PXE自动化部署操作系统

来源：互联网发布：编程培训加盟编辑：程序博客网时间：2024/05/21 18:37

说明：

对于单台服务器上的OS安装，我们可以手动进行，若是一个集群服务中的多个节点超过50台服务器的OS安装，手动安装显然是不可行的，因此作为系统运维工程师自动化运维是我们必不可缺的技能。

PXE是一种引导协议，它通过网络来启动系统安装过程。

一、环境准备

在Centos6 操作系统上实现PXE的自动化部署OS，所依赖的服务有：dhcp, tftp, fileserver(http,ftp,nfs)，依赖的安装源:kickstart文件，可引导内核-vimlinuz,initrd.img文件。

PXE自动化部署OS拓扑图

节点准备：节点zly准备两块网卡，将网卡eth0做外接网卡，将第二块网卡eth1做PXE完成自动化部署OS，网卡eth0桥接模式，网卡eth1内网模式vmnet2；

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[root@ zly ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
DEVICE=eth1
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.20.3
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.20.3
HWADDR=00:0C:29:73:9F:1B
..................
[root@ zly ~]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:73:9F:11
          inet addr:172.16.20.8  Bcast:172.16.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:9f11/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:12463 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:6010 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:11748882 (11.2 MiB)  TX bytes:515051 (502.9 KiB)
eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:73:9F:1B
          inet addr:192.168.20.3  Bcast:192.168.20.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe73:9f1b/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:468 (468.0 b)
[root@ zly ~]# service network restart

二、下载镜像光盘至本地准备PXE所依赖的安装源

1、下载光盘镜像，并查看所需要的文件；

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[root@zly ~]# lftp http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror
cd: received redirection to `http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/'
cd ok, cwd=/cobbler/ks_mirror
lftp 172.16.0.1:/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos-6.4-x86_64> ls
-rw-r--r--           14  2013-03-06 02:28  CentOS_BuildTag
drwxr-xr-x            -  2013-07-05 07:42  EFI
........
drwxr-xr-x            -  2013-07-05 07:42  cache
drwxr-xr-x            -  2013-07-05 07:42  images
drwxr-xr-x            -  2013-07-05 07:42  isolinux
drwxr-xr-x            -  2013-07-05 07:42  repodata
lftp 172.16.0.1:/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos-6.4-x86_64> mirror isolinux/
Total: 1 directory, 11 files, 0 symlinks                      
New: 11 files, 0 symlinks
37045107 bytes transferred in 3 seconds (10.82M/s)
lftp 172.16.0.1:/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos-6.4-x86_64> mirror images/
Total: 2 directories, 7 files, 0 symlinks                       
New: 7 files, 0 symlinks
207128660 bytes transferred in 28 seconds (7.18M/s)
lftp 172.16.0.1:/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos-6.4-x86_64> bye
................................
[root@ zly ~]# ls isolinux/
boot.cat  grub.conf   isolinux.bin  memtest     TRANS.TBL     vmlinuz
boot.msg  initrd.img  isolinux.cfg  splash.jpg  vesamenu.c32
[root@ zly ~]# ls images/pxeboot/
initrd.img  TRANS.TBL  vmlinuz

2、创建挂载光盘镜像的目录并挂载光盘

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[root@zly ~]# mkdir /var/ftp/pub/centos-6.4-x86_64 -pv
mkdir: created directory `/var/ftp/pub/centos-6.4-x86_64'
[root@zly ~]# mount -r /dev/cdrom /var/ftp/pub/centos-6.4-x86_64/
[root@zly ~]# cd /var/ftp/pub/centos-6.4-x86_64/
[root@zly centos-6.4-x86_64]# ls
CentOS_BuildTag  isolinux                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
EFI              Packages                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EULA             RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
GPL              repodata                  TRANS.TBL
images           RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

三、安装PXE实现部署所依赖的服务

1、安装vsftpd服务,并启动服务；

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[root@zly ~]# yum -y install vsftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-11.el6_3.1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
.................................
Installed:
  vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-11.el6_3.1
Complete!
.................................
[root@ zly ~]# service vsftpd start
Starting vsftpd for vsftpd:                                [  OK  ]
[root@ zly ~]# ss -tanlp | grep vsftpd
LISTEN     0      32                        *:21                       *:*      users:(("vsftpd",8968,3))

2、确认已配置好的yum源，并安装dhcp

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[root@zly ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/centos.repo
[yum1]
name=centos6.4
baseurl=http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos-6.4-x86_64/
enable=1
gpgcheck=0
[yum2]
name=fedora
baseurl=http://172.16.0.1/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/
enable=1
gpgcheck=0
[yum3]
name=extr
baseurl=http://172.16.0.1/centos/6/extras/x86_64/
enable=1
gpgcheck=0
........................
[root@zly ~]# yum -y install dhcp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.1.1-34.P1.el6.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
.................
Installed:
  dhcp.x86_64 12:4.1.1-34.P1.el6.centos                                      
Complete!

四、修改dhcp的配置文件

1、dhcp服务是使用PXE的前提，通过dhcp服务可以告知tftp服务的地址，以及要加载的文件；

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[root@zly ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp
dhclient-4.1.1/    dhcp-4.1.1/        dhcp-common-4.1.1/
[root@zly ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
cp: overwrite `/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf'? y
[root@zly ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
option domain-name "xiaozheng.com";
option domain-name-servers 172.16.20.8;
default-lease-time 43200;
max-lease-time 86400;
..................
subnet 192.168.20.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.100
        option routers 192.168.20.3
}
:.,$s@^\([^#]\)@#\1@g  注释当前行及其之后的行
[root@ zly ~]# service dhcpd start
Starting dhcpd:                                            [  OK  ]
[root@ zly ~]# ss -uanlp | grep dhcp
UNCONN     0      0                         *:67                       *:*      users:(("dhcpd",6578,7))

2、在配置文件中添加指向tftp服务器及PXE文件目录

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[root@ zly ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
subnet 192.168.20.0 netmask 255.255.255.0{
        range 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.100;
        option routers 192.168.20.3;
}
next-server 192.168.20.3;
filename="pxelinux.0";
........
[root@ zly ~]# service dhcpd restart
Shutting down dhcpd:                                       [  OK  ]
Starting dhcpd:                                            [  OK  ]

五、tftp服务的安装配置

1、安装使用tftp服务，查看tftp根目录的‘pxelinux'存放路径，并启动xinetd服务；

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[root@ zly ~]# yum -y install syslinux tftp tftp-server
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package syslinux.x86_64 0:4.02-8.el6 will be installed
---> Package tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6 will be installed
---> Package tftp-server.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6 will be installed
........................
Installed:
  syslinux.x86_64 0:4.02-8.el6               tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6         
  tftp-server.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6         
Dependency Installed:
  xinetd.x86_64 2:2.3.14-38.el6                                                
Complete!
.........................
[root@ zly ~]# cd /etc/xinetd.d/
[root@ zly xinetd.d]# ls
chargen-dgram   daytime-stream  echo-dgram   tcpmux-server  time-stream
chargen-stream  discard-dgram   echo-stream  tftp
daytime-dgram   discard-stream  rsync        time-dgram
[root@ zly xinetd.d]# vim tftp
        server                  = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
        server_args             = -s /var/lib/tftpboot
        disable                 = yes
..............................
[root@ zly xinetd.d]# chkconfig tftp on
[root@ zly xinetd.d]# service xinetd restart
Stopping xinetd:                                           [  OK  ]
Starting xinetd:                                           [  OK  ]
[root@ zly xinetd.d]# ss -uanlp
State       Recv-Q Send-Q        Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port
UNCONN      0      0                         *:751                      *:*      users:(("rpc.statd",1423,5))
UNCONN      0      0                         *:111                      *:*      users:(("rpcbind",1404,6))
UNCONN      0      0                         *:631                      *:*      users:(("cupsd",1547,9))
UNCONN      0      0                         *:67                       *:*      users:(("dhcpd",6664,7))
UNCONN      0      0                         *:69                       *:*      users:(("xinetd",6752,5))

六、配置PXE部署OS所需的安装源

1、从所下载的镜像文件中添加PXE部署OS所需要的相关文件；

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[root@ zly ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  install.log         isolinux     pxelinux.0
images           install.log.syslog  package.xml
[root@ zly ~]# cd isolinux/
[root@ zly isolinux]# ls
boot.cat  grub.conf   isolinux.bin  memtest     TRANS.TBL     vmlinuz
boot.msg  initrd.img  isolinux.cfg  splash.jpg  vesamenu.c32
......................
[root@ zly isolinux]# cp {boot.msg,splash.jpg,vesamenu.c32} /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@ zly isolinux]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@ zly tftpboot]# ls
boot.msg  pxelinux.0  splash.jpg  vesamenu.c32
......................
[root@ zly ~]# cp images/pxeboot/{vmlinuz,initrd.img} /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@ zly ~]# ls /var/lib/tftpboot/
boot.msg  initrd.img  pxelinux.0  splash.jpg  vesamenu.c32  vmlinuz

2、创建PXE配置文件

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[root@ zly ~]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
[root@ zly ~]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# ls
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# cp /root/isolinux/isolinux.cfg default
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# ls
default
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# vim default
label linux
  menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system
  menu default
  kernel vmlinuz
  append initrd=initrd.img ks=ftp://192.168.20.3/pub/kickstart/centos6.cfg
  ...............
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# chmod +x default

七、配置PXE所需的kickstart文件

1、创建kickstart文件；

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[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# mkdir -pv /var/lib/pub/kickstart/
mkdir: created directory `/var/lib/pub'
mkdir: created directory `/var/lib/pub/kickstart/'
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# vim default
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]# yum -y install system-config-kickstart
[root@ zly pxelinux.cfg]#  system-config-kickstart
Xlib:  extension "RANDR" missing on display "localhost:11.0".
/usr/share/system-config-kickstart/kickstartGui.py:103: GtkWarning: GtkSpinButton: setting an adjustment with non-zero page size is deprecated
  xml = gtk.glade.XML ("/usr/share/system-config-kickstart/system-config-kickstart.glade", domain="system-config-kickstart")
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
.................

*（基图形化界面创建）

需要修改内容如下，其他选项使用默认配置

1）修改安装方法

2）修改磁盘分区

3）修改安装后脚本，并保存

至此kickstart文件创建完毕保存则可以使用

2、修改已经创建的kickstart文件，并重启vsftpd服务

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[root@ zly ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  images       install.log.syslog  package.xml
centos6.cfg      install.log  isolinux            pxelinux.0
[root@ zly ~]# cat anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@ zly ~]# vim centos6.cfg
url --url="ftp://192.168.20.3/pub/centos-6.4-x86_64"
............
clearpart --all --initlabel
part /boot --fstype=ext4 --size=200
part pv.008002 --size=61440
volgroup vg0 --pesize=8192 pv.008002
logvol / --fstype=ext4 --name=root --vgname=vg0 --size=20480
logvol swap --name=swap --vgname=vg0 --size=2048
logvol /usr --fstype=ext4 --name=usr --vgname=vg0 --size=10240
logvol /var --fstype=ext4 --name=var --vgname=vg0 --size=20480
...........
[root@ zly ~]# service vsftpd restart
Shutting down vsftpd:                                      [  OK  ]
Starting vsftpd for vsftpd:                                [  OK  ]

八、使用PXE完成自动化部署OS

新建虚拟机安装OS，将其网卡连接模式改为内网模式vmnet2，启动安装流程，部署过程如下：

1）OS安装选择界面

2）等待NetworkManager配置网卡

3）从属检测

4）安装OS包

5）安装完毕后，重启主机即可使用已安装的系统。

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