经典sql

精点,经典,
1、说明：复制表(只复制结构,源表名：a 新表名：b) (Access可用)
法一：select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二：select top 0 * into b from a
2、说明：拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名：a 目标表名：b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
3、说明：跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
例子：..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"/data.mdb" &"' where..
4、说明：子查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
5、说明：显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
6、说明：外连接查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
7、说明：在线视图查询(表名1：a )
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
8、说明：between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
9、说明：in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
10、说明：两张关联表，删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
11、说明：四表联查问题：
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
12、说明：日程安排提前五分钟提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
13、说明：一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
14、说明：前10条记录
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
15、说明：选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
16、说明：包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
17、说明：随机取出10条数据
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
18、说明：随机选择记录
select newid()
19、说明：删除重复记录
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
20、说明：列出数据库里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type='U'
21、说明：列出表里的所有的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
22、说明：列示type、vender、pcs字段，以type字段排列，case可以方便地实现多重选择，类似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
显示结果：
type vender pcs
电脑 A 1
电脑 A 1
光盘 B 2
光盘 A 2
手机 B 3
手机 C 3
23、说明：初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
24、说明：选择从10到15的记录
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc
--如何将exec执行结果放入变量中？
declare @num int,
@sqls nvarchar(4000)
set @sqls='select @a=count(*) from tableName '
exec sp_executesql @sqls,N'@a int output',@num output
select @num

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
动态sql语句基本语法
1 :普通SQL语句可以用Exec执行
eg: Select * from tableName
Exec('select * from tableName')
Exec sp_executesql N'select * from tableName' -- 请注意字符串前一定要加N
2:字段名，表名，数据库名之类作为变量时，必须用动态SQL
eg:
declare @fname varchar(20)
set @fname = 'FiledName'
Select @fname from tableName -- 错误,不会提示错误，但结果为固定值FiledName,并非所要。
Exec('select ' + @fname + ' from tableName') -- 请注意 加号前后的 单引号的边上加空格
当然将字符串改成变量的形式也可
declare @fname varchar(20)
set @fname = 'FiledName' --设置字段名
declare @s varchar(1000)
set @s = 'select ' + @fname + ' from tableName'
Exec(@s) -- 成功
exec sp_executesql @s -- 此句会报错

declare @s Nvarchar(1000) -- 注意此处改为nvarchar(1000)
set @s = 'select ' + @fname + ' from tableName'
Exec(@s) -- 成功
exec sp_executesql @s -- 此句正确
3. 输出参数
declare @num int,
@sqls nvarchar(4000)
set @sqls='select count(*) from tableName'
exec(@sqls)
--如何将exec执行结果放入变量中？
declare @num int,
@sqls nvarchar(4000)
set @sqls='select @a=count(*) from tableName '
exec sp_executesql @sqls,N'@a int output',@num output
select @num

在CSDN上學到了一些
1.日期算當月天數:
    select Day(dateadd(day,-1,convert(datetime,convert(char(07),dateadd(m,1,getdate()),120)+'-01')))
    select 32-Day(getdate()+(32-Day(getdate())))
2.簡單的分割字串:
    用' union all select 'replace'分割符'
3....
  
Order By可以指定列序而不用指定列名,在下面的例子里说明它的用处(注意,第三列未指定别名)
Select a.ID,a.Name,(Select Count(*) From TableB b Where a.ID=b.PID) From TableA a Order By 3
--修改用户数据库的排序规则
ater database dbname collate SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
--修改字段的排序规则
alter table a alter column c2 varchar(50) collate SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
--按姓氏笔画排序
select * from 表名 order by 列名 Collate Chinese_PRC_Stroke_ci_as

--按拼音首字母排序
select * from 表名 order by 列名 Collate Chinese_PRC_CS_AS_KS_WS
--查找一个Server下含有某个表名的数据库名字
EXEC sp_msforeachdb '
USE [?]
IF OBJECT_ID(N''表名'') IS NOT NULL
PRINT N''?'''
--查询所有表名、字段名及字段描述
select
     表名=object_name(id),
     列名=col_name(object_id(object_name(id)),smallid),
     描述=value
from   sysproperties
--查询所有表的记录数明细
--方法(1)
select  
     a.name,b.rows  
from  
     sysobjects a, sysindexes b
where  
     a.name=b.name and   a.type='u'
--方法(2)
sp_msforeachtable 'select ''?'' as ''表名'',(select sum(1) from ?) as ''记录数'''
--复制表(表结构)
--方法(1)
select * into Employee_bak from Employee where 1<>1
--方法(2)
select top 0 * into Employee_bak from Employee
--方法(3)
--企业管理器中的右键表-->复制,然后在查询分析器中粘贴查看SQL语句
--判断两字符是否完全(区分大小写)相等(如何判断字符的大小写)
declare   @v   nvarchar(10)  
declare   @p   nvarchar(10)  
set   @v='NIPSAN'  
if   cast(@v as   varbinary)= cast(@p as varbinary)  
     print N'相等'  
else
     print N'不等'  
--得到数据库中所有表的空间/记录情况
exec sp_MSForEachTable
@precommand=N'
create table ##(
id int identity,
表名 sysname,
字段数 int,
记录数 int,
保留空间 Nvarchar(10),
使用空间 varchar(10),
索引使用空间 varchar(10),
未用空间 varchar(10))',
@command1=N'insert ##(表名,记录数,保留空间,使用空间,索引使用空间,未用空间) exec sp_spaceused ''?''
update ## set 字段数=(select count(*) from syscolumns where id=object_id(''?''))
where id=scope_identity()', @postcommand=N'select * from ## order by id drop table ##'--查看硬盘分区:
EXEC master..xp_fixeddrives
--Order By的一个小技巧
/*
Order By可以指定列序而不用指定列名,在下面的例子里说明它的用处(注意,第三列未指定别名)
Select a.ID,a.Name,(Select Count(*) From TableB b Where a.ID=b.PID) From TableA a Order By 3
*/
表结构新
SELECT
表名=case when a.colorder=1 then d.name else '' end,
表说明=case when a.colorder=1 then isnull(f.value,'') else '' end,
字段序号=a.colorder,
字段名=a.name,
标识=case when COLUMNPROPERTY( a.id,a.name,'IsIdentity')=1 then '√'else '' end,
主键=case when exists(SELECT 1 FROM sysobjects where xtype='PK' and parent_obj=a.id and name in (
SELECT name FROM sysindexes WHERE indid in(
SELECT indid FROM sysindexkeys WHERE id = a.id AND colid=a.colid
))) then '√' else '' end,
类型=b.name,
占用字节数=a.length,
长度=COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'PRECISION'),
小数位数=isnull(COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'Scale'),0),
允许空=case when a.isnullable=1 then '√'else '' end,
默认值=isnull(e.text,''),
字段说明=isnull(g.[value],''),
索引名称=isnull(h.索引名称,''),
索引顺序=isnull(h.排序,'')
FROM syscolumns a
left join systypes b on a.xtype=b.xusertype
inner join sysobjects d on a.id=d.id   and d.xtype='U' and d.status>=0
left join syscomments e on a.cdefault=e.id
left join sysproperties g on a.id=g.id and a.colid=g.smallid  
left join sysproperties f on d.id=f.id and f.smallid=0
left join(--这部分是索引信息,如果要显示索引与表及字段的对应关系,可以只要此部分
select 索引名称=a.name,c.id,d.colid
,排序=case indexkey_property(c.id,b.indid,b.keyno,'isdescending')
when 1 then '降序' when 0 then '升序' end
from sysindexes a
join sysindexkeys b on a.id=b.id and a.indid=b.indid
join (--这里的作用是有多个索引时,取索引号最小的那个
select id,colid,indid=min(indid) from sysindexkeys
group by id,colid) b1 on b.id=b1.id and b.colid=b1.colid and b.indid=b1.indid
join sysobjects c on b.id=c.id and c.xtype='U' and c.status>=0
join syscolumns d on b.id=d.id and b.colid=d.colid
where a.indid not in(0,255)
) h on a.id=h.id and a.colid=h.colid
--where d.name='要查询的表'     --如果只查询指定表,加上此条件
order by a.id,a.colorder
--索引信息
--索引信息
select 索引名称=case when b.keyno=1 then a.name else '' end
,表名=case when b.keyno=1 then c.name else '' end
,列名=d.name
,排序=case indexkey_property(c.id,b.indid,b.keyno,'isdescending')
when 1 then '降序' when 0 then '升序' end
,聚集=INDEXPROPERTY(c.id,a.name,'IsClustered')
,唯一=case INDEXPROPERTY(c.id,a.name,'IsUnique')
when 0 then '非唯一'
when 1 then case when e.id is null then '唯一索引' else '唯一约束' end
end
,e.name
,填充因子=a.OrigFillFactor
from sysindexes a
join sysindexkeys b on a.id=b.id and a.indid=b.indid
--join (--这里的作用是有多个索引时,取索引号最小的那个
--select id,colid,indid=min(indid) from sysindexkeys
--group by id,colid) b1 on b.id=b1.id and b.colid=b1.colid and b.indid=b1.indid
join sysobjects c on b.id=c.id and c.xtype='U' and c.status>=0
join syscolumns d on b.id=d.id and b.colid=d.colid
left join sysobjects e on b.indid=e.id and e.xtype='UQ'
where a.indid not in(0,255)
order by c.name,a.name
找出表中某一列相同的数据行
select *from table where (column in(select column from table group ny column having count(*)>1)
找出表中某一列相同的数据行
select *from table where (column in(select column from table group by column having count(*)>1)
刚才BY写错拉!
--1、查找员工的编号、姓名、部门和出生日期，如果出生日期为空值，
--显示日期不详,并按部门排序输出,日期格式为yyyy-mm-dd。
select emp_no ,emp_name ,dept ,
        isnull(convert(char(10),birthday,120),'日期不详') birthday
from employee
order by dept
--2、查找与喻自强在同一个单位的员工姓名、性别、部门和职称
select emp_no,emp_name,dept,title
from employee
where emp_name<>'喻自强' and dept in
    (select dept from employee
     where emp_name='喻自强')
--3、按部门进行汇总，统计每个部门的总工资
select dept,sum(salary)
from employee
group by dept
--4、查找商品名称为14寸显示器商品的销售情况，
--显示该商品的编号、销售数量、单价和金额
select a.prod_id,qty,unit_price,unit_price*qty totprice
from sale_item a,product b
where a.prod_id=b.prod_id and prod_name='14寸显示器'
--5、在销售明细表中按产品编号进行汇总，统计每种产品的销售数量和金额
select prod_id,sum(qty) totqty,sum(qty*unit_price) totprice
from sale_item
group by prod_id
--6、使用convert函数按客户编号统计每个客户1996年的订单总金额
select cust_id,sum(tot_amt) totprice
from sales
where convert(char(4),order_date,120)='1996'
group by cust_id
--7、查找有销售记录的客户编号、名称和订单总额
select a.cust_id,cust_name,sum(tot_amt) totprice
from customer a,sales b
where a.cust_id=b.cust_id
group by a.cust_id,cust_name
--8、查找在1997年中有销售记录的客户编号、名称和订单总额
select a.cust_id,cust_name,sum(tot_amt) totprice
from customer a,sales b
where a.cust_id=b.cust_id and convert(char(4),order_date,120)='1997'
group by a.cust_id,cust_name
--9、查找一次销售最大的销售记录
select order_no,cust_id,sale_id,tot_amt
from sales
where tot_amt=
    (select max(tot_amt)
     from sales)
--10、查找至少有3次销售的业务员名单和销售日期
select emp_name,order_date
from employee a,sales b
where emp_no=sale_id and a.emp_no in
   (select sale_id
    from sales
    group by sale_id
    having count(*)>=3)
order by emp_name
--11、用存在量词查找没有订货记录的客户名称
select cust_name
from customer a
where not exists
    (select *
     from sales b
     where a.cust_id=b.cust_id)
--12、使用左外连接查找每个客户的客户编号、名称、订货日期、订单金额
--订货日期不要显示时间，日期格式为yyyy-mm-dd
--按客户编号排序，同一客户再按订单降序排序输出
select a.cust_id,cust_name,convert(char(10),order_date,120),tot_amt
from customer a left outer join sales b on a.cust_id=b.cust_id
order by a.cust_id,tot_amt desc
--13、查找16M DRAM的销售情况，要求显示相应的销售员的姓名、
--性别，销售日期、销售数量和金额，其中性别用男、女表示
select emp_name 姓名, 性别= case a.sex   when 'm' then '男'
                                        when 'f' then '女'
                                        else '未'
                                        end,
         销售日期= isnull(convert(char(10),c.order_date,120),'日期不详'),
         qty 数量, qty*unit_price as 金额
from employee a, sales b, sale_item c,product d
where d.prod_name='16M DRAM' and d.pro_id=c.prod_id and
       a.emp_no=b.sale_id and b.order_no=c.order_no
--14、查找每个人的销售记录，要求显示销售员的编号、姓名、性别、
--产品名称、数量、单价、金额和销售日期
select emp_no 编号,emp_name 姓名, 性别= case a.sex when 'm' then '男'
                                        when 'f' then '女'
                                        else '未'
                                        end,
       prod_name 产品名称,销售日期= isnull(convert(char(10),c.order_date,120),'日期不详'),
       qty 数量, qty*unit_price as 金额
from employee a left outer join sales b on a.emp_no=b.sale_id , sale_item c,product d
where d.pro_id=c.prod_id and b.order_no=c.order_no
--15、查找销售金额最大的客户名称和总货款
select cust_name,d.cust_sum
from    customer a,
        (select cust_id,cust_sum
         from (select cust_id, sum(tot_amt) as cust_sum
               from sales
               group by cust_id ) b
         where b.cust_sum =
                ( select max(cust_sum)
                  from (select cust_id, sum(tot_amt) as cust_sum
                        from sales
                        group by cust_id ) c )
         ) d
where a.cust_id=d.cust_id
--16、查找销售总额少于1000元的销售员编号、姓名和销售额
select emp_no,emp_name,d.sale_sum
from    employee a,
        (select sale_id,sale_sum
         from (select sale_id, sum(tot_amt) as sale_sum
               from sales
               group by sale_id ) b
         where b.sale_sum <1000              
         ) d
where a.emp_no=d.sale_id
--17、查找至少销售了3种商品的客户编号、客户名称、商品编号、商品名称、数量和金额
select a.cust_id,cust_name,b.prod_id,prod_name,d.qty,d.qty*d.unit_price
from customer a, product b, sales c, sale_item d
where a.cust_id=c.cust_id and d.prod_id=b.prod_id and
       c.order_no=d.order_no and a.cust_id in (
       select cust_id
       from   (select cust_id,count(distinct prod_id) prodid
              from (select cust_id,prod_id
                    from sales e,sale_item f
                    where e.order_no=f.order_no) g
              group by cust_id
              having count(distinct prod_id)>=3) h )
--18、查找至少与世界技术开发公司销售相同的客户编号、名称和商品编号、商品名称、数量和金额
select a.cust_id,cust_name,d.prod_id,prod_name,qty,qty*unit_price
from customer a, product b, sales c, sale_item d
where a.cust_id=c.cust_id and d.prod_id=b.prod_id and
       c.order_no=d.order_no   and not exists
   (select f.*
    from customer x ,sales e, sale_item f
    where cust_name='世界技术开发公司' and x.cust_id=e.cust_id and
          e.order_no=f.order_no and not exists
            ( select g.*
              from sale_item g, sales   h
              where g.prod_id = f.prod_id and g.order_no=h.order_no and
                    h.cust_id=a.cust_id)
     )
  
19、查找表中所有姓刘的职工的工号，部门，薪水
select emp_no,emp_name,dept,salary
from employee
where emp_name like '刘%'
20、查找所有定单金额高于20000的所有客户编号
select cust_id
from sales
where tot_amt>20000
21、统计表中员工的薪水在40000-60000之间的人数
select count(*)as 人数
from employee
where salary between 40000 and 60000
22、查询表中的同一部门的职工的平均工资，但只查询＂住址＂是＂上海市＂的员工
select avg(salary) avg_sal,dept
from employee
where addr like '上海市%'
group by dept
23、将表中住址为"上海市"的员工住址改为"北京市"
update employee  
set addr like '北京市'
where addr like '上海市'
24、查找业务部或会计部的女员工的基本信息。
select emp_no,emp_name,dept
from employee
where sex='F'and dept in ('业务','会计')
25、显示每种产品的销售金额总和，并依销售金额由大到小输出。
select prod_id ,sum(qty*unit_price)
from sale_item
group by prod_id
order by sum(qty*unit_price) desc
26、选取编号界于‘C0001’和‘C0004’的客户编号、客户名称、客户地址。
select CUST_ID,cust_name,addr
from customer
where cust_id between 'C0001' AND 'C0004'
27、计算出一共销售了几种产品。
select count(distinct prod_id) as '共销售产品数'
from sale_item
28、将业务部员工的薪水上调3%。
update employee
set salary=salary*1.03
where dept='业务'
    
29、由employee表中查找出薪水最低的员工信息。
select *
from employee
where salary=
        (select min(salary )
         from employee )
30、使用join查询客户姓名为"客户丙"所购货物的"客户名称","定单金额","定货日期","电话号码"
select a.cust_id,b.tot_amt,b.order_date,a.tel_no
from customer a join sales b
on a.cust_id=b.cust_id and cust_name like '客户丙'
31、由sales表中查找出订单金额大于“E0013业务员在1996/10/15这天所接每一张订单的金额”的所有订单。
select *
from sales
where tot_amt>all
        (select tot_amt
         from sales
         where sale_id='E0013'and order_date='1996/10/15')
order by tot_amt
32、计算'P0001'产品的平均销售单价
select avg(unit_price)
from sale_item
where prod_id='P0001'
33、找出公司女员工所接的定单
select sale_id,tot_amt
from sales
where sale_id in
(select sale_id from employee
where sex='F')
34、找出同一天进入公司服务的员工
select a.emp_no,a.emp_name,a.date_hired
from employee a
join employee b
on (a.emp_no!=b.emp_no and a.date_hired=b.date_hired)
order by a.date_hired
35、找出目前业绩超过232000元的员工编号和姓名。
select emp_no,emp_name
from employee
where emp_no in
(select sale_id
from sales
group by sale_id
having sum(tot_amt)<232000)
36.查询当年当月信息：select * from table where
month(getdate())=month(adddate)
and year(getdate())=year(adddate)
37.查处本周每天的信息：
select top 7 * from [table]
where id in(
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=0 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=1 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=2 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=3 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=4 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=5 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=6and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=5 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
,
(select top 1 Id from [table]
where datediff(day,adddate,getdate())=6 and IsPass=1 and SubTitle =''
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc )
)
order by ViewNum desc,Id desc
同一个数据库中两个表之间某些项合并：
update [More2] set name=(select [sl] from [more1] Where [more1].[id]=[More2].MoreID) where[More2].MoreID in （select id from [more1]）
排除重复记录：distinct 用法
select distinct(项) from table