配置：相同点是具备功能强大、灵活的系统管理、状态设置，两者都提供丰富的模块及API。
不过Ansible虽然说不要客户端，但是客户端必须要有python的环境，而且默认情况下，Ansible识别的时python ，不能有其他任何的名字，否则，就会造成服务端和客户端的工作出现错误。在后期如果执行了一些强大的模块，还需要python客户端有这个模块才能执行，否则报错。下面演示下
演示：
主机：
服务端：192.168.59.126|python2.7|ansible 2.4.2.0
客户端：192.168.59.195|python2.6|xxxxxxxxxx
客户端的python正常存在的情况下：
# ansible 192.168.59.195 -m ping192.168.59.195 | SUCCESS => { "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}接下来把192.168.59.195的python改名成python_backup：
# whereis pythonpython: /usr/bin/python2.6 /usr/bin/python /usr/lib/python2.6 /usr/lib64/python2.6 /usr/include/python2.6 /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz# cd /usr/bin/# mv python python_bakcup# python-bash: python: command not found
服务端执行后报错：
# ansible 192.168.59.195 -m ping192.168.59.195 | FAILED! => { "changed": false, "module_stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.59.195 closed.\r\n", "module_stdout": "/bin/sh: /usr/bin/python: 没有那个文件或目录\r\n", "msg": "MODULE FAILURE", "rc": 0}解决方法：
+可以指定目标主机的python解释器：
ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/env python2.6
-shell实现方法：
# ansible 192.168.59.195 -m ping -e "ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python2.6"192.168.59.195 | SUCCESS => { "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}+INI配置文件实现方法：
192.168.59.195 ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python2.6
-效果：
# ansible 192.168.59.195 -m ping 192.168.59.195 | SUCCESS => { "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}+YAML（Playbooks）实现方法：
---- hosts: 192.168.59.195 remote_user: root vars: ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/env python2.6 tasks: - name: Ping hosts ping:
-实现效果：
# ansible-playbook basice.ymlPLAY [192.168.59.195] ******************************************************************************************************************************************TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************************************************ok: [192.168.59.195]TASK [Ping hosts] **********************************************************************************************************************************************ok: [192.168.59.195]PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************************************************192.168.59.195 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
=Summed up=：到这里我们就已经证实了，ansible虽然没有客户端，但是它依赖客户端的python环境，不过这个不影响，因为python现在已经成为一种标准,linux系统哪怕是最小化安装也是有python环境的。看不懂这里没关系，这里只是开始，只要记牢"ansible虽然没有客户端但是依赖客户端的python环境"，前面的看不懂忘记了也没关系，这要以后遇到问题知道问题出在哪里即可，这个主要时用于排错。
2、Ansible安装
=三种方法=：
这里以centos6 为例
1）使用源码编译安装
Github上有源码包，但是需要确定系统是否有git,如果没有执行#yum install git -y 即可。
# git clone https://github.com/ansible/ansible.git# cd ansible/# make rpm#成功后倒数几行内容如下Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /root/ansible/rpm-build/BUILDROOT/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.x86_64Wrote: /root/ansible/rpm-build/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.src.rpmWrote: /root/ansible/rpm-build/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.noarch.rpmExecuting(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.RH4zrH+ umask 022+ cd /root/ansible/rpm-build+ cd ansible-2.5.0+ rm -rf /root/ansible/rpm-build/BUILDROOT/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.x86_64+ exit 0#############################################Ansible RPM is built: rpm-build/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.noarch.rpm############################################## echo $?0# rpm -Uvh ./rpm-build/ansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.noarch.rpm # rpm -qa | grep ansibleansible-2.5.0-100.git201712201153.b3ff93e.devel.el6.noarch
注意：
编译是最麻烦的一种方法，但是编译自由度非常高，这里编译可能会遇到各种软件包的没有，需要自己手动安装，或者python模块不存在，默认编译的时候调用的是系统环境变量中/usr/bin/env python版本，所以安装python模块也需要安装与之对应的python上去。如果出错一定要学会看报错的那几行，尤其是倒数10行，基本上就是他说缺什么，你装的什么的节奏很快的。
先说yum安装把，以centos6为例
*首先需要安装epel源，这个源可以安装官方的也可以安装国内的，国内的比如阿里云的epel源等等速度都是非常客观的。
或者前往官方的地址下载最新的ansible版本，地址：http://releases.ansible.com/ansible/rpm/release/（这个就不多阐述了）
*安装ansible，ansible2.4 需要python版本为python2.6 或者更高的python版本。
检查系统的python版本：
# python --versionPython 2.6.6运气很好，刚好2.6
检查系统是否有epel源：
如果是安装epel的rpm包的话可以使用命令查看：
#rpm -qa | grep epel
如果没有安装rpm包，可以通过yum makecache的方式查看（这里方法很多）
# yum makecache已加载插件：fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * epel: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.combase | 3.7 kB 00:00 epel | 4.7 kB 00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 元数据缓存已建立
安装ansible：
# yum install ansible -y
ubuntu安装：
$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ansible/ansible$ sudo apt-get update$ sudo apt-get install ansible
使用软件仓库安装可以非常省事，尤其是依赖关系
3)使用python的pypi仓库安装
这种方法需要有一个自信的网络，默认的pypi仓库时国外的，当然软件也会是最新的。一般建议修改成国内的pypi镜像仓库，比如aliyun、豆瓣、清华、中科院等等开源镜像站都有。使用国内的开源镜像站或者指定的开源镜像站的方法也很简单。
临时生效：
pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple 软件包名
永久生效（以linux为主）：
在用户的家目录下（一般是root），创建一个目录：
mkdir ~/.pip/ -p
创建一个文件
echo "[global]" > ~/.pip/pip.confecho "https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ " >> ~/pip/pip.conf
然后调用pip安装就很快了。
下面开始使用pip安装ansible
# pip install ansible
安装过程会自动解决一些依赖，相比编译后面两种方法都是简单的，而且快速的。
使用pip安装的时候可能会报错，如果是以下错误，我这里提供一个解决思路：
/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. InsecurePlatformWarning Downloading PyNaCl-1.0.1.tar.gz (2.7MB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 2.7MB 230kB/s Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info: Couldn't find index page for 'cffi' (maybe misspelled?) No local packages or download links found for cffi>=1.1.0 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 20, in <module> File "/tmp/pip-build-ABovhP/pynacl/setup.py", line 259, in <module> "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/distutils/core.py", line 113, in setup _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 221, in __init__ self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs.pop('setup_requires')) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 245, in fetch_build_eggs parse_requirements(requires), installer=self.fetch_build_egg File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 538, in resolve dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, self, installer) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 780, in best_match return self.obtain(req, installer) # try and download/install File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 792, in obtain return installer(requirement) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 293, in fetch_build_egg return cmd.easy_install(req) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 466, in easy_install raise DistutilsError(msg) distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Could not find suitable distribution for Requirement.parse('cffi>=1.1.0')（1）首先，看到最后一行，找不到一个叫cffi==1.1.0版本的软件。
（2）既然没有那我们就安装一下（这里后来我又安装了1.7.0）：
# pip install cffi==1.1.0
InsecurePlatformWarning Downloading cffi-1.1.0.tar.gz (323kB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 327kB 324kB/s Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info: unable to execute gcc: No such file or directory unable to execute gcc: No such file or directory No working compiler found, or bogus compiler options passed to the compiler from Python's distutils module. See the error messages above. (If they are about -mno-fused-madd and you are on OS/X 10.8, see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22313407/ .) compiling '_configtest.c': __thread int some_threadlocal_variable_42; compiling '_configtest.c': int some_regular_variable_42; ----------------------------------------Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-7EP_ql/cffi
WTF，不要急，遇到问题一定要看日志。
如上提示中：unable to execute gcc: No such file or directory
没有gcc目录，那是不是gcc没有安装呢？
带着这个疑问我们去安装一下yum install gcc -y 果然没有安装
（3）安装gcc后我们再来执行
# pip install cffi==1.1.0You are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 9.0.1 is available.You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.Collecting cffi==1.1.0/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:90: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. InsecurePlatformWarning Using cached cffi-1.1.0.tar.gzCollecting pycparser (from cffi==1.1.0) Downloading pycparser-2.18.tar.gz (245kB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 249kB 1.3MB/s Installing collected packages: pycparser, cffi Running setup.py install for pycparser Running setup.py install for cffiSuccessfully installed cffi-1.1.0 pycparser-2.18
这里要等等，前面不是还有一个pynacl的包也安装失败了，那么我先安装一下：
# pip install pynacl==1.0.1You are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 9.0.1 is available.You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.Collecting pynacl==1.0.1/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:90: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. InsecurePlatformWarning Using cached PyNaCl-1.0.1.tar.gzCollecting six (from pynacl==1.0.1) Downloading six-1.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whlRequirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): cffi>=1.1.0 in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from pynacl==1.0.1)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pycparser in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cffi>=1.1.0->pynacl==1.0.1)Installing collected packages: six, pynacl Running setup.py install for pynaclSuccessfully installed pynacl-1.0.1 six-1.11.0
在安装ansible成功即可：
# pip install ansibleYou are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 9.0.1 is available.You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.Collecting ansible/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:90: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. InsecurePlatformWarning Using cached ansible-2.4.2.0.tar.gzRequirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): jinja2 in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): PyYAML in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from ansible)Collecting paramiko (from ansible) Using cached paramiko-2.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whlRequirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): cryptography in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): setuptools in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): MarkupSafe>=0.23 in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from jinja2->ansible)Collecting bcrypt>=3.1.3 (from paramiko->ansible) Using cached bcrypt-3.1.4.tar.gzCollecting pyasn1>=0.1.7 (from paramiko->ansible) Using cached pyasn1-0.4.2-py2.py3-none-any.whlRequirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pynacl>=1.0.1 in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from paramiko->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): idna>=2.1 in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cryptography->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cryptography->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): six>=1.4.1 in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cryptography->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): enum34 in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cryptography->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): ipaddress in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cryptography->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): cffi>=1.1 in /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages (from bcrypt>=3.1.3->paramiko->ansible)Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pycparser in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (from cffi>=1.1->bcrypt>=3.1.3->paramiko->ansible)Installing collected packages: bcrypt, pyasn1, paramiko, ansible Running setup.py install for bcrypt Running setup.py install for ansibleSuccessfully installed ansible-2.4.2.0 bcrypt-3.1.4 paramiko-2.4.0 pyasn1-0.4.2
这里说明一下，pypi仓库中的软件有很多版本，有很多时候报错是由于版本不兼容导致的。
在使用pip安装的时候，官方还提供了一个安装开发版本的方法：
pip install git+https://github.com/ansible/ansible.git@devel
参考：
http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/
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